1868–69 United States Senate elections explained

Election Name:1868–69 United States Senate elections
Country:United States
Flag Year:1867
Type:legislative
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:1866–67 United States Senate elections
Next Election:1870–71 United States Senate elections
Seats For Election:25 of the 66 (8 vacant)/74 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)
Majority Seats:34
Election Date:Dates vary by state
(And other dates for special elections)
1Blank:Seats up
Party1:Republican Party (US)
Leader1:Henry B. Anthony
Image1:Henry B. Anthony - Brady-Handy.jpg
Leader Since1:March 4, 1863
Leaders Seat1:Rhode Island
Last Election1:39 seats
Seats Before1:57
Seats1:17
Seats After1:57
1Data1:17
Party2:Democratic Party (US)
Last Election2:10 seats
Seats Before2:9
Seats2:5
Seats After2:9
1Data2:5
Majority Party
Before Party:Republican Party (US)
After Party:Republican Party (US)

The 1868–69 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1868 and 1869, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

The Republican Party maintained their Senate majority. Six former Confederate states were then readmitted separately from the regular election, each electing two Republicans. This increased the Republicans' already overwhelming majority to the largest proportion of seats ever controlled by the party.

Results summary

Senate party division, 41st Congress (1869–1871)

Change in Senate composition

Beginning of 1868

D3D2D1V4V3V2V1
width=50px D4width=50px D5width=50px D6width=50px D7width=50px D8width=50px V5
Readmitted
width=50px V6
Readmitted
width=50px V7
Readmitted
width=50px V8
Readmitted
width=50px V9
Readmitted
R44R45V17
Readmitted
V16
Readmitted
V15
Readmitted
V14
Readmitted
V13
Readmitted
V12
Readmitted
V11
Special
V10
Readmitted
R43R42R41R40R39R38R37R36R35R34
Majority →R33
R24R25R26R27R28R29R30R31R32
R23R22R21R20R19R18R17R16R15R14
R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13
R3R2R1V18V19V20V21

After the readmission of the Confederate states

D3D2D1V4V3V2V1
width=50px D4width=50px D5width=50px D6width=50px D7width=50px D8width=50px D9
Gain
width=50px R57
Gain
width=50px R56
Gain
width=50px R55
Gain
width=50px R54
Gain
R44R45R46
Gain
R47
Gain
R48
Gain
R49
Gain
R50
Gain
R51
Gain
R52
Gain
R53
Gain
R43R42R41R40R39R38R37R36R35R34
Majority →
R24R25R26R27R28R29R30R31R32R33
R23R22R21R20R19R18R17R16R15R14
R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13
R3R2R1V5V6V7V8

Before the elections

After July 16, 1868, readmission of South Carolina.

D3D2D1V4
Seceded
V3
Seceded
V2
Seceded
V1
width=50px D4width=50px D5
Unknown
width=50px D6
Retired
width=50px D7
Retired
width=50px D8
Retired
width=50px D9
Retired
width=50px R57
Retired
width=50px R56
Retired
width=50px R55
Unknown
width=50px R54
Unknown
R44
Ran
R45
Ran
R46
Ran
R47
Ran
R48
Ran
R49
Ran
R50
Ran
R51
Ran
R52
Ran
R53
Unknown
R43
Ran
R42
Ran
R41
Ran
R40R39R38R37R36R35R34
Majority →
R24R25R26R27R28R29R30R31R32R33
R23R22R21R20R19R18R17R16R15R14
R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13
R3R2R1V5V6V7V8

Result of the elections

D3D2D1V4
Seceded
V3
Seceded
V2
Seceded
V1
width=50px D4width=50px D5
Hold
width=50px D6
Hold
width=50px D7
Gain
width=50px D8
Gain
width=50px D9
Gain
width=50px R57
Gain
width=50px R56
Gain
width=50px R55
Gain
width=50px R54
Hold
R44
Re-elected
R45
Re-elected
R46
Re-elected
R47
Re-elected
R48
Hold
R49
Hold
R50
Hold
R51
Hold
R52
Hold
R53
Hold
R43
Re-elected
R42
Re-elected
R41
Re-elected
R40R39R38R37R36R35R34
Majority →
R24R25R26R27R28R29R30R31R32R33
R23R22R21R20R19R18R17R16R15R14
R4R5R6R7R8R9R10R11R12R13
R3R2R1V5V6V7V8
Key:
align=center width=35px D#Democratic
align=center width=35px R#Republican
align=center width=35px V#Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 40th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1868 or in 1869 before March 4; ordered by election date.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Kentucky
(Class 2)
James GuthrieDemocratic1865Incumbent resigned due to failing health.
Winner elected February 19, 1868.
Democratic hold.
nowrap
Maryland
(Class 3)
Vacant since March 3, 1867, when
Senator-elect Philip F. Thomas failed to qualify.
Winner elected March 7, 1868.
Democratic gain.
nowrap
Florida
(Class 1)
Vacant since January 21, 1861,
when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected June 17, 1868.
Republican gain.
Winner did not run for election to the next term, see below.
nowrap
Arkansas
(Class 2)
Vacant since July 11, 1861,
when William K. Sebastian (D) was expelled.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected June 22, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Arkansas
(Class 3)
Vacant since July 11, 1861,
when Charles B. Mitchel (D) was expelled.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected June 23, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Florida
(Class 3)
Vacant since January 21, 1861,
when David Levy Yulee (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected June 25, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Louisiana
(Class 2)
Vacant since February 4, 1861,
when Judah P. Benjamin (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 8, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Louisiana
(Class 3)
Vacant since February 4, 1861,
when John Slidell (D) resigned.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 9, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Alabama
(Class 2)
Vacant since January 21, 1861,
when Clement Claiborne Clay (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 13, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Alabama
(Class 3)
Vacant since January 21, 1861,
when Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 13, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
North Carolina
(Class 2)
Vacant since March 6, 1861,
when Thomas Bragg (D) resigned.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 14, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
North Carolina
(Class 3)
Vacant since March 11, 1861,
when Thomas Clingman (D) resigned.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 14, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
South Carolina
(Class 2)
Vacant since November 10, 1860,
when James Chesnut Jr. (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 15, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
South Carolina
(Class 3)
Vacant since November 11, 1860,
when James Henry Hammond (D) withdrew.
State readmitted to the Union.
New senator elected July 16, 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Delaware
(Class 1)
James A. Bayard Jr.Democratic1851
1857
1863
1864
1867
Incumbent appointee elected January 19, 1869 to finish the term.
Winner did not run for election to the next term, see below.
nowrap

Races leading to the 41st Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1869; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

StateIncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
CaliforniaJohn ConnessRepublicannowrap 1862 or 1863Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1868.
Democratic gain.
nowrap Eugene Casserly (Democratic)
ConnecticutJames DixonRepublicannowrap 1856
1863
Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1868 or 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap William Buckingham (Republican)
DelawareJames A. Bayard Jr.Democraticnowrap 1851
1857
1863
1864
1867
1869
Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1869.
Democratic hold.
nowrap Thomas F. Bayard Sr. (Democratic)
FloridaAdonijah WelchRepublicannowrap 1868 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1868 or 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap Abijah Gilbert (Republican)
IndianaThomas A. HendricksDemocraticnowrap 1862Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1868.
Republican gain.
nowrap Daniel D. Pratt (Republican)
MaineLot M. MorrillRepublicannowrap 1861
1863
Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap Hannibal Hamlin (Republican)
MarylandWilliam P. WhyteDemocraticnowrap 1868 (Appointed)Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1868 or 1869.
Democratic hold.
nowrap William T. Hamilton (Democratic)
MassachusettsCharles SumnerRepublicannowrap 1851 (special)
1857
1863
Incumbent re-elected in 1869.nowrap Charles Sumner (Republican)
MichiganZachariah ChandlerRepublicannowrap 1857
1863
Incumbent re-elected in 1869.nowrap Zachariah Chandler (Republican)
MinnesotaAlexander RamseyRepublicannowrap 1863Incumbent re-elected in 1869.nowrap
MississippiVacant since January 21, 1861, when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned.Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870.
None.
MissouriJohn B. HendersonRepublicannowrap 1862
1862
Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1868.
Republican hold.
nowrap Carl Schurz (Republican)
NebraskaThomas TiptonRepublicannowrap 1867Incumbent re-elected in 1869.nowrap Thomas Tipton (Republican)
NevadaWilliam M. StewartRepublicannowrap 1865Incumbent re-elected in 1869.nowrap William M. Stewart (Republican)
New JerseyFrederick T. FrelinghuysenRepublicannowrap 1866 (Appointed)
1867
Incumbent lost re-election.
Winner elected in 1869.
Democratic gain.
nowrap
New YorkEdwin D. MorganRepublicannowrap 1863Incumbent lost renomination.
Winner elected January 19, 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap
OhioBenjamin WadeRepublicannowrap 1851
1856
1863
Incumbent lost renomination.
Winner elected in 1868.
Democratic gain.
nowrap Allen G. Thurman (Democratic)
PennsylvaniaCharles R. BuckalewDemocraticnowrap 1863Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected January 19, 1869.
Republican gain.
nowrap
Rhode IslandWilliam Sprague IVRepublicannowrap 1862Incumbent re-elected in 1868.nowrap William Sprague IV (Republican)
TennesseeDavid T. PattersonDemocraticnowrap 1866 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected early on October 22, 1867, for the term beginning March 4, 1869.
Republican gain.
nowrap
TexasVacant since March 23, 1861, when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew.Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870.
None.
VermontGeorge F. EdmundsRepublicannowrap 1866 (Appointed)
1866
Incumbent re-elected in 1868.nowrap George F. Edmunds (Republican)
VirginiaVacant since January 2, 1864, when Joseph Segar (U) was not seated.[2] Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction.
Seat remained vacant until 1870.
None.
West VirginiaPeter G. Van WinkleRepublican1863Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap Arthur I. Boreman (Republican) 43(H), 19(S)
Daniel Lamb (Republican) 10(H), 3(S)
WisconsinJames R. DoolittleRepublicannowrap 1857
1863
Unknown if incumbent lost re-election or retired.
Winner elected in 1868 or 1869.
Republican hold.
nowrap Matthew H. Carpenter (Republican)

Elections during the 41st Congress

There were no elections in 1869 during this Congress after March 4.

Delaware

Interim appointed Senator James A. Bayard Jr. was elected January 19, 1869 to finish his term.[3]

Maryland

Maryland (special)

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland.

Election Name:1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:-
Colour1:B0CEFF
Percentage1:-%
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:William Pinkney Whyte
Image1:William Pinkney Whyte 1865-1880 Maryland politician.jpg
Next Year:1868
Next Election:1868 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:1863
Previous Election:1863 United States Senate election in Maryland
Votes For Election:80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:Legislative
Election Date:1868
Type:presidential

William Pinkney Whyte won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat to fill the vacancy created by Reverdy Johnson.[4]

Maryland (regular)

See also: List of United States senators from Maryland.

Election Name:1868 United States Senate election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:56
Colour1:B0CEFF
Percentage1:50.91%
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:William Thomas Hamilton
Image1:Williamthamilton.jpg
Popular Vote2:46
Colour2:B0CEFF
Percentage2:41.82
Party2:Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate2:Thomas Swann
Next Year:1874
Next Election:1874 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:1868
Previous Election:1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Votes For Election:80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:Legislative
Election Date:1868
Type:presidential

William Thomas Hamilton won election against Thomas Swann by a margin of 9.09%, or 10 votes for the Class 1 seat.[5]

Maryland (March special)

Election Name:1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Popular Vote1:59
Colour1:B0CEFF
Percentage1:57.84%
Party1:Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate1:John Creswell
Image1:John A J Creswell Brady-Handy Photograph Collection.tif
Popular Vote2:41
Colour2:B0CEFF
Percentage2:40.20%
Party2:Democratic Party (United States)
Candidate2:Philip Francis Thomas
Next Year:1872
Next Election:1872 United States Senate election in Maryland
Previous Year:1864
Previous Election:1864 United States Senate special election in Maryland
Votes For Election:80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Vote Type:Legislative
Election Date:March 6, 1868
Type:presidential

Philip Francis Thomas, a Democrat, was elected in 1867, however, failed to qualify for the seat due to his support for the Confederacy. George Vickers was elected to finish the rest of the term by a margin of 17.65%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[6]

Minnesota

The Minnesota U.S. Senate election was held by the state legislature on January 19, 1869, with each chamber voting separately. Republican Senator Alexander Ramsey received 16 of 21 votes in the state Senate and 36 of 44 in the state House. The legislature declared Ramsey the duly elected U.S. Senator in a joint convention on January 20, 1869. Democratic nominee Charles W. Nash was an attorney from Hastings, former state Senator for the 7th Senate District (1862–1864), and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in 1865.

1869 Minnesota U.S. Senate election
RepublicanAlexander Ramsey (inc.)5280.00
DemocratCharles W. Nash1320.00

New York

See main article: 1869 United States Senate election in New York.

See also: List of United States senators from New York. The election in New York was held on January 19, 1869, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Edwin D. Morgan had been elected in February 1863 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1869. At the State election in November 1867, 17 Republicans and 15 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1868–1869) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1868, Democrat John T. Hoffman was elected Governor, and 75 Republicans and 53 Democrats were elected for the session of 1869 to the Assembly. The 92nd New York State Legislature met from January 5 to May 11, 1869, at Albany, New York.

The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 16, Assemblyman John H. Selkreg presided. All 92 legislators were present. They nominated Ex-Governor Reuben E. Fenton for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent U.S. Senator Edwin D. Morgan was very keen on his re-election, but was voted down. Speaker Truman G. Younglove had held back the appointments to the standing Assembly committees until after the caucus, and subsequent election, of a U.S. Senator, and was accused by the Morgan men to have made a bargain to favor the Fenton men with appointments after the election was accomplished. After the caucus, comparing notes, the assemblymen discovered that some of the most important committee chairmanships had been promised to a dozen different members by Speaker Younglove.

1869 Republican caucus for United States Senator result

! Candidate! First ballot! Second ballot

Reuben E. Fenton(50)52
Edwin D. Morgan(42)40
blank(1)

Note: On the first ballot, 93 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled without announcing the result. The above stated result transpired unofficially. The blank vote caused some debate if the result was really invalidated by it, but it was finally agreed to take a second ballot.

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on January 18. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was again nominated, like in 1867.

In the Assembly, Republicans DeWitt C. Hoyt (Saratoga Co.) and James O. Schoonmaker (Ulster Co.); and Democrats James Irving (NYC), Lawrence D. Kiernan (NYC), Harris B. Howard (Rensselaer Co.), James B. Pearsall (Queens), John Tighe (Albany Co.) and Moses Y. Tilden (Columbia Co.); did not vote.

In the State Senate, Republicans Matthew Hale (16th D.) and Charles Stanford (15th D.); and Democrats Cauldwell, Thomas J. Creamer, Michael Norton (5th D.) and John J. Bradley (7th D.); did not vote.

Reuben E. Fenton was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.

Republican! colspan="2"
DemocraticDemocratic
State Senate
(32 members)
Reuben E. Fenton15Henry C. Murphy10Henry S. Randall1
State Assembly
(128 members)
Reuben E. Fenton73Henry C. Murphy46

Notes:

Pennsylvania

See main article: 1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania.

See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania.

The Pennsylvania election was held January 19, 1869. John Scott was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.[7] The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 19, 1869, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1869. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:

|-|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"| colspan="3" align="right" | Totals| align="right" | 133| align="right" | 100.00%|}

West Virginia

Election Date:February 2, 1869
Election Name:1869 United States Senate election in West Virginia
Country:West Virginia
Type:presidential
Next Year:1875
Candidate1:Arthur Boreman
Party1:Republican Party (United States)
Image1:File:Arthur I. Boreman - Brady-Handy.jpg
Candidate2:Daniel Lamb
1Blank:House vote
Votes For Election:Needed to win: Majority of votes cast in each House of the Legislature
53 votes cast in the House; 27 votes needed
22 votes cast in the Senate; 12 votes needed
After Election:Arthur Boreman
U.S. senator
Next Election:1874–75 United States Senate elections#West Virginia
Previous Election:1862–63 United States Senate elections#West Virginia
Previous Year:1863
Vote Type:Members'
Image2 Size:115px
After Party:Republican Party (United States)
Before Party:Republican Party (United States)
Before Election:Peter Van Winkle
2Blank:Senate vote
1Data1:43 votes
81.1%
2Data1:19 votes
86.4%
1Data2:10 votes
18.9%
2Data2:3 votes
13.6%
Party2:Democratic Party (United States)
Posttitle:Elected U.S. Senator

On February 2, 1869, the West Virginia Legislature held an election for senator to replace Peter Van Winkle. Nominated were Arthur Boreman, the first governor of West Virginia, and Daniel Lamb, a member of West Virginia's constitutional convention and former delegate.[8] Boreman, having received majorities of the vote in both the House and Senate, was declared duly as elected senator on February 3, 1869.[9]

PartyCandidateHouseSenate
Votes%Votes%
RepublicanArthur Boreman4381.11986.4
DemocraticDaniel Lamb1018.9313.6
Total5310022100
Needed to win27>5012>50

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913). National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
  2. Segar was not seated on the premise that the Union-friendly legislature was illegitimate despite having seated his predecessor based credentials from the same legislature. In reality, the Senate refused because it did not want to set a precedent for easing reentry of Confederate states. See Web site: Musical Chairs (1861–1869) . United States Senate . March 20, 2009.
  3. Byrd and Wolff, page 90
  4. Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1863. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
  5. Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 17, 1868. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
  6. Web site: Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Feb 00, 1865. 2022-11-05. www.ourcampaigns.com.
  7. Web site: U.S. Senate Election - 19 January 1869. Wilkes University. 23 December 2012.
  8. Book: Atkinson, George Wesley . Prominent Men of West Virginia . W.L. Callin . 1890 . 257.
  9. Book: Journal of the West Virginia House of Delegates, Volume 7 . . 1869 . 57.