2018 United States Senate election in Missouri explained

Election Name:	2018 United States Senate election in Missouri
Country:	Missouri
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	2012 United States Senate election in Missouri
Previous Year:	2012
Next Election:	2024 United States Senate election in Missouri
Next Year:	2024
Election Date:	November 6, 2018
Turnout:	58.2%
Image1:	File:Josh Hawley, official portrait, 116th congress (cropped).jpg
Nominee1:	Josh Hawley
Party1:	Republican Party (United States)
Popular Vote1:	1,254,927
Percentage1:	51.38%
Nominee2:	Claire McCaskill
Party2:	Democratic Party (United States)
Popular Vote2:	1,112,935
Percentage2:	45.57%
Map Size:	275px
U.S. Senator
Before Election:	Claire McCaskill
Before Party:	Democratic Party (United States)
After Election:	Josh Hawley
After Party:	Republican Party (United States)

The 2018 United States Senate election in Missouri took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of Missouri, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections, including Missouri's quadrennial State Auditor election.

This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election. Incumbent Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill ran for re-election to a third term. McCaskill easily won her party's nomination, defeating several minor candidates in the primary, while Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley comfortably won the Republican primary.^[1]

The candidate filing deadline was March 27, 2018, and the primary election was held on August 7, 2018.^[2] Pollsters predicted a tight race, however Hawley defeated McCaskill on election day by 5.8%, taking 51.4% of the vote to McCaskill's 45.6%, a somewhat larger margin than expected. This resulted in Republicans holding both Senate seats in Missouri for the first time since McCaskill took office in 2007. Hawley was also the youngest incumbent senator at that time and continued to be until the inauguration of Jon Ossoff in 2021.^[3]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Nominated

• Claire McCaskill, incumbent U.S. Senator^{[4] [5]}

Eliminated in primary

• Angelica Earl, former insurance verification specialist^[6]
• David Faust^[7]
• Travis Gonzalez, perennial candidate^[7]
• John Hogan, perennial candidate^[7]
• Leonard Steinman, perennial candidate^[7]
• Carla (Coffee) Wright

Results

Republican primary

Candidates

Nominated

• Josh Hawley, Missouri Attorney General^[8]

Eliminated in primary

• Austin Petersen, businessman and Libertarian candidate for presidential nomination in 2016^{[9] [10]}
• Brian Hagg
• Bradley Krembs^[7]
• Tony Monetti, retired bomber pilot and assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri^[11]
• Kristi Nichols, activist and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2010 and 2016^[7]
• Ken Patterson, candidate for St. Louis County Executive in 2010^[7]
• Peter Pfeifer^[7]
• Fred Ryman, Constitution nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2016^[7]
• Christina Smith^[7]
• Courtland Sykes, veteran and former congressional aide^[12]

Withdrew

• Camille Lombardi-Olive, Democratic candidate for MO-07 in 2016^{[13] [7]}

Declined

• Ann Wagner, U.S. Representative and former U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg^[14]
• Aaron Hedlund, economics professor^[15]
• Paul Curtman, state representative^{[16] [17]}
• Eric Greitens, former Governor of Missouri^{[18] [19] [20]}
• Vicky Hartzler, U.S. Representative^[21]
• Todd Richardson, Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives^[22]
• Eric Schmitt, state treasurer^[23]
• David Wasinger, attorney^{[24] [25]}
• Marsha Haefner, state representative^[26]
• Ed Martin, former chairman of the Missouri Republican Party, nominee for MO-03 in 2010 and nominee for attorney general in 2012^[20]

Debates

Host
network! rowspan="2"

Date	Link(s)	Participants
Josh Hawley		Austin Petersen	Courtland Sykes	Tony Monetti	Peter Pfeifer	Kirsti Nichols
America First Missouri	May 11, 2018	^[27]	Absent	Present	Present	Present	Present	Present

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Josh Hawley	David Steelman	Ann Wagner	David Wasinger	Undecided
Remington Research Group^[29]	align=center rowspan=2	April 28–29, 2017	align=center rowspan=2	915	align=center rowspan=2	± 3.1%	align=center	30%	7%	14%	2%	align=center	47%
	align=center	37%	–	16%	–	align=center	47%

Results

Libertarian primary

Candidates

Nominated

• Japheth Campbell, entrepreneur^[30]

Withdrew

• Don Donald^[31]
• Dennis Lagares

Declined

• Alicia Dearn, attorney and candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2016^[32]
• Austin Petersen, Libertarian candidate for President of the United States in 2016 (running as a Republican)^[33]

Results

Green primary

Candidates

Nominated

• Jo Crain

Eliminated in primary

• Jerome Bauer

Results

Independents

Candidates

Declared

• Craig O'Dear, attorney^[34]

General election

Predictions

Source	Ranking	As of
The Cook Political Report^[35]		October 26, 2018
Inside Elections^[36]		November 1, 2018
Sabato's Crystal Ball^[37]		November 5, 2018
CNN^[38]		November 5, 2018
RealClearPolitics^[39]		November 5, 2018
Daily Kos^[40]		November 5, 2018
Fox News^[41]		November 5, 2018
FiveThirtyEight^[42]		November 5, 2018

Debates

• Complete video of debate, October 18, 2018

Fundraising

Campaign finance reports as of October 17, 2018
Candidate	Total receipts	Total disbursements	Cash on hand
	Claire McCaskill (D)	$35,361,401	$33,594,412	$1,789,381
	Josh Hawley (R)	$10,221,143	$7,376,209	$2,844,933
Source: Federal Election Commission^[43]

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Claire McCaskill (D)	Josh Hawley (R)	Japheth Campbell (L)	Craig O'Dear (I)	Jo Crain (G)	Other	Undecided
HarrisX^[44]	November 3–5, 2018	600	± 4.0%	45%	align=center	46%	–	–	–	–	–
HarrisX^[45]	November 2–4, 2018	600	± 4.0%	44%	align=center	47%	–	–	–	–	–
Trafalgar Group (R)^[46]	October 29 – November 4, 2018	1,791	± 2.3%	44%	align=center	48%	–	–	–	4%	3%
Emerson College^[47]	November 1–3, 2018	732	± 3.8%	46%	align=center	49%	–	–	–	3%	3%
HarrisX^[48]	November 1–3, 2018	600	± 4.0%	46%	46%	–	–	–	–	–
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[49]	November 1–2, 2018	1,424	± 2.6%	47%	47%	1%	1%	1%	–	3%
HarrisX^[50]	October 31 – November 2, 2018	600	± 4.0%	45%	align=center	46%	–	–	–	–	–
NBC News/Marist^[51]	October 30 – November 1, 2018	600 LV	± 5.2%	align=center	47%	44%	3%	–	2%	<1%	4%
	align=center	50%	47%	–	–	–	<1%	3%
	920 RV	± 4.1%	align=center	46%	43%	3%	–	2%	1%	6%
	align=center	50%	46%	–	–	–	1%	4%
HarrisX^[52]	October 30 – November 1, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	46%	43%	–	–	–	–	–
HarrisX^[53]	October 29–31, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	45%	43%	–	–	–	–	–
HarrisX^[54]	October 24–30, 2018	1,400	± 2.6%	align=center	46%	44%	–	–	–	–	–
Fox News^[55]	October 27–30, 2018	741 LV	± 3.5%	43%	43%	0%	3%	1%	0%	9%
	45%	45%	–	–	–	2%	8%
	851 RV	± 3.0%	41%	align=center	42%	1%	3%	2%	1%	10%
	43%	align=center	44%	–	–	–	3%	9%
Cygnal (R)^[56]	October 26–27, 2018	501	± 4.4%	46%	align=center	49%	–	–	–	1%	3%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[57]	October 24–25, 2018	1,376	± 2.6%	45%	align=center	49%	1%	1%	1%	–	3%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[58]	October 17–18, 2018	1,215	± 2.7%	46%	align=center	47%	2%	1%	1%	–	2%
OnMessage Inc. (R-Hawley)^[59]	October 16–18, 2018	800	± 3.5%	42%	align=center	49%	–	–	–	4%	5%
The Polling Company (R-Citizens United)^[60]	October 11–13, 2018	600	± 4.0%	47%	align=center	50%	–	–	–	0%	3%
Ipsos^[61]	September 27 – October 7, 2018	1,111	± 3.0%	44%	align=center	45%	1%	2%	0%	2%	6%
1st Tuesday Campaigns^[62]	October 5–6, 2018	1,052	± 3.0%	42%	align=center	44%	1%	1%	1%	–	11%
Fox News^[63]	September 29 – October 2, 2018	683 LV	± 3.5%	43%	43%	2%	4%	1%	1%	6%
	46%	46%	–	–	–	3%	5%
	805 RV	± 3.5%	41%	41%	2%	4%	2%	1%	9%
	44%	44%	–	–	–	3%	8%
McLaughlin (R-Missouri Rising Action)^[64]	September 29 – October 2, 2018	600	± 4.0%	44%	align=center	52%	–	–	–	–	–
Vox Populi Polling^[65]	September 29 – October 1, 2018	869	± 3.3%	49%	align=center	51%	–	–	–	–	–
CNN/SSRS^[66]	September 25–29, 2018	756 LV	± 4.3%	align=center	47%	44%	3%	–	1%	0%	4%
	906 RV	± 3.9%	align=center	43%	42%	4%	–	2%	0%	6%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[67]	September 26–27, 2018	1,555	± 2.5%	46%	align=center	48%	–	–	–	–	6%
YouGov^[68]	September 10–14, 2018	917	–	45%	45%	–	–	–	4%	6%
Trafalgar Group (R)^[69]	September 11–13, 2018	1,724	± 2.4%	44%	align=center	47%	–	–	–	–	8%
Fox News^[70]	September 8–11, 2018	675 LV	± 3.5%	align=center	44%	41%	1%	3%	1%	1%	8%
	45%	45%	–	–	–	3%	7%
	808 RV	± 3.5%	align=center	41%	39%	1%	4%	1%	1%	11%
	42%	align=center	43%	–	–	–	3%	10%
NBC News/Marist^[71]	August 25–28, 2018	568 LV	± 4.8%	align=center	44%	40%	5%	–	3%	<1%	8%
	47%	47%	–	–	–	1%	5%
	774 RV	± 4.2%	align=center	43%	39%	6%	–	3%	<1%	8%
	46%	align=center	47%	–	–	–	1%	5%
WPA Intelligence (R-Club For Growth)^[72]	August 12–14, 2018	501	± 4.4%	41%	align=center	48%	–	–	–	3%	8%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[73]	August 8–9, 2018	1,785	± 2.3%	47%	47%	–	–	–	–	6%
WPA Intelligence (R-Club For Growth)	July 10–12, 2018	602	± 4.0%	42%	align=center	43%	–	–	–	4%	11%
The Missouri Times/Remington (R)^[74]	July 7–8, 2018	1,034	± 3.2%	46%	align=center	48%	–	–	–	–	6%
SurveyMonkey/Axios^[75]	June 11 – July 2, 2018	1,038	± 5.0%	align=center	49%	47%	–	–	–	–	4%
McLaughlin (R-Missouri Rising Action)	June 2018	–	–	align=center	46%	42%	–	–	–	–	–
Global Strategy Group (D-SMP)^[76]	June 11–13, 2018	804	± 3.5%	align=center	47%	41%	–	–	–	–	–
Gravis Marketing (R-Petersen)^[77]	May 16, 2018	822	± 3.4%	43%	align=center	50%	–	–	–	–	7%
Missouri Scout/TJP Strategies (D)^[78]	May 9–10, 2018	898	± 3.3%	align=center	48%	44%	–	–	–	–	8%
Emerson College	April 26–29, 2018	600	± 4.2%	45%	45%	–	–	–	–	11%
Missouri Scout/TJP Strategies (D)^[79]	April 19–20, 2018	1,542	± 2.5%	align=center	48%	44%	–	–	–	–	8%
OnMessage Inc. (R-Hawley)^[80]	April 16–18, 2018	600	± 4.0%	46%	align=center	47%	–	–	–	–	7%
Global Strategy Group (D-SMP)	April 9–12, 2018	–	–	align=center	46%	44%	–	–	–	–	–
Mason-Dixon^[81]	April 4–6, 2018	625	± 4.0%	align=center	45%	44%	–	–	–	–	11%
Gravis Marketing^[82]	March 5–7, 2018	931	± 3.2%	align=center	42%	40%	–	–	–	–	18%
SurveyMonkey/Axios^[83]	February 12 – March 5, 2018	1,938	± 3.6%	44%	align=center	52%	–	–	–	–	4%
Public Policy Polling (D-TMI)^[84]	January 8–9, 2018	965	± 3.2%	align=center	45%	44%	–	–	–	–	11%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[85]	January 3–4, 2018	1,122	± 2.9%	45%	align=center	49%	–	–	–	–	6%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[86]	October 11–12, 2017	965	± 3.1%	45%	align=center	48%	–	–	–	–	7%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[87]	August 16–18, 2017	922	± 3.0%	45%	align=center	50%	–	–	–	–	5%
Fabrizio Lee (R)^[88]	July 10–11, 2017	500	± 4.4%	42%	align=center	46%	–	–	–	–	12%
Missouri Scout/Remington (R)^[89]	July 7–8, 2017	928	± 3.2%	44%	align=center	50%	–	–	–	–	6%

with Austin Petersen

with generic Republican

with Vicky Hartzler

with Blaine Luetkemeyer

with Todd Richardson

with Eric Schmitt

with Jason Smith

Results

Sen. McCaskill conceded a few hours after the polls closed on Election Day. Despite performing strongly in the St. Louis suburbs, she ran well behind her 2012 vote in Southeast Missouri, especially in the Lead Belt and the Missouri Bootheel. She also ran poorly in the northern part of the state.^[90] Despite McCaskill's loss, Missouri Democrats held the other statewide office that went up for election in this cycle, the office of Missouri State Auditor. Democratic incumbent state auditor Nicole Galloway, who had been appointed to the post in 2015 by then-Gov. Jay Nixon following a vacancy, won a full term in the 2018 State Auditor election.^[91]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

• Audrain (Largest city: Mexico)
• Bates (Largest city: Butler)
• Chariton (Largest city: Salisbury)
• Clark (Largest city: Kahoka)
• Clinton (Largest city: Cameron)
• Daviess (Largest city: Gallatin)
• Dunklin (Largest city: Kennett)
• Franklin (Largest city: Washington)
• Gentry (Largest city: Albany)
• Grundy (Largest city: Trenton)
• Henry (Largest city: Clinton)
• Hickory (Largest city: Hermitage)
• Howard (Largest city: Fayette)
• Iron (Largest city: Ironton)
• Knox (Largest city: Edina)
• Lafayette (Largest city: Odessa)
• Lewis (Largest city: Canton)
• Linn (Largest city: Brookfield)
• Livingston (Largest city: Chillicothe)
• Madison (Largest city: Fredericktown)
• Nodaway (Largest city: Maryville)
• Pike (Largest city: Bowling Green)
• Reynolds (Largest city: Ellington)
• Schuyler (Largest city: Lancaster)
• Scotland (Largest city: Memphis)
• Scott (Largest city: Sikeston)
• Shannon (Largest city: Winona)
• St. Francois (Largest city: Farmington)
• Sullivan (Largest city: Milan)
• Wayne (Largest city: Piedmont)
• Worth (Largest city: Grant City)
• Buchanan (Largest city: St. Joseph)
• Clay (Largest city: Liberty)
• Jefferson (Largest city: Arnold)
• Mississippi (Largest city: Charleston)
• New Madrid (Largest city: New Madrid)
• Pemiscot (Largest city: Caruthersville)
• Ray (Largest city: Richmond)
• Saline (Largest city: Marshall)
• Washington (Largest city: Potosi)
• Sainte Genevieve (Largest city: Ste. Genevieve)
• St. Charles (Largest city: O'Fallon)
• Platte (Largest city: Kansas City)
• Pettis (Largest city: Sedalia)
• Pulaski (Largest city: Fort Leonard Wood)
• Adair (Largest city: Kirksville)
• Andrew (Largest city: Savannah)
• Cass (Largest city: Harrisonville)
• Greene (Largest city: Springfield)
• Johnson (Largest city: Warrensburg)

By congressional district

Hawley won 5 of 8 congressional districts, with the remaining 3 going to McCaskill, including one that elected a Republican.^[92]

District	McCaskill	Hawley	Representative
		82%	16%		Lacy Clay
		50%	48%		Ann Wagner
		38%	59%		Blaine Luetkemeyer
		36%	60%		Vicky Hartzler
		61%	36%		Emanuel Cleaver
		39%	58%		Sam Graves
		31%	65%		Billy Long
		28%	69%		Jason Smith

Voter demographics

McCaskill!

Hawley	% of Voters
Gender
Men	42	57	49
Women	51	47	51
Age
18–24 years old	55	42	6
25–29 years old	57	42	7
30–39 years old	52	45	15
40–49 years old	44	54	16
50–64 years old	43	56	31
65 and older	45	54	25
Race
White	42	57	84
Black	91	8	8
Latino	53	44	4
Race by gender
White men	37	62	41
White women	46	52	43
Black men	91	7	4
Black women	90	9	5
Education
High school or less	34	64	22
Some college education	48	51	27
Associate degree	46	53	14
Bachelor's degree	51	48	22
Advanced degree	58	41	15
Party ID
Democrats	93	6	31
Republicans	7	92	37
Independents	46	51	32
Ideology
Liberals	90	9	23
Moderates	60	37	38
Conservatives	8	91	39
Marital status
Married	43	55	63
Unmarried	57	41	37
Gender by marital status
Married men	39	61	34
Married women	49	49	28
Unmarried men	47	50	11
Unmarried women	64	33	21
First-time midterm election voter
Yes	59	38	13
No	44	56	87
Most important issue facing the country
Immigration	13	86	20
Healthcare	71	27	47
Gun policy	52	47	8
Economy	33	65	23
Area type
Urban	67	32	35
Suburban	42	57	37
Rural	27	71	28
Source: CNN^[93]

External links

• Candidates at Vote Smart
• Candidates at Ballotpedia
• Campaign finance at FEC
• Campaign finance at OpenSecrets

Official campaign websites

• Japheth Campbell (L) for Senate
• Jo Crain (G) for Senate
• Josh Hawley (R) for Senate
• Claire McCaskill (D) for Senate
• Craig O'Dear (I) for Senate

Notes and References

1. News: Wise. Lindsay. GOP's top Senate recruit in Missouri won't commit to voting for McConnell as leader. 29 July 2018. McClatchy. October 17, 2017.
2. News: United States Senate election in Missouri, 2018 - Ballotpedia. March 3, 2017. en-US.
3. News: Missouri Election Results . The New York Times . November 11, 2018 . November 11, 2018 .
4. News: McCaskill to seek third term in U.S. Senate. McClatchy Washington Bureau. Wise. Lindsay. September 1, 2016. November 17, 2016.
5. News: Undaunted by Democratic setbacks, McCaskill running for re-election in 2018. St. Louis Public Radio. Mannies. Jo. November 18, 2016. November 28, 2016.
6. Web site: August 9, 2017. McDermott. Kevin. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. McCaskill faces primary challenge from the left by political novice. August 12, 2017.
7. Web site: Missouri Secretary of State . Candidate Filing List, 2018 Primary Election. June 20, 2018 .
8. Web site: Hawley Announces Bid Against McCaskill. October 10, 2017. Roll Call. October 10, 2017.
9. News: Austin Petersen Announces He's Running for US Senate as Republican. July 3, 2017. Liberty Hangout. July 4, 2017.
10. News: Exclusive: Libertarian Activist Austin Petersen Is Running for U.S. Senate...as a Republican! [Reason Podcast]]. July 4, 2017. Reason Magazine. July 4, 2017.
11. News: Monetti seeks Senate seat. The Daily Star-Journal. Ventimiglia. Jack. April 6, 2017. April 10, 2017. April 10, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170410001623/http://www.dailystarjournal.com/news/local/monetti-seeks-senate-seat/article_d3997625-8acc-57c0-aa03-5531e7ec0a84.html. dead.
12. Web site: Courtland Sykes, mystery U.S. Senate candidate from Missouri, offers 'Trump-inspired populism on steroids'. Jack. Suntrup. October 8, 2017 .
13. Web site: Trump supporters, protesters turn out for presidential visit in Springfield. The Columbia Missourian. August 30, 2017. January 7, 2018.
14. News: Top GOP Senate recruit Ann Wagner won't challenge Claire McCaskill. Drucker. David M.. July 3, 2017. The Washington Examiner. July 3, 2017.
15. News: Jeff Notes: Greitens reschedules tax tour; Mizzou professor not running for Senate. Springfield News-Leader. 2018-01-16. en.
16. News: GOP state lawmaker planning bid for McCaskill seat. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Erickson. Kurt. July 7, 2017. July 9, 2017.
17. News: State Rep. Curtman backs off possible U.S. Senate bid. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. October 14, 2017. October 14, 2017.
18. News: Wagner's decision remakes Republicans' 2018 plans. The Missouri Times. Faughn. Scott. July 5, 2017. July 17, 2017.
19. News: To Avoid Senate Primary Fight, Missouri Republicans Want Hawley to Decide. Morning Consult. Yokley. Eli. July 6, 2017. July 17, 2017.
20. News: A year from the first votes, multiple Republicans weighing a McCaskill challenge. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. McDermott. Kevin. July 15, 2017. July 17, 2017.
21. News: Hartzler opts against Senate bid to challenge McCaskill. USAToday. Shesgreen. Deirdre. July 17, 2017. July 17, 2017.
22. News: Missouri House Speaker Richardson preparing to run for state auditor next year, says spokesman. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. McDermott. Kevin. Raasch. Chuck. July 17, 2017. August 15, 2017.
23. News: Schmitt out of Missouri's U.S. Senate race, backs Hawley for GOP nomination. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. McDermott. Kevin. August 15, 2017. August 15, 2017.
24. News: Missouri GOP basks in success, looks forward to 2018. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Erickson. Kurt. February 27, 2017. February 27, 2017.
25. News: Wasinger to announce bid for State Auditor. The Missouri Times. Robbins. Brian. September 7, 2017. September 7, 2017.
26. News: Missouri state rep eyes run against McCaskill after encouragement from Wagner. The Kansas City Star. Lowry. Bryan. July 24, 2017. July 25, 2017.
27. Web site: Heather Coil. www.facebook.com.
28. http://www.emerson.edu/sites/default/files/Files/Academics/ecp-mo-4.30.pdf Emerson College
29. https://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-score/2017/05/ros-lehtinen-retirement-sets-stage-for-big-2018-battleground-220052 Remington Research Group
30. Web site: CAMPBELL, JAPHETH RAY - Candidate overview FEC. www.FEC.gov. en. August 4, 2017.
31. Web site: 2018 Candidates - Libertarian Party.
32. Web site: Alicia Dearn Announces Exploratory Committee for U.S. Senate in Missouri. July 6, 2017. TheJackNews.com. January 17, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170921084837/https://thejacknews.com/politics/political-highlights/alicia-dearn-announces-exploratory-committee-u-s-senate-missouri/. September 21, 2017. dead.
33. Web site: Petersen. Austin. Why I'm running as a Republican for U.S. Senate. The Kansas City Star. July 4, 2017.
34. News: Independent candidate could complicate Senate race for McCaskill, Hawley. kansascity. 2018-02-15. en.
35. Web site: 2018 Senate Race Ratings for October 26, 2018. The Cook Political Report. March 13, 2021.
36. Web site: 2018 Senate Ratings. The Rothenberg Political Report. March 13, 2021.
37. Web site: 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings. Sabato's Crystal Ball. October 11, 2017.
38. Web site: Key Races: Senate. October 11, 2018.
39. Web site: Battle for the Senate 2018. October 11, 2018.
40. News: Daily Kos Elections 2018 race ratings. Daily Kos. 2018-08-18.
41. Web site: 2018 Senate Power Rankings. Fox News. July 10, 2018.
42. Web site: Missouri - 2018 Senate Forecast. Nate. Silver. September 11, 2018.
43. Web site: Compare candidate financial totals. October 27, 2018.
44. https://web.archive.org/web/20181106214819/https://www.alliancenrfpoll.com/ HarrisX
45. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105225346/https://www.alliancenrfpoll.com/ HarrisX
46. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vOV49vYntecvVzrTRthDeUaD3W5A94pj/view Trafalgar Group (R)
47. https://www.emerson.edu/news-events/emerson-college-today/final-emerson-battleground-polls-finds-democratic-momentum-florida-nevada-south-dakota-arizona-republicans-poised-take-missouri-0 Emerson College
48. https://archive.today/20181105002949/https://www.alliancenrfpoll.com/ HarrisX
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