2018 United States Senate election in Michigan explained

Election Name:	2018 United States Senate election in Michigan
Country:	Michigan
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	2012 United States Senate election in Michigan
Previous Year:	2012
Next Election:	2024 United States Senate election in Michigan
Next Year:	2024
Election Date:	November 6, 2018
Turnout:	56.72%
Image1:	File:Debbie Stabenow, official photo, 116th Congress (1).jpg
Nominee1:	Debbie Stabenow
Party1:	Democratic Party (United States)
Popular Vote1:	2,214,478
Percentage1:	52.26%
Nominee2:	John James
Party2:	Republican Party (United States)
Popular Vote2:	1,938,818
Percentage2:	45.76%
Map Size:	300px
U.S. Senator
Before Election:	Debbie Stabenow
Before Party:	Democratic Party (United States)
After Election:	Debbie Stabenow
After Party:	Democratic Party (United States)

The 2018 United States Senate election in Michigan took place on November 6, 2018, in order to elect the Class 1 U.S. Senator from the State of Michigan, concurrently with a gubernatorial election, as well as other elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election.

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow won reelection to a fourth term. On August 7, 2018, John James won the Republican nomination, defeating businessman Sandy Pensler.^[1] On May 5, 2018, Marcia Squier received the endorsement and nomination of the Green Party of Michigan at the state convention in Flint.^[2]

Stabenow was re-elected by a 6.5% margin and a difference of 275,660 votes,^[3] making this the second-closest U.S. Senate election in Michigan since Stabenow was first elected in 2000.^[4]

Democratic primary

Candidates

Nominee

• Debbie Stabenow, incumbent U.S. Senator^{[5] [6] [7]}

Declined

• Mike Duggan, Mayor of Detroit

Withdrew

• Craig Allen Smith

Results

Republican primary

Candidates

Nominee

• John James, businessman and Iraq veteran^{[8] [9]}

Defeated in primary

• Sandy Pensler, former Wayne County Commissioner, businessman and candidate for MI-08 in 1992^{[10] [9]}

Failed to qualify

• Bob Carr, historic preservationist, businessman and nominee for MI-01 in 1996^{[11] [9]}

Declined

• John Engler, former governor^[12]
• Ted Nugent, musician and political activist (endorsed James)^[13]
• Robert Ritchie, better known as musician Kid Rock (endorsed James)^[14]
• Bill Schuette, Michigan Attorney General, former U.S. Representative and nominee for U.S. Senate in 1990 (ran for Governor)^[15]
• Fred Upton, U.S. Representative^[16]

Withdrew

• Lena Epstein, businesswoman (running for MI-11)^[17]
• Robert P. Young Jr., former chief justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (endorsed John James)^{[18] [19]}

Debates

A debate was held between John James and Sandy Pensler on July 6 and televised by WKAR-TV. It was the only televised debate scheduled between the two candidates.^[20]

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	John James	Sandy Pensler	Other	Undecided
Mitchell Research^[21]	July 30, 2018	413	± 5.0%	align=center	44%	30%	–	26%
EPIC-MRA^[22]	July 21–22, 2018	1,045	± 3.1%	align=center	39%	38%	–	23%
Emerson College^[23]	July 19–21, 2018	202	± 7.3%	28%	28%	–	align=center	44%
Marist College^[24]	July 15–19, 2018	337	± 6.3%	align=center	30%	23%	1%	align=center	46%
National Research Inc. (R-Outsider PAC)^[25]	July 11–14, 2018	600	± 4.0%	21%	align=center	28%	10%	align=center	41%
Target-Insyght^[26]	June 24–26, 2018	400	± 5.0%	29%	align=center	32%	–	align=center	39%
Strategic National (R)^[27]	June 16–21, 2018	1,000	± 3.1%	18%	align=center	33%	–	align=center	49%
Strategic National (R)^[28]	June 9–10, 2018	400	± 4.9%	16%	align=center	29%	–	align=center	54%
Marketing Resource Group (R-Pensler)^[29]	May 28–29, 2018	627	± 3.8%	26%	align=center	36%	–	align=center	38%
Strategic National (R)^[30]	April 21, 2018	350	± 5.2%	13%	align=center	26%	–	align=center	61%
Strategic National (R)^[31]	April 4–5, 2018	600	± 4.0%	12%	align=center	20%	–	align=center	68%
Denno Research^[32]	April 2–3, 2018	500	± 4.0%	12%	align=center	16%	–	align=center	72%
Strategic National (R)^[33]	March 19–20, 2018	400	± 4.9%	17%	align=center	21%	–	align=center	62%

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	John James	Sandy Pensler	Fred Upton	Robert Young	Undecided
Strategic National (R)^[34]	December 16–17, 2017	600	± 4.0%	9%	5%	–	align=center	11%	align=center	75%
Target-Insyght^[35]	November 1–6, 2017	1,000	–	align=center	24%	–	19%	7%	–

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Lena Epstein	Bob Young	John James	Robert Ritchie	Undecided
Zogby Analytics^[36]	September, 2017	–	–	7%	3%	5%	align=center	29%	align=center	56%
Trafalgar Group (R)^[37]	July 25–27, 2017	1,078	± 3.1%	9%	6%	7%	align=center	50%	28%
Target-Insyght^[38]	July 25–27, 2017	344	± 5.35	8%	14%	16%	align=center	33%	29%

Results

Green Party Convention

The Green Party of Michigan picked their candidates at a state convention on May 5, 2018.

Declared

• Marcia Squier, Green nominee for MI-14 in 2016^[39]

Withdrew

• Anita Belle, activist^{[40] [41]}

General election

Debates

• Complete video of debate, October 14, 2018

Fundraising

Campaign finance reports as of October 17, 2018
Candidate (party)	Total receipts	Total disbursements	Cash on hand
	Debbie Stabenow (D)	$17,449,325.17	$15,720,981.25	$2,842,613.58
	John James (R)	$9,838,137.84	$7,953,403.16	$1,884,735.02
Source: Federal Election Commission^[42]

Predictions

Source	Ranking	As of
The Cook Political Report^[43]		October 26, 2018
Inside Elections^[44]		November 1, 2018
Sabato's Crystal Ball^[45]		November 5, 2018
CNN^[46]		November 5, 2018
RealClearPolitics^[47]		November 5, 2018
Fox News^[48]		November 5, 2018

Polling

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	John James (R)	Other	Undecided
Mitchell Research^[49]	November 5, 2018	827	± 3.4%	align=center	49%	46%	1%	4%
The Trafalgar Group (R)^[50]	November 2–5, 2018	1,817	± 2.3%	align=center	53%	44%	1%	2%
Mitchell Research^[51]	November 4, 2018	701	± 3.7%	align=center	53%	46%	0%	1%
Change Research^[52]	November 2–4, 2018	880	–	align=center	49%	47%	3%^[53]	–
Research Co.^[54]	November 1–3, 2018	450	± 4.6%	align=center	52%	36%	1%	11%
Gravis Marketing^[55]	October 29–30, 2018	764	± 3.6%	align=center	54%	41%	–	6%
Glengariff Group^[56]	October 25–27, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	53%	36%	3%^[57]	8%
Emerson College^[58]	October 24–26, 2018	822	± 3.6%	align=center	52%	43%	1%	4%
Mitchell Research^[59]	October 25, 2018	400	± 5.0%	align=center	52%	46%	0%	2%
Target-Insyght^[60]	October 22–24, 2018	800	± 3.0%	align=center	53%	43%	4%^[61]	1%
EPIC-MRA^[62]	October 18–23, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	49%	42%	5%	4%
The Tarrance Group (R)^[63]	October 20–22, 2018	605	± 4.1%	align=center	48%	41%	4%	7%
Michigan State University^[64]	October 13–22, 2018	169	–	align=center	49%	42%	–	–
Marketing Resource Group^[65]	October 14–18, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	53%	37%	–	5%
Mitchell Research^[66]	September 30 – October 7, 2018	654	± 3.8%	align=center	51%	42%	–	8%
Glengariff Group^[67]	September 30 – October 2, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	53%	35%	3%	10%
EPIC-MRA^[68]	September 21–25, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	56%	33%	5%	6%
Ipsos^[69]	September 14–24, 2018	1,150	± 3.0%	align=center	55%	35%	4%	6%
Target-Insyght^[70]	September 10–14, 2018	800	± 3.0%	align=center	55%	40%	–	–
Mitchell Research^[71]	September 12–13, 2018	1,009	± 3.0%	align=center	54%	41%	–	5%
Strategic National (R)^[72]	September 8–9, 2018	1,000	± 3.1%	align=center	53%	35%	–	11%
Glengariff Group^[73]	September 5–7, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	56%	33%	2%	10%
Gravis Marketing^[74]	August 14–16, 2018	647	± 3.9%	align=center	51%	35%	–	14%
Strategic National (R)^[75]	August 13–14, 2018	700	± 3.7%	align=center	50%	35%	2%	13%
The Tarrance Group (R)^[76]	August 11–14, 2018	602	± 4.1%	align=center	49%	38%	3%	9%
Emerson College^[77]	July 19–21, 2018	600	± 4.3%	align=center	47%	29%	8%	17%
Marist College	July 15–19, 2018	886	± 3.9%	align=center	55%	37%	1%	8%
SurveyMonkey/Axios^[78]	June 11 – July 2, 2018	978	± 5.0%	align=center	54%	42%	–	4%
Glengariff Group^[79]	January 16–19, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	51%	30%	–	18%

with Sandy Pensler

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	Sandy Pensler (R)	Other	Undecided
Emerson College^[80]	July 19–21, 2018	600	± 4.3%	align=center	48%	32%	7%	13%
Marist College	July 15–19, 2018	886	± 3.9%	align=center	52%	37%	1%	10%
SurveyMonkey/Axios	June 11 – July 2, 2018	978	± 5.0%	align=center	53%	41%	–	5%
Glengariff Group	January 16–19, 2018	600	± 4.0%	align=center	51%	30%	–	18%

with generic Democrat and Republican

with Robert Ritchie (a.k.a. Kid Rock)

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Margin of error	Debbie Stabenow (D)	Robert Ritchie (R)	Undecided
Mitchell/Rosetta Stone^[82]	October 1, 2017	558	± 4.2%	align=center	46%	38%	16%
Zogby Analytics^[83]	September 19, 2017	800	± 3.4%	align=center	46%	36%	18%
Marketing Resource Group^[84]	September 13–18, 2017	600	± 4.0%	align=center	52%	34%	14%
Target-Insyght^[85]	July 25–27, 2017	822	± 3.5%	align=center	50%	42%	8%
Trafalgar Group (R)	July 25–27, 2017	1,078	± 3.1%	46%	align=center	49%	5%

Results

Although Stabenow ended up winning the election by 6.5 percent, the margin was smaller than expected, considering the polling and past results of Senate elections in Michigan.^[4] Part of the relative closeness of the race has been attributed to the Stabenow campaign having run no negative ads against James during the election.^[86] Although James won most of Michigan's smaller counties, Stabenow won large margins in urban areas and modest margins in suburban areas. Stabenow trounced James in Wayne County, home of Detroit, and also performed well in Detroit's suburbs. She also easily won in Washtenaw County, home of Ann Arbor and Ingham County, home of Lansing. Kent County, home of Grand Rapids, also narrowly flipped to Stabenow, making this the first Senate election of her career in which she carried the county, and also the only county to flip her direction in 2018, and only the second time (after Carl Levin in 2008) a Democrat had carried the county since Donald Riegle in 1982. In addition to Stabenow's win, Democrats won the previously Republican-held offices of governor, secretary of state, and attorney general, ensuring that as of January 1, 2019, all elected statewide officials would be Democrats. James once again ran unsuccessfully for the other Senate seat in 2020, as he was defeated by incumbent Gary Peters. James would later be elected as a representative in Michigan's 10th congressional district in 2022.

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

• Alger (largest city: Munising)
• Alpena (largest city: Alpena)
• Arenac (largest city: Standish)
• Benzie (largest city: Frankfort)
• Clare (largest city: Clare)
• Delta (largest city: Escanaba)
• Gladwin (largest city: Gladwin)
• Gratiot (largest city: Alma)
• Iosco (largest city: East Tawas)
• Iron (largest city: Iron River)
• Jackson (largest city: Jackson)
• Lenawee (largest city: Adrian)
• Mason (largest city: Ludington)
• Menominee (largest city: Menominee)
• Ogemaw (largest city: West Branch)
• Ontonagon (largest village: Ontonagon)
• Presque Isle (largest city: Rogers City)
• Roscommon (largest settlement: Houghton Lake)
• Schoolcraft (largest city: Manistique)
• St. Clair (largest city: Port Huron)
• Bay (largest city: Bay City)
• Calhoun (largest city: Battle Creek)
• Lake (largest village: Baldwin)
• Manistee (largest city: Manistee)
• Monroe (largest city: Monroe)
• Saginaw (largest city: Saginaw)
• Shiawassee (largest city: Owosso)
• Van Buren (largest city: South Haven)
• Keweenaw (largest city: Ahmeek)
• Houghton (largest city: Houghton)
• Mackinac (largest city: St. Ignace)
• Dickinson (largest city: Iron Mountain)
• Baraga (largest city: Baraga)
• Luce (largest city: Newberry)
• Chippewa (largest city: Sault Ste. Marie)
• Montmorency (largest city: Lewiston)
• Cheboygan (largest city: Cheboygan)
• Crawford (largest city: Grayling)
• Oscoda (largest city: Mio)
• Alcona (largest city: Harrisville)
• Wexford (largest city: Cadillac)
• Huron (largest city: Bad Axe)
• Sanilac (largest city: Sandusky)
• Tuscola (largest city: Caro)
• Lapeer (largest city: Lapeer)
• Ionia (largest city: Ionia)
• Montcalm (largest city: Greenville)

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

• Kent (largest city: Grand Rapids)

By congressional district

Both Stabenow and James won 7 of 14 congressional districts.^[87]

District	James	Stabenow	Representative
		54.39%	43.44%		Jack Bergman
		55.19%	42.52%		Bill Huizenga
		51.08%	46.67%		Justin Amash
		56.73%	41.01%		John Moolenaar
		43.05%	54.73%		Dan Kildee
		50.37%	47.18%		Fred Upton
		52.94%	45.02%		Tim Walberg
		49.0%	49.37%		Elissa Slotkin
		39.7%	58.46%		Andy Levin
		58.1%	40.1%		Paul Mitchell
		47.76%	50.87%		Haley Stevens
		31.93%	66.32%		Debbie Dingell
		17.8%	79.87%		Rashida Tlaib
		19.55%	78.9%		Brenda Lawrence

Notes

Partisan clients

External links

• Candidates at Vote Smart
• Candidates at Ballotpedia
• Campaign finance at FEC
• Campaign finance at OpenSecrets

Official campaign websites

• John James (R) for Senate
• Debbie Stabenow (D) for Senate
• Marcia Squier (G) for Senate

Notes and References

1. Web site: John James endorsement from President Donald Trump after primary. . 8 August 2018 .
2. Web site: Green Party of Michigan Nominating Convention.
3. Web site: 2018 Michigan Official General Election Results - 11/06/2018. mielections.us.
4. Web site: Stabenow defeats James in Michigan's U.S. Senate race. Detroit News.
5. Web site: Susan J. Demas: Can Republicans finally knock off Debbie Stabenow in 2018?. Demas, Susan J.. MLive.com. October 2, 2015. November 20, 2016.
6. Web site: Reeling Democrats confront brutal 2018 Senate map. Everett, Burgess. Politico. November 17, 2016. November 20, 2016.
7. Web site: Michigan Democrats promise 'fight' at record convention. The Detroit News. Oosting. Jonathan. February 11, 2017. February 13, 2017.
8. Web site: Metro Detroit businessman John James joins U.S. Senate race.
9. Web site: 2018 Michigan Unofficial Primary Candidate Listing - 08/07/2018. miboecfr.nictusa.com.
10. Web site: Businessman Sandy Pensler announces U.S. Senate run. 20 November 2017 .
11. News: Michigan Historic Preservationist Bob Carr announces candidacy for US Senate. Boothe. Daniel. 2017-10-24. en.
12. Web site: Michigan GOP sees opening for U.S. Senate bid in 2018. Detroit Free Press. Gray. Kathleen. February 19, 2017. February 21, 2017.
13. Web site: Ted Nugent Considering Running for U.S. Senate. Ultimate Classic Rock.
14. Web site: Kid Rock: Of course I'm not running for Senate. Detroit Free Press. McCollum. Brian. October 24, 2017. October 24, 2017.
15. Web site: Rep. Upton considers challenge to Sen. Stabenow. The Detroit News. Nann Burke. Melissa. February 1, 2017. February 7, 2017.
16. Web site: U.S. Rep. Fred Upton opts against Senate run.
17. Web site: Raczkowski, Epstein enter race to succeed Trott.
18. Web site: Young drops out of GOP Senate race in Michigan.
19. Web site: Young endorses James in GOP primary for Senate.
20. Web site: Pro-life record, support of Trump tackled in Michigan GOP U.S. Senate debate. mlive.com. 6 July 2018 .
21. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/Mitchell_Poll_GOV-SEN_11_CD-GOP_Primary_Press_Release__8-1-2018.pdf Mitchell Research
22. http://www.epicmra.com/press/Stwd_Survey_GOP_Primary_July2018_Media_Freq.pdf EPIC-MRA
23. https://www.emerson.edu/sites/default/files/Files/Academics/ecp-pr-mi-7.23.pdf Emerson College
24. http://maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NBC-News_Marist-Poll_Michigan-Nature-of-the-Sample-and-Tables_July-26-2018_1807251152.pdf Marist College
25. https://www.scribd.com/document/384138575/MI-Sen-National-Research-R-for-Outsider-PAC-July-2018 National Research Inc. (R-Outsider PAC)
26. https://www.scribd.com/document/382871404/MI-Gov-MI-Sen-Target-Insyght-June-2018 Target-Insyght
27. http://strategicnational.com/michigan-statewide-gop-primary-results/ Strategic National (R)
28. http://strategicnational.com/michigan-statewide-gop-primary-poll-results-4/ Strategic National (R)
29. http://mrgmi.com/2018/05/breaking-poll-pensler-leads-by-10-percent-in-u-s-senate-primary/ Marketing Resource Group (R-Pensler)
30. http://strategicnational.com/michigan-statewide-gop-primary-poll-results-3/ Strategic National (R)
31. http://strategicnational.com/michigan-statewide-gop-primary-poll-results-2/ Strategic National (R)
32. https://www.scribd.com/document/376112912/MI-Sen-MI-Gov-Denno-Research-April-2018 Denno Research
33. http://strategicnational.com/michigan-statewide-gop-primary-poll-results/ Strategic National (R)
34. https://www.scribd.com/document/367611896/MI-Gov-MI-Sen-Strategic-National-R-Dec-2017 Strategic National (R)
35. https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2017/11/14/1715295/-Morning-Digest-Top-Republicans-call-on-Roy-Moore-to-quit-Senate-race-as-new-allegations-mount Target-Insyght
36. https://zogbyanalytics.com/soundbites/808-poll-kid-rock-riding-trump-train-to-us-senate-leads-gop-field Zogby Analytics
37. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4lhKxf9pMitRFpUd3lHV21ZdGs/view Trafalgar Group (R)
38. http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/07/31/poll-kid-rock-trails-stabenow/104176822/ Target-Insyght
39. Web site: Mich. House OKs dead lawmaker's bill in vote of unity.
40. Web site: Green Party candidates jump in race for Michigan governor, U.S. Senator. Cwiek, Sarah. Michigan Radio. August 31, 2017. October 27, 2017.
41. Web site: Why I Suspended My Senatorial Campaign. motownbelle. 20 October 2017. YouTube.
42. Web site: Campaign finance data. September 24, 2018.
43. Web site: 2018 Senate Race Ratings for October 26, 2018. The Cook Political Report. March 13, 2021.
44. Web site: 2018 Senate Ratings. The Rothenberg Political Report. March 13, 2021.
45. Web site: 2018 Crystal Ball Senate race ratings. Sabato's Crystal Ball. October 4, 2018.
46. Web site: Key Races: Senate. July 15, 2018.
47. Web site: Battle for the Senate 2018. July 15, 2018.
48. Web site: 2018 Senate Power Rankings. . July 10, 2018.
49. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/Mitchell_Poll_Press_Release_11_5_18_A.pdf Mitchell Research
50. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bC6TCKaGIK_F3UP1w9F0sIaS-RWWtSYE/view The Trafalgar Group (R)
51. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/MI_11-18_Mitchell_Poll_Press_Release_11-5-18_.pdf Mitchell Research
52. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105224427/https://twitter.com/ChangePolls/status/1059563232539471872 Change Research
53. George E. Huffman III (U.S. Taxpayers), Marcia Squier (G), and John Howard Wilhelm (Natural Law) with 1%
54. https://researchco.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Tables_Midterms_04Nov2018.pdf Research Co.
55. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/Michigan_Statewide_October_30_2018_v2.pdf Gravis Marketing
56. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/29/michigan-poll-debbie-stabenow-john-james-senate-race/1807448002/ Glengariff Group
57. George E. Huffman III (U.S. Taxpayers), Marcia Squier (G) with 1%, John Howard Wilhelm (Natural Law) with 0%
58. https://www.emerson.edu/news-events/emerson-college-today/emerson-poll-democrats-favored-pick-governorships-mi-nm-hold-us-senate-seat-nj Emerson College
59. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/MI_8-18_Press_Release_10-26-18.pdf Mitchell Research
60. https://mirsnews.com/images/TargetInsyght_Statewide_Poll_10_25_2018_(1).pdf Target-Insyght
61. Marcia Squier (G) with 2%, George Huffman (U.S. Taxpayers) and John Howard Wilhelm (Natural Law) with 1%
62. https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/25/free-press-poll-whitmer-lead-over-schuette-shrinks-5-points/1748709002/ EPIC-MRA
63. https://web.archive.org/web/20181023160659/https://johnjamesforsenate.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/16276-Memo-.pdf The Tarrance Group (R)
64. http://ippsr.msu.edu/news/new-soss-three-props-winning-top-ticket-dems-narrow-races Michigan State University
65. https://www.mrgmi.com/2018/10/democrat-candidates-maintain-lead-in-u-s-senate-secretary-of-state-and-attorney-general-races/ Marketing Resource Group
66. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/MI_10-18_MI_Chamber_Statewide_MI_Poll_Press_Release_10-10-18_PRESS.pdf Mitchell Research
67. https://www.clickondetroit.com/michigan-elections/wdivdetroit-news-poll-stabenow-holds-double-digit-lead-in-michigan-s-us-senate-race Glengariff Group
68. https://www.woodtv.com/news/elections/poll-whitmer-still-ahead-in-governor-s-race/1478196720 EPIC-MRA
69. https://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/rngs/USA-ELECTION/010080D20RG/index.html Ipsos
70. https://mirsnews.com/alert.php?alert_id=2767 Target-Insyght
71. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/Mitchell_Research_MI_September_21_2018.pdf Mitchell Research
72. http://strategicnational.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/MI-Statewide-Topline-Report-20180909.pdf Strategic National (R)
73. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/09/11/poll-michigan-senate-stabenow-james-september/1259498002/ Glengariff Group
74. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/docs/Michigan_(August_16_2018).pdf Gravis Marketing
75. http://s20710.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/MI-Statewide-Topline-Report-20180816-Final-3.pdf Strategic National (R)
76. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TtqCGhCPP1oGg6pN1_BBcz27vXHBRrfZ/view The Tarrance Group (R)
77. https://www.emerson.edu/sites/default/files/Files/Academics/ecp-pr-mi-7.23.pdf Emerson College
78. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aerd3_1pJ276A7rLNRQ_Y3ifiUtSraan/view SurveyMonkey/Axios
79. https://www.scribd.com/document/369748990/January-Statewide-Survey Glengariff Group
80. https://www.emerson.edu/sites/default/files/Files/Academics/ecp-pr-mi-7.23.pdf Emerson College
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