| State: | Alabama |
| District Number: | 1 |
| Image Caption: | Interactive map of district boundaries |
| Representative: | Jerry Carl |
| Party: | Republican |
| Residence: | Mobile |
| English Area: | 7,182 |
| Percent Urban: | 66.82 |
| Percent Rural: | 33.18 |
| Population: | 730,935[1] |
| Population Year: | 2022 |
| Median Income: | $58,781 |
| Percent White: | 63.4 |
| Percent Hispanic: | 3.8 |
| Percent Black: | 25.9 |
| Percent Asian: | 1.5 |
| Percent More Than One Race: | 3.9 |
| Percent Other Race: | 0.4 |
| Percent Native American: | 1.1 |
| Cpvi: | R+16[2] |
Alabama's 1st congressional district is a United States congressional district in Alabama, which elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives. It includes the entirety of Washington, Mobile, Baldwin and Monroe counties, as well as most of Escambia County. The largest city in the district is Mobile.
It is currently represented by Republican Jerry Carl.
Mobile, Alabama, is the focus of this district, which extends north along the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers. Timber production remains the biggest source of contributions to the local economy, however recently gulf coast condominium developments in Baldwin county represent new economic possibilities.
Politically, this area was one of the first in Alabama to shake off its Democratic roots. It was one of five districts to swing Republican in 1964, when Barry Goldwater swept the state. The GOP has held the district in every House election since then, usually by landslide margins; indeed, a Democrat has only managed 40 percent of the vote once since the current GOP run began in the district. However, conservative Democrats continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s.
It supported George W. Bush with 60% of the vote in 2000, and with 64% in 2004. In 2008, John McCain received 61.01% of the vote in the district while 38.38% supported Barack Obama.
The 1st district traditionally gives its representatives very long tenures in Washington: only nine people have represented the seat in Congress since 1897, with all but two holding the seat for at least 10 years.
The Allen v. Milligan ruling reshaped the 1st and 2nd districts; rather than splitting the southern border to an east and west district, 1st was changed to represent all south border counties as well as Coffee, Dale, and Henry Counties.
Since 2023, the following communities have had postal addresses within the 1st district.[3] [4]
| Year | Office | Results |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | President | Bush 60 - 38% |
| 2004 | President | Bush 64 - 35% |
| 2008 | President | McCain 61 - 39% |
| 2012 | President | Romney 62 - 37% |
| 2016 | President | Trump 64 - 34% |
| Senate | Shelby 65.3% - 34.5% | |
| 2017 | Senate (Spec.) | Moore 50.1% - 48.2% |
| 2018 | Governor | Ivey 60.6% - 39.3% |
| Lt. Governor | Ainsworth 62.3% - 37.6% | |
| Attorney General | Marshall 59.7% - 40.2% | |
| 2020 | President | Trump 64 - 35% |
| Senate | Tuberville 60.9% - 39% | |
| 2022 | Senate | Britt 69% - 29% |
| Member | Party | Years | Cong ress | Electoral history | District location and map | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District created March 4, 1823 | ||||||||
| align=left rowspan=2 | Gabriel Moore | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825 | Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1823. Re-elected in 1825. Re-elected in 1827. Retired. | 1823–1833 | ||
| Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1825 – March 3, 1829 | ||||||
Clement Comer Clay | Jacksonian | nowrap rowspan=2 | March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1835 | Elected in 1829. Re-elected in 1831. Re-elected in 1833. Retired to run for governor. | ||||
| 1833–1841 | ||||||||
Reuben Chapman | Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1837 | Elected in 1835. Re-elected in 1837. Re-elected in 1839. Redistricted to the . | ||||
| Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1841 | ||||||
| District inactive | nowrap | March 3, 1841 – March 3, 1843 | All representatives elected . | |||||
| align=left | James Dellet | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845 | Elected in 1843. Retired. | 1843–1855 | ||
| align=left | Edmund Strother Dargan | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1847 | Elected in 1845. Retired. | |||
| align=left | John Gayle | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849 | Elected in 1847. Retired. | |||
| align=left | William J. Alston | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1851 | Elected in 1849. Retired. | |||
| align=left | John Bragg | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853 | Elected in 1851. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Philip Phillips | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1853 – March 3, 1855 | Elected in 1853. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Percy Walker | Know Nothing | nowrap | March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1857 | Elected in 1855. Retired. | 1855–1863 | ||
| align=left | James Adams Stallworth | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1857 – January 12, 1861 | Elected in 1857. Re-elected in 1859. Withdrew due to Civil War. | |||
| Vacant | nowrap | January 12, 1861 – July 22, 1868 | Civil War and Reconstruction | |||||
| align=left | Francis William Kellogg | Republican | nowrap | July 22, 1868 – March 3, 1869 | Elected in 1868 to finish term. Retired. | 1863–1873 | ||
| align=left | Alfred Eliab Buck | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1871 | Elected in 1868. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Benjamin S. Turner | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1873 | Elected in 1870. Lost re-election. | |||
| align=left | Frederick George Bromberg | Liberal Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1875 | Elected in 1872. Lost re-election. | 1873–1877 | ||
| align=left | Jeremiah Haralson | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877 | Elected in 1874. Redistricted to the and lost re-election. | |||
| align=left | James T. Jones | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1877 – March 3, 1879 | Elected in 1876. Lost renomination. | 1877–1933 | ||
| align=left | Thomas H. Herndon | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1879 – March 28, 1883 | Elected in 1878. Re-elected in 1880. Re-elected in 1882. Died. | |||
| Vacant | nowrap | March 28, 1883 – December 3, 1883 | ||||||
| align=left | James T. Jones | Democratic | nowrap | December 3, 1883 – March 3, 1889 | Elected to finish Herndon's term. Re-elected in 1884. Re-elected in 1886. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Richard Henry Clarke | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1897 | Elected in 1888. Re-elected in 1890. Re-elected in 1892. Re-elected in 1894. Retired to run for Governor. | |||
| align=left | George W. Taylor | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1897 – March 3, 1915 | Elected in 1896. Re-elected in 1898. Re-elected in 1900. Re-elected in 1902. Re-elected in 1904. Re-elected in 1906. Re-elected in 1908. Re-elected in 1910. Re-elected in 1912. Retired. | |||
| align=left | Oscar Lee Gray | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1919 | Elected in 1914. Re-elected in 1916. Retired. | |||
John McDuffie | Democratic | March 4, 1919 – March 2, 1935 | Elected in 1918. Re-elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1922. Re-elected in 1924. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1928. Re-elected in 1930. Re-elected in 1932. Re-elected in 1934 Resigned to become U.S. District Judge. | |||||
| 1933–1963 | ||||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | March 2, 1935 – July 30, 1935 | ||||||
| align=left | Frank W. Boykin | Democratic | nowrap | July 30, 1935 – January 3, 1963 | Elected to finish McDuffie's term. Re-elected in 1936. Re-elected in 1938. Re-elected in 1940. Re-elected in 1942. Re-elected in 1944. Re-elected in 1946. Re-elected in 1948. Re-elected in 1950. Re-elected in 1952. Re-elected in 1954. Re-elected in 1956. Re-elected in 1958. Re-elected in 1960. Redistricted to the and lost renomination. | |||
| District inactive | nowrap | January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965 | All representatives elected . | |||||
Jack Edwards | Republican | January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1985 | Elected in 1964. Re-elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Re-elected in 1982. Retired. | 1965–1983 | ||||
| 1983–1993 | ||||||||
Sonny Callahan | Republican | January 3, 1985 – January 3, 2003 | Elected in 1984. Re-elected in 1986. Re-elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Re-elected in 2000. Retired. | |||||
| 1993–2003 | ||||||||
Jo Bonner | Republican | January 3, 2003 – August 2, 2013 | Elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Re-elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Resigned to become vice-chancellor in University of Alabama System.[5] | 2003–2013 | ||||
| 2013–2023 | ||||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | August 2, 2013 – January 8, 2014 | ||||||
| align=left | Bradley Byrne | Republican | nowrap | January 8, 2014 – January 3, 2021 | Elected to finish Bonner's term. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Re-elected in 2018. Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | |||
Jerry Carl | Republican | January 3, 2021 – present | Elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. Lost renomination. | |||||
| 2023–2025 | ||||||||
| 2025–present --> | ||||||||
These are the results from the previous 11 election cycles in Alabama's 1st district.[6]
See main article: 2013 Alabama's 1st congressional district special election.