1792–93 United States House of Representatives elections explained

Election Name:	1792–93 United States House of Representatives elections
Country:	United States
Flag Year:	1777
Type:	legislative
Ongoing:	no
Previous Election:	1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections
Next Election:	1794–95 United States House of Representatives elections
Outgoing Members:	2nd_United_States_Congress#House_of_Representatives_3
Elected Members:	3rd United States Congress#House_of_Representatives_3
Seats For Election:	All 105 seats in the United States House of Representatives
Majority Seats:	53
Election Date:	August 27, 1792 – September 6, 1793
Party1:	Anti-Administration Party (US)
Image1:	Frederick Muhlenberg.jpg
Leader1:	Frederick Muhlenberg^[1]
Last Election1:	30 seats
Seats1:	54^[2]
Seat Change1:	24
Party2:	Pro-Administration Party (US)
Leader2:	Theodore Sedgwick
Last Election2:	39 seats
Seats2:	51
Seat Change2:	12
Map Size:	320px
Speaker
Before Election:	Jonathan Trumbull
Before Party:	Pro-Administration Party (US)
After Election:	Frederick Muhlenberg
After Party:	Pro-Administration Party (US)

The 1792–93 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 27, 1792, and September 6, 1793. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 3rd United States Congress convened on December 2, 1793. With the addition of the new state of Kentucky's representatives, and the congressional reapportionment based on the 1790 United States census, the size of the House increased to 105 seats.

They coincided with the re-election of President George Washington. While Washington ran for president as an independent, his followers (more specifically, the supporters of Alexander Hamilton) formed the nation's first organized political party, the Federalist Party, whose members and sympathizers are identified as pro-Administration on this page. In response, followers of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison created the opposition Democratic-Republican Party, who are identified as anti-Administration on this page. The Federalists promoted urbanization, industrialization, mercantilism, centralized government, and a broad interpretation of the United States Constitution. In contrast, Democratic-Republicans supported the ideal of an agrarian republic made up of self-sufficient farmers and small, localized governments with limited power.

Despite nearly unanimous support for Washington as a presidential candidate, Jeffersonian ideas edged out Hamiltonian principles at the ballot box for congressional candidates, with the Democratic-Republicans taking 24 seats more than they had prior to the organization of their political movement. Most of the increase was due to the addition of new seats in Western regions as a result of the 1790 census. Dominated by agrarian culture, these Western territories offered strong support to Democratic-Republican congressional candidates. As a result, they secured a thin majority in the legislature.

Election summaries

In this period, each state fixed its own date for its congressional election as early as August 1792 (in New Hampshire and Rhode Island) and as late as September 1793 (in Kentucky). In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year), but as the first session of Congress typically began in November or December, the elections took place before Congress actually met. The 3rd Congress first met on December 2, 1793.

These were the first elections held after reapportionment following the first census. Thirty-six new seats were added, with 1 state losing 1 seat, 3 states having no change, and the remaining 11 states gaining between 1 and 9 seats. This was the first apportionment based on actual census data, the apportionment for the 1st and 2nd Congresses being set by the Constitution using estimated populations.

↓

54	51
Anti-Administration	Pro-Administration

State	Type	Date	Total seats		Anti- Administration	Pro-Administration
			Seats	Change		Seats		Change		Seats		Change
General elections
New Hampshire	At-large	August 27, 1792	4	1		1		1		3
Rhode Island	At-large	August 28, 1792	2	1		0				2		1
Connecticut	At-large	September 17, 1792	7	2		0				7		2
Georgia	At-large	October 1, 1792	2	1		2		1		0
Maryland	Districts	October 1, 1792	8	2		4		1		4		1
Delaware	At-large	October 2, 1792	1			0				1
New Jersey	At-large	October 9, 1792	5	1		0				5		1
Pennsylvania	At-large	October 9, 1792	13	5		8		4		5		1
Massachusetts	Mixed	November 2, 1792	14	6		3		2		11		4
New York	Districts	January 2, 1793	10	4		3		1		7		3
Vermont	Districts	January 7, 1793	2			2				0
South Carolina	Districts	February 5, 1793	6	1		5		3		1		2
North Carolina	Districts	February 15, 1793	10	5		9		6		1		1
Late elections
Virginia	Districts	March 18, 1793	19	9		15		7		4		2
Kentucky	Districts	September 6, 1793	2			2				0
Total			105	36		54		24		51		12

Change in composition

With new seats, due to reapportionment, outlined.

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Result of the elections

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Key:	align=center A Anti-Administration align=center P Pro-Administration align=center V Vacant

Special elections

See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives.

There were special elections in 1792 and 1793 during the 2nd and 3rd United States Congresses.

Elections are sorted here by state then district.

2nd Congress

|-!
| colspan=3 | Kentucky admitted June 1, 1792.| | New member elected September 7, 1792.
Anti-Administration gain.
Winner seated November 9, 1792.^[3]
Winner was later re-elected to the next term, see below.| nowrap |

|-!
| colspan=3 | Kentucky admitted June 1, 1792.| | New member elected September 7, 1792.
Anti-Administration gain.
Winner seated November 8, 1792.^[3]
Winner was later re-elected to the next term, see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Anthony Wayne| | Anti-Administration| 1791| | Incumbent disqualified March 21, 1792.
New member elected July 9, 1792.
Anti-Administration hold.
Winner later lost re-election to the next term, see below.| nowrap |

|-! | Joshua Seney| | Anti-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent resigned December 6, 1792 to become Chief Justice of Maryland's 3rd Judicial District.
New member elected January 7–10, 1793.
Pro-Administration gain.
Winner was already elected to the next term, see below.| nowrap |

|}

3rd Congress

|-! | Jonathan Sturges| | Pro-Administration| 1788| | Incumbent resigned to become Associate Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court.
New member elected April 8, 1793.
Pro-Administration hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Benjamin Huntington| | Pro-Administration| 1788| | Representative-elect resigned.
New member elected September 16, 1793.
Pro-Administration hold.| nowrap |

|-! | Jonathan Ingersoll| | Pro-Administration| 1793 | rowspan=2 | Representative-elect Ingersoll declined the seat and Representative-elect Mitchell resigned to become U.S. Senator.
Two new members elected on a general ticket November 11, 1793.
Two Pro-Administration holds.| rowspan=2 nowrap |

|-! | Stephen M. Mitchell| | Pro-Administration| 1792

|}

Connecticut

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut.

See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut.

Connecticut gained two seats in reapportionment following the 1790 census.

|-! rowspan=7 |
| James Hillhouse| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=7 nowrap |

|-| Amasa Learned| | Pro-Administration| 1791 | Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Jonathan Sturges| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Jonathan Trumbull Jr.| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Jeremiah Wadsworth| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|}

Three special elections followed the 1792 elections in Connecticut after Representatives-elect Sturges and Huntington resigned before the start of Congress and Mitchell was elected to the Senate.

Delaware

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware.

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware.

Delaware's apportionment did not change following the 1790 census. As in the 1st and 2nd Congresses, each voter cast votes for two separate candidates, at least one of whom had to be from a different county as the voter.

|-! | John M. Vining| | Pro-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration hold.
Election was later challenged and overturned.| nowrap |

|}

Georgia

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia.

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia.

Following the 1790 census, Georgia's apportionment was decreased from 3 seats to 2 (the only state whose representation decreased after the census). Georgia switched from separate districts to at-large seats.

|-! rowspan=3 |
| Abraham Baldwin
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=3 valign=top nowrap |

|-| John Milledge
| | Anti-Administration| 1792 | | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration hold.

|-| Francis Willis
| | Anti-Administration| 1791| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration loss.

|}

Kentucky

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky.

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky.

|-!
| Christopher Greenup| | Anti-Administration| 1792 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-!
| Alexander D. Orr| | Anti-Administration| 1792 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Maryland

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland.

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland.

Maryland increased from 6 to 8 representatives after the 1790 census. The previous mixed district/at-large system was replaced with a conventional district system.

|-! | Philip Key| | Pro-Administration| 1790| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration hold.| nowrap |

|-! | John Francis Mercer
| | Anti-Administration| 1791 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Joshua Seney
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration gain.
Incumbent then resigned December 6, 1792 to become Chief Justice of Maryland's 3rd Judicial District.
Winner was then also elected to finish the term, see above.| nowrap |

|-! | William V. Murray
| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts.

Following the 1790 census, Massachusetts's representation increased from eight to fourteen Representatives and was redistricted into four plural districts, plus a single at-large district. The covered the District of Maine (the modern-day State of Maine). The plural districts were concurrent tickets rather than a single general ticket, though the and districts appeared to have also had a general ticket alongside the more specific tickets.

As before, a majority was required for election, in those districts where a majority was not achieved, additional ballots were required.

|-!
| colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap | :
:
:

|-!
| Benjamin Goodhue
| | Pro-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-!
| Elbridge Gerry
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-!
| Fisher Ames| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-!
| colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap | :
:
:

|-!
| Theodore Sedgwick
| | Pro-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-!
| colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap | :
:
:

|-!
| Artemas Ward
| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-!
| George Leonard
| | Pro-Administration| 1788| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration hold.| nowrap |

|-!
| Shearjashub Bourne
| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap | :
:

|-!
| colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap | :
:
:

|-!
| colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap | :
:

|-!
| George Thatcher
| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|}

New Hampshire

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire.

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire.

New Hampshire increased from 3 seats to 4 seats after the 1790 census.

|-! rowspan=4 |
| Jeremiah Smith| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=4 nowrap |

|-| Samuel Livermore| | Pro-Administration| 1789| | Retired
Anti-Administration gain.

|-| Nicholas Gilman| | Pro-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|}

New Jersey

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey.

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey.

Following the 1790 census, New Jersey's apportionment increased from 4 to 5 seats.

|-! rowspan=5 |
| Elias Boudinot| | Pro-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=5 nowrap |

|-| Abraham Clark| | Pro-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Jonathan Dayton| | Pro-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Aaron Kitchell| | Pro-Administration| 1791| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration hold.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|}

New York

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in New York.

See also: List of United States representatives from New York.

Due to re-apportionment following the 1790 census, New York's congressional delegation grew from 6 to 10. Three incumbents ran for re-election, two of whom won, and the other three incumbents retired. With the increase following re-apportionment, this left seven open seats.

|-! | Thomas Tredwell| | Anti-Administration| 1791 | Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Cornelius C. Schoonmaker| | Anti-Administration| 1790| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | James Gordon
| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|}

North Carolina

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina.

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina.

Following the 1790 census, North Carolina's apportionment increased from 5 to 10 seats.

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Nathaniel Macon
| | Anti-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | William B. Grove
| | Pro-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | John B. Ashe
| | Anti-Administration| 1790| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration hold.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|}

Pennsylvania

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in Pennsylvania.

See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania switched from using districts to electing its representatives on an at-large basis for the 3rd Congress, just as it had done for the 1st Congress. This would be the last time that Pennsylvania would elect all of its Representatives at-large. Due to re-apportionment following the 1790 census, Pennsylvania's delegation increased from 8 representatives to 13.

|-! rowspan=13 |
| Thomas Fitzsimons
| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=13 nowrap |

|-| Frederick Muhlenberg
| | Anti-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Israel Jacobs
| | Pro-Administration| 1791| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Pro-Administration hold.

|-| Daniel Hiester
| | Anti-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| John W. Kittera
| | Pro-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Andrew Gregg
| | Anti-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| Thomas Hartley
| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| William Findley
| | Anti-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.

|}

Rhode Island

See main article: 1792 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island.

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island.

Rhode Island gained a second representative from the results of the 1790 census. Rhode Island did not divide itself into districts, but elected two at-large representatives.

|-! rowspan=2 |
| Benjamin Bourne| | Pro-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=2 nowrap |

|-| colspan=3 | None (Seat created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.

|}

South Carolina

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina.

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina.

South Carolina gained one representative as a result of the 1790 census, increasing from 5 to 6.

|-! rowspan=2 | | William L. Smith| | Pro-Administration| 1788| Incumbent re-elected.| rowspan=2 nowrap | |-| Thomas Tudor Tucker
| | Anti-Administration| 1788| | Incumbent lost re-election.
Anti-Administration loss.

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|}

Vermont

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Vermont.

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont.

Vermont had no apportionment in the House of Representatives before 1790 census because it was not admitted to the Union until 1791. Vermont's election laws at the time required a majority to win election to the House of Representatives. If no candidate won a majority, a runoff election was held, which happened in the .

|-!
| Israel Smith| | Anti-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap | :
:

|-!
| Nathaniel Niles| | Anti-Administration| 1791| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|}

Virginia

See main article: 1793 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia.

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia.

Virginia gained nine representatives from the 1790 census, and in addition, the old was lost after its territory became the new State of Kentucky. There were, therefore, ten new districts created for the 3rd Congress.

|-! | Alexander White| | Pro-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Andrew Moore
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.
Results subsequently challenged but upheld.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Abraham B. Venable
| | Anti-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | William B. Giles| | Anti-Administration| 1790| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Josiah Parker
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | John Page
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | Samuel Griffin
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration.
Pro-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | James Madison Jr.
| | Anti-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | Richard Bland Lee
| | Pro-Administration| 1789| Incumbent re-elected.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|-! | colspan=3 | None (District created)| | New seat.
New member elected.
Anti-Administration gain.| nowrap |

|}

See also

• 1792 United States elections
  • List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)
  • 1792–93 United States Senate elections
  • 1792 United States presidential election
• 2nd United States Congress
• 3rd United States Congress

Bibliography

• Web site: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 . January 17, 2015 . Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University . January 29, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054451/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789 . dead .
• Book: Dubin, Michael J. . 1788 United States Congressional Elections-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses . March 1, 1998 . McFarland and Company . 978-0786402830.
• Book: Martis, Kenneth C. . The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989 . January 1, 1989 . Macmillan Publishing Company . 978-0029201701.
• Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present . January 21, 2015 . Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Third Congress (membership roster) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141206141036/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/3.pdf . December 6, 2014 . February 1, 2015.
2. Web site: Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives . 2024-06-30 . history.house.gov . en.
3. Web site: Second Congress (membership roster) – see footnotes 12 and 13 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130306182456/http://artandhistory.house.gov/house_history/bioguide-front/2.pdf . March 6, 2013 . March 8, 2013.