| Conventional Long Name: | Andhra Pradesh |
| Native Name: | Āndhra Pradēś |
| Status Text: | Former State of India |
| Year Start: | 1956 |
| Date Start: | 1 November |
| Event Start: | State established |
| Year End: | 2014 |
| Date End: | 02 June |
| Event End: | State bifurcated |
| Capital: | Hyderabad |
| P1: | Andhra State |
| P2: | Hyderabad State (1948–1956) |
| S1: | Andhra Pradesh |
| S2: | Telangana |
| Flag P2: | Emblem of Hyderabad State (1948–1956).svg |
| Flag S2: | Flag of the Government of Telangana.svg |
| Image Map Caption: | Emblem of United Andhra |
| Image Map2: | Andhra Pradesh in India (claims hatched).svg |
| Image Map2 Caption: | Map of the United Andhra Pradesh |
| Stat Area1: | 1061930NaN0 |
| Stat Year1: | until 2014 |
| Stat Pop2: | 84,665,533 |
| Stat Year2: | 2011 Census |
| Flag: | State |
| Government Type: | Federated state |
| Title Leader: | Chief Minister |
| Leader1: | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (First) |
| Year Leader1: | 1956–1960 |
| Leader2: | Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy (Last) |
| Year Leader2: | 2010–2014 |
| Title Deputy: | Governor |
| Deputy1: | Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi (First) |
| Year Deputy1: | 1956–1957 |
| Deputy2: | E. S. L. Narasimhan (Last) |
| Year Deputy2: | 2009–2014 |
Andhra Pradesh, retrospectively referred to as United Andhra Pradesh, Undivided Andhra Pradesh, Combined Andhra Pradesh and Ummadi Andhra Pradesh, was a state in India formed by States Reorganisation Act, 1956 with Hyderabad as its capital and was reorganised by Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. The state was made up of three distinct cultural regions of Telangana, Rayalaseema, and Coastal Andhra. Before the 1956 reorganisation, Telangana had been part of Hyderabad State, whereas Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra had been part of Andhra State, formerly a part of Madras Presidency ruled by British India.
To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity, and to protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated: "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 30 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.[1] On the basis of the gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the then-existing Hyderabad State.[2] Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State which later bifurcated in Gujarat and Maharashtra and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State which was later renamed as Karnataka.[3]
In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts. Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years.[4] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.[5] Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 have long been pending for the verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench.[6] [7]
The Visalandhra, Vishalandhra or Vishala Andhra was a movement in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers, a Greater Andhra (Telugu: విశాలాంధ్ర Viśālāndhra). This movement was led by the Communist Party of India under the banner of Andhra Mahasabha with a demand to merge all the Telugu-speaking areas into one state. (The Communist Party of India demanded the formation of similar linguistic states across India.) The movement succeeded and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (Telangana) with Andhra State on 1 November 1956 as part of the States Reorganisation Act. (Andhra State had been previously carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953.) However, on 2 June 2014, Telangana State separated again from Andhra Pradesh and the Vishalandhra movement came to an end. The residual Andhra Pradesh now has approximately the same borders.
See also: Andhra State, Visalandhra movement and Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014). To gain an independent state based on linguistic identity and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952. As the city of Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a committee with Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya was constituted. The committee recommended that Andhra State could be formed provided the Andhras gave up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai). After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city. Tanguturi Prakasam became the first chief minister. Based on the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956, the States Reorganisation Act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.[8]
The Indian National Congress (INC) ruled the state from 1956 to 1982. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy became the first chief minister. Among other chief ministers, P. V. Narasimha Rao is known for implementing land reforms and land ceiling acts and securing a reservation for lower castes in politics.[9] Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, completed in 1967, and Srisailam Dam, completed in 1981, are some of the irrigation projects that helped increase the production of paddy in the state.[10]
In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections, and N. T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time after launching his party just nine months earlier.[11] This broke the long-time single-party monopoly enjoyed by the INC. He transformed the sub-district administration by forming mandals in place of earlier taluks, removing hereditary village heads, and appointing non-hereditary village revenue assistants.[12] The 1989 elections ended the rule of Rao, with the INC returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and Rao became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Rao's son-in-law, came to power in 1995 with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha elections in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. Thus, Naidu held the record for the longest-serving chief minister (1995–2004) of the united Andhra Pradesh.[13] He introduced e-governance by launching e-Seva centres in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of government services. He is credited with transforming Hyderabad into an IT hub by providing incentives for tech companies to set up centres.[14]
In 2004, Congress returned to power with a new chief ministerial face, YS Rajashekara Reddy, better known as YSR. The main emphasis during Reddy's tenure was on social welfare schemes such as free electricity for farmers, health insurance, tuition fee reimbursement for the poor, and the national rural employment guarantee scheme. He took over the free emergency ambulance service initiated by a corporation and ran it as a government project. INC won the 2009 elections under the leadership of YSR in April.[15] He was elected chief minister again but was killed in a helicopter crash that occurred in September 2009. He was succeeded by Congressmen Konijeti Rosaiah and Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy; the latter resigned over the impending division of the state to form Telangana.[16]
During its 58 years as a unified state, the state weathered separatist movements from Telangana (1969) and Andhra (1972) successfully.[17] A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi, formed in April 2001 by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), reignited the Telangana movement. A joint action committee formed with political parties, government employees, and the general public spearheaded the agitation. When KCR's health deteriorated due to his fast-unto-death undertaking, the central government decided to initiate the process of forming an independent Telangana in December 2009. This triggered the Samaikyandhra movement to keep the state united. The Srikrishna committee was formed to give recommendations on how to deal with the situation. It gave its report in December 2010.[18] The agitations continued for nearly 5 years, with the Telangana side harping on the marginalisation of food culture, language, and unequal economic development and the Samaikyandhra movement focusing on the shared culture, language, customs, and historical unity of Telugu-speaking regions.[19] The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act bill was passed by the parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state, comprising ten districts, despite opposition by the state legislature.[20] The bill included the provision to retain Hyderabad as the capital for up to ten years and the provision to ensure access to educational institutions for the same period.[21] The bill received the assent of the president and was published in the gazette on 1 March 2014.[22] The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the president of India, with the residual state continuing as Andhra Pradesh.[23] The present form of Andhra Pradesh is the same as that of Andhra State, except for Bhadrachalam town, which continues in Telangana.[24] A number of petitions questioning the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act have been pending before the Supreme Court constitutional bench since April 2014.[25]
In the final elections held in the unified state in 2014, the TDP got a mandate in its favour, defeating its nearest rival, the YSR Congress Party, a breakaway faction of the Congress founded by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, son of former Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of the TDP, became the chief minister on 8 June 2014.[26] In 2017, the government of Andhra Pradesh began operating from its new greenfield capital, Amaravati, for which 33,000 acres were acquired from farmers through an innovative land pooling scheme.[27] [28] Interstate issues with Telangana relating to the division of assets of public sector institutions and organisations of the united state and the division of river waters are not yet resolved.[29] [30]
See also: Visalandhra movement.
Data from Andhra Pradesh State Portal.[31]
| Name | Portrait | From | To | Term length | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi | 1 November 1956 | 1 August 1957 | days | |
| 2 | Bhim Sen Sachar | 1 August 1957 | 8 September 1962 | days | |
| 3 | Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh | 8 September 1962 | 4 May 1964 | days | |
| 4 | Pattom A. Thanu Pillai | 4 May 1964 | 11 April 1968 | days | |
| 5 | Khandubhai Kasanji Desai | 11 April 1968 | 25 January 1975 | days | |
| 6 | S. Obul Reddy | 25 January 1975 | 10 January 1976 | days | |
| 7 | Mohanlal Sukhadia | 10 January 1976 | 16 June 1976 | days | |
| 8 | Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare | 16 June 1976 | 17 February 1977 | days | |
| 9 | B. J. Divan | 17 February 1977 | 5 May 1977 | days | |
| 10 | Sharda Mukherjee | 5 May 1977 | 15 August 1978 | days | |
| 11 | K. C. Abraham | 15 August 1978 | 15 August 1983 | days | |
| 12 | Thakur Ram Lal | 15 August 1983 | 29 August 1984 | days | |
| 13 | Shankar Dayal Sharma | 29 August 1984 | 26 November 1985 | days | |
| 14 | Kumud Ben Joshi | 26 November 1985 | 7 February 1990 | days | |
| 15 | Krishan Kant | 7 February 1990 | 22 August 1997 | days | |
| 16 | Gopala Ramanujam | 22 August 1997 | 24 November 1997 | days | |
| 17 | C. Rangarajan | 24 November 1997 | 3 January 2003 | days | |
| 18 | Surjit Singh Barnala | 3 January 2003 | 4 November 2004 | days | |
| 19 | Sushilkumar Shinde | 4 November 2004 | 29 January 2006 | days | |
| 20 | Rameshwar Thakur | 29 January 2006 | 22 August 2007 | days | |
| 21 | N. D. Tiwari | 22 August 2007 | 27 December 2009 | days | |
| 22 | 28 December 2009[32] | 1 June 2014 | days | ||
On 1 November 1956, Hyderabad State ceased to exist; its Gulbarga and Aurangabad divisions were merged into Mysore State and Bombay State respectively. Its remaining Telugu-speaking portion, Telangana, was merged with Andhra State to form the new state of United Andhra Pradesh.
N. Chandrababu Naidu of Telugu Desam Party was the longest served chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh. Kiran Kumar Reddy of the Indian National Congress was the last chief minister of United Andhra Pradesh.
| Portrait | Chief Minister | Term of office | Election | Party | Government | Appointed by (Governor) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Term start | Term end | Duration | |||||||||
| 1 | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి | 1 November 1956 | 11 January 1960 | 1955 | Indian National Congress భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము | Neelam I | Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi | ||||
| 1957 | Neelam II | ||||||||||
| 2 | Damodaram Sanjivayya దామోదరం సంజీవయ్య | 11 January 1960 | 12 March 1962 | Sanjivayya | Bhim Sen Sachar | ||||||
| (1) | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి | 12 March 1962 | 21 February 1964 | 1962 | Neelam III | ||||||
| 3 | Kasu Brahmananda Reddy కాసు బ్రహ్మానంద రెడ్డి | 21 February 1964 | 30 September 1971 | Kasu I | Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh | ||||||
| 1967 | Kasu II | Pattom A. Thanu Pillai | |||||||||
| 4 | Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao పాములపర్తి వెంకట నరసింహారావు | 30 September 1971 | 10 January 1973 | 1972 | Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) | Narasimha | Khandubhai Kasanji Desai | ||||
| 5 | Jalagam Vengala Rao జలగం వెంగళరావు | 10 December 1973 | 6 March 1978 | 1972 | Indian National Congress (Requisitionists) భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) | Jalagam | Khandubhai Kasanji Desai | ||||
| 6 | Marri Chenna Reddy మర్రి చెన్నా రెడ్డి | 6 March 1978 | 11 October 1980 | 1978 | Indian National Congress (Indira) భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) | Marri I | Sharda Mukherjee | ||||
| 7 | Tanguturi Anjaiah టంగుటూరి అంజయ్య | 11 October 1980 | 24 February 1982 | Anjaiah | K. C. Abraham | ||||||
| 8 | Bhavanam Venkata Ramireddy భవనం వెంకట రామిరెడ్డి | 24 February 1982 | 20 September 1982 | Bhavanam | |||||||
| 9 | Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి | 20 September 1982 | 9 January 1983 | Kotla I | |||||||
| 10 | Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao నందమూరి తారక రామారావు | 9 January 1983 | 16 August 1984 | 1983 | Telugu Desam Party తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము | Rao I | |||||
| 11 | Nadendla Bhaskara Rao నాదెండ్ల భాస్కరరావు | 16 August 1984 | 16 September 1984 | Telugu Desam Party (Rebel) తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము (తిరుగుబాటుదారు) | Nadendla | Thakur Ram Lal | |||||
| (10) | Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao నందమూరి తారక రామారావు | 16 September 1984 | 9 March 1985 | Telugu Desam Party తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము | Rao I | Shankar Dayal Sharma | |||||
| 9 March 1985 | 3 December 1989 | 1985 | Rao II | ||||||||
| (6) | Marri Chenna Reddy మర్రి చెన్నా రెడ్డి | 3 December 1989 | 17 December 1990 | 1989 | Indian National Congress (Indira) భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము (ఇందిరమ్మ) | Marri II | Kumudben Joshi | ||||
| 12 | Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy నేదురుమల్లి జనార్దన రెడ్డి | 17 December 1990 | 9 October 1992 | Janardhana | Krishan Kant | ||||||
| (9) | Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి | 9 October 1992 | 12 December 1994 | Kotla II | |||||||
| (10) | Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao నందమూరి తారక రామారావు | 12 December 1994 | 1 September 1995 | 1994 | Telugu Desam Party తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము | Rao III | |||||
| 13 | Nara Chandrababu Naidu నారా చంద్రబాబు నాయుడు | 1 September 1995 | 11 October 1999 | Naidu I | |||||||
| 11 October 1999 | 14 May 2004 | 1999 | Naidu II | C. Rangarajan | |||||||
| 14 | Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy ఏడుగురి సందింటి రాజశేఖర రెడ్డి' | 14 May 2004 | 20 May 2009 | 2004 | Indian National Congress భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము | Reddy I | Surjit Singh Barnala | ||||
| 20 May 2009 | 2 September 2009 | 2009 | Reddy II | N. D. Tiwari | |||||||
| 15 | Konijeti Rosaiah కొణిజేటి రోశయ్య | 3 September 2009 | 25 November 2010 | Rosaiah | |||||||
| 16 | Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy నల్లారి కిరణ్ కుమార్ రెడ్డి | 25 November 2010 | 1 March 2014 | Kiran | E. S. L. Narasimhan | ||||||
The list of deputy chief ministers in the Indian former state of United Andhra Pradesh include: Keys:
| Sr. No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Colspan=2 | Political party | Chief Minister |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy కొండా వెంకట రంగారెడ్డి | 1959 | 1962 | Indian National Congress భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్ | Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy నీలం సంజీవ రెడ్డి | ||
| 2 | Joginapally Venkat Narsing Rao జోగినపల్లి వెంకట్ నర్సింగ్ రావు | 1967 | 1972 | Kasu Brahmananda Reddy కాసు బ్రహ్మానంద రెడ్డి | |||
| 3 | Chowti Jagannatha Rao చౌటి జగన్నాథరావు | 24 February 1982 | 20 September 1982 | Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy భవనం వెంకటరామి రెడ్డి | |||
| 4 | Koneru Ranga Rao కోనేరు రంగారావు | 9 October 1992 | 12 December 1994 | Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy కోట్ల విజయ భాస్కర రెడ్డి | |||
| 5 | Damodar Raja Narasimha దామోదర రాజ నరసింహ | 10 June 2011[33] | 1 February 2014[34] | Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy నల్లారి కిరణ్ కుమార్ రెడ్డి | |||
In fact N. Chandrababu Naidu is the longest-serving leader of the opposition. He served as leader of opposition in United Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly for a period of 2004 – 2014 in Andhra which includes current day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states N. Chandrababu Naidu is the last leader of opposition of United Andhra Pradesh before its bifurcation.
| scope=col | № | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Portrait | Term | Party | scope=col | Assembly | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Puchalapalli Sundarayya పుచ్చలపల్లి సుందరయ్య | 1957 | 1962 | భారత కమ్యూనిస్టు పక్షము | Second Assembly | ||||||
| 2 | Tarimela Nagi Reddy తరిమెల నాగి రెడ్డి | 1962 | 1967 | Third Assembly | |||||||
| 3 | Gouthu Latchanna గౌతు లచ్చన్న | 1967 | 1972 | స్వాతంత్ర పక్షము | Fourth Assembly | ||||||
| - | Vacant | Vacant | 1972 | 1978 | - | Fifth Assembly | |||||
| (3) | Gouthu Latchanna గౌతు లచ్చన్న | 1978 | 1983 | జనతా పక్షము | Sixth Assembly | ||||||
| 4 | Mogaligundla Baga Reddy మొగలిగుండ్ల బాగా రెడ్డి | 1983 | 1984 | భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము | Seventh Assembly | ||||||
| 1985 | 1989 | Eighth Assembly | |||||||||
| 5 | Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao నందమూరి తారక రామారావు | 1989 | 1994 | తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము | Ninth Assembly | ||||||
| - | Vacant | Vacant | 1994 | 1999 | - | Tenth Assembly | |||||
| 6 | Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy ఏడుగురి సందింటి రాజశేఖర రెడ్డి | 11 October 1999 | 13 May 2004 | భారత జాతీయ కాంగ్రెస్సు పక్షము | Eleventh Assembly | ||||||
| 7 | Nara Chandrababu Naidu నారా చంద్రబాబు నాయుడు | 14 May 2004 | May 2009 | తెలుగుదేశం పక్షము | Twelfth Assembly | ||||||
| May 2009 | June 2014 | Thirteenth Assembly | |||||||||
See also: Telangana movement, Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 and Samaikyandhra Movement.
After several years of protest and agitation, the central government, under the United Progressive Alliance, decided to bifurcate the existing Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest movements in South India.[1] On 18 February 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill with a voice vote. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha two days later, on 20 February.[2] As per the bill, Hyderabad would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. Hyderabad was the de jure joint capital. On 2 June 2014, Telangana was created with Hyderabad as its capital
The Telangana movement refers to a movement for the creation of a state, Telangana, from the pre-existing state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The new state corresponds to the Telugu-speaking portions of the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad.