Unite the Right 2 explained

Unite the Right 2
Date:August 12, 2018
Location:Washington, D.C., United States
Theme:
Organizers:Jason Kessler
Participants:2030

The "Unite the Right 2" rally[1] [2] (also called Unite the Right II)[3] [4] was a white supremacist[5] rally that occurred on August 12, 2018, at Lafayette Square near the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. It was organized by Jason Kessler to mark the first anniversary of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which ended in deadly violence and attracted both national and international attention.

Unlike the original Unite the Right rally (which ended in street clashes and a car attack in which one counter-protester was killed and 35 others were injured by a self-identified neo-Nazi),[6] [7] the "Unite the Right 2" rally ended without violence.[8] As of August 12, there was only one arrest in Washington, stemming from a confrontation after the rally had ended.[8]

The rally saw extremely low turnout, with only 20 to 30 of Kessler's supporters marching and thousands of counter-demonstrators amid a heavy police presence. The rally was widely described as a "pathetic" and "embarrassing" failure.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Background

Unite the Right rally

See main article: Unite the Right rally.

The first Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, from August 11 to 12, 2017.[14] [15] Its goals were to oppose the removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee from Lee Park[16] [17] and to unify the white supremacist movement in the United States.[18] The far-right protesters included alt-right members, white supremacists and white nationalists, neo-Confederates, Klansmen, neo-Nazis, and various militias, among others.[19] [20] The event turned violent after the protesters clashed with counter-protesters, leaving many injured.[6] [21] On the morning of August 12, Virginia governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency and the Virginia State Police declared the assembly unlawful. At around 1:45 p.m., a white supremacist rammed his car into a crowd of counter-protesters near the rally site and fled the scene, killing one person and injuring 19.[22] Attorney General Jeff Sessions described the car attack as domestic terrorism.[23] The driver, James Alex Fields Jr., was charged with first-degree murder and other crimes in state court as well as an additional 30 offenses in federal court, including violations of federal hate crime laws.[24] [25]

In the aftermath of the violence, U.S. President Donald Trump's controversial remarks referring to "very fine people on both sides" and condemning "hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides" were perceived by many as implying moral equivalence between white supremacist marchers and those protesting against them.[19] [26]

Commentator Ed Kilgore suggested that "by moving their act into quite literally the president's neighborhood, and setting the stage for more violence" the demonstrators sought "a fresh infusion of respectability from the politician so many of them regard as a fellow traveler."[27]

Attempt to schedule in Charlottesville

Kessler initially attempted to schedule a second rally in Charlottesville, but was denied a permit by the city in December 2017.[28] Kessler sued the city on First Amendment grounds, saying that if he had prevailed in the lawsuit, rallies would be held in both Charlottesville and Washington, D.C. In June 2018, Kessler sought a temporary injunction from the court to permit a rally in Emancipation Park on August 11 and 12.[29] On June 24, 2018, during a court hearing, Kessler unexpectedly dropped plans to hold a rally in Charlottesville, and posted plans on Twitter for a rally in Washington, D.C.[30] On August 3, 2018, after withdrawing his request for an injunction, Kessler voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit against the City of Charlottesville.[31]

Rally

Plans and permits for demonstration and counter-demonstrations

On May 8, 2018, Kessler filed an application for a permit for the rally with the National Park Service (NPS), under the name White Civil Rights Rally.[32] [33] After receiving initial approval in June 2018,[34] the NPS granted the permit for up to 400 people on August 10, 2018.[35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

Amid a fracturing of the alt-right movement,[41] a number of far-right individuals and groups who participated in the first Unite the Right rally—including Richard Spencer, the League of the South, Christopher Cantwell, Andrew Anglin, and militia groups—indicated that they would not attend the anniversary rally, having distanced themselves from Kessler, who holds "pariah status among his fellow racists."[42]

The NPS also approved permits for counter-demonstrations filed by New York Black Lives Matter, Inc.; Thomas Oh; Metro DC Democratic Socialists of America or D.C. United Against Hate; the ANSWER Coalition; and the Partnership for Civil Justice Fund.

The companies Airbnb, Lyft, and Uber issued statements reaffirming the right of hosts and drivers to "refuse service to anyone who makes them uncomfortable or violates guidelines against discrimination."[43]

Authorities' preparation

In advance of the rally, D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser activated the District's emergency operations center and returned early from a sister city tour in El Salvador to oversee the local response. The District's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) and federal authorities made extensive preparation for "a possible volatile showdown" between "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators and counter-demonstrators. Authorities aimed to avoid a repeat of the violence at the Charlottesville rally the year before. MPD chief Peter Newsham said that the police would aim: "to keep the two groups separate. ... When they are in the same area at the same time, it leads to violent confrontations. Our goal is to prevent that from happening." Authorities, specifically the MPD and the United States Park Police, erected a series of barriers at Lafayette Square to separate white supremacists from counter-demonstrators.[8]

In making security plans for the event, the Washington Metro system floated plans to run separate trains for protestors and counter-demonstrators, in a bid to avoid violent clashes. Following an outcry from the public and from the Metro employees' union (ATU Local 689), who regarded the plans as special treatment for white nationalists, Metro dropped consideration of the idea.[44] [45] However, on August 12, it was reported that Vienna Station had closed to the public, only allowing "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators, police, and press in (though they did reportedly stop at other stations and let the public in). The Metro was criticized by many, with people arguing that the service, as well as the police escort the "Unite the Right 2" demonstrators received, amounted to preferential treatment.[46]

Although no rally was scheduled to take place in Virginia - where the original rally took place one year earlier - the state's governor, Ralph Northam, declared a state of emergency, as smaller events were scheduled to take place in Charlottesville.[47]

Events

Ahead of the rally, Newsham "remained elusive when discussing ingress and egress plans" for the "Unite the Right 2" demonstrated and implied "that the means and route Kessler's group ultimately takes could and probably would change at the last minute." Ultimately, Kessler and a group of between 20 and 30 supporters got on the Washington Metro at the Vienna station in Northern Virginia and traveled to the Foggy Bottom station amid a heavy police presence, then proceeded to Lafayette Square in front of the White House, where Kessler gave a 15-minute speech and was met by thousands of anti-racist counterdemonstrators.[8] [48] The rally itself was scheduled for 5:30 to 7:30 p.m., but "ended early when it began to rain and two police vans escorted the demonstrators back to Virginia."[48] A local official said that the demonstrators were driven to the Rosslyn station in Northern Virginia to return to the Vienna station, "where they would be greeted by county police who could escort them to their cars if necessary."[8]

The rally attracted thousands of counter-demonstrators, many of whom gathered at Freedom Plaza several blocks away from Lafayette Square to oppose white supremacy.[8] Ahead of the rally, one organizer said she expected "participants with a range of political backgrounds from far-left to moderates to conservatives 'who agree that white supremacy is abhorrent.'"[49] Demonstrators included a multiracial group of Baptists.[50] A separate group of about 20 people sang "We Shall Overcome" while marching from the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial to the Lincoln Memorial.[8] A small portion of counter-protestors were antifa activists; some black-clad protestors engaged in a brief confrontation with police close to 13th and G Streets NW,[8] and some antifa protestors attacked journalists.[51] [52]

The rally and counterdemonstrations ended without violence; there was one arrest stemming from a confrontation after the rally had ended.[8] In a separate incident, one man was charged with simple assault in Virginia after allegedly spitting on two Virginia State Police officers outside the Vienna Metro stop.[53]

Costs

According to a preliminary estimate prepared by the District of Columbia government, the District spent $2.6 million on costs related to the rally and the related counter-demonstrators. Almost all of the costs related to staffing and overtime for D.C. police. This cost estimate does not include expenditures incurred by other agencies (the Virginia State Police, Fairfax County Police Department, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, and U.S. Park Police) related to the rally.[54]

Reactions

Ahead of the rally, D.C. Mayor Muriel E. Bowser stated: "We the people of Washington, D.C. say unequivocally that we denounce hate, we denounce anti-Semitism and we denounce the rhetoric that we expect to hear this Sunday." The governors of the neighboring states - Ralph Northam of Virginia and Larry Hogan of Maryland - made similar statements. President Donald Trump declined to specifically condemn white supremacy. Instead, he made a general call for unity and stated that he "condemn[s] all types of racism and acts of violence." The remarks echoed Trump's remarks following the original rally a year earlier, in which he blamed "both sides" for violence. Vice President Mike Pence released a statement saying: "bigotry, racism and hatred run counter to our most cherished values and have no places in American society."[55]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Jason Kessler applies for 'Unite the Right 2' rally permit in D.C.. Barrouquere. Brett. June 20, 2018. Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180710113932/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/06/20/jason-kessler-applies-%E2%80%98unite-right-2%E2%80%99-rally-permit-dc. July 10, 2018. June 24, 2018.
  2. News: Inside Jason Kessler's Hate-Fueled Rise. Shapira. Ian. August 10, 2018. The Washington Post. August 12, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20190210020821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/inside-jason-kesslers-hate-fueled-rise/2018/08/11/335eaf42-999e-11e8-b60b-1c897f17e185_story.html?noredirect=on. February 10, 2019. limited.
  3. News: Before 'Unite the Right' Rally, Trump Does Not Condemn Supremacists. Weiland. Noah. August 11, 2018. The New York Times. August 12, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20180814211612/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/11/us/politics/unite-the-right-2018-dc-rally.html. August 14, 2018. limited.
  4. News: Unite the Right II: All The Protests In D.C. And Charlottesville This Weekend. Owen. Tess. August 11, 2018. Vice. August 12, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180812074559/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/a3qaz4/unite-the-right-ii-all-the-protests-in-dc-and-charlottesville-this-weekend. August 12, 2018.
  5. News: 'Whatever We Need to Do': DC Police Hope to Keep White Supremacists, Counterdemonstrators Separate at Rallies. Segraves. Mark. August 8, 2018. August 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190220194618/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/1K-Counterprotesters-Expected-to-Meet-White-Supremacist-Rally-in-DC--490405531.html. February 20, 2019. WRC-TV. Barnes. Sophia.
  6. News: Hospitals: 30 treated after Aug. 12 car attack. August 21, 2017. The Daily Progress. November 26, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170821231844/https://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/hospitals-treated-after-aug-car-attack/article_6e4db4fa-86b6-11e7-8361-67f472e63daf.html. August 21, 2017. en.
  7. News: 'Unite the Right' organizer gets approval for rally anniversary event in D.C.. Heim. Joe. June 20, 2018. The Washington Post. June 23, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020202347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/unite-the-right-organizer-gets-approval-for-rally-anniversary-event-in-dc/2018/06/20/597a1b1a-74a7-11e8-9780-b1dd6a09b549_story.html. October 20, 2019. limited.
  8. News: Anti-hate protesters far outnumber white supremacists as groups rally near White House. Heim. Joe. August 12, 2018. The Washington Post. live. https://archive.today/20191020203258/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/washington-readies-for-todays-planned-white-supremacist-rally-near-white-house/2018/08/12/551720c4-9c28-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html. October 20, 2019. Hermann. Peter. Stein. Perry. Lang. Marissa J.. limited.
  9. News: Unite the Right 2018 was a pathetic failure. Lopez. German. August 12, 2018. Vox. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522110811/https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/12/17681444/unite-the-right-rally-dc-charlottesville-failure. May 22, 2019.
  10. News: Pathetic Unite the Right and angry Antifa sputter. There's still time to heed Rodney King. Bovard. James. August 12, 2018. USA Today. live. https://archive.today/20180913212858/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/08/12/unite-right-sputters-antifa-fails-hopeful-signs-america-column/971952002/. September 13, 2018.
  11. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-why-unite-the-right-rally-was-a-pathetic-flop-1.6367465 Analysis Why 'Unite the Right' Rally Was a Pathetic Flop – and Why That Shouldn’t Matter
  12. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/12/us/politics/charlottesville-va-protest-unite-the-right.html Rally by White Nationalists Was Over Almost Before It Began
  13. https://www.gq.com/story/unite-the-right-no-one-wins-racism Everyone Loses When You Have to Rally Against White Supremacists
  14. News: Far-Right Groups Surge Into National View In Charlottesville. Fausset. Richard. August 13, 2017. The New York Times. live. https://archive.today/20170814182419/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/far-right-groups-blaze-into-national-view-in-charlottesville.html. August 14, 2017. Feuer. Alan. limited.
  15. News: Charlottesville: One killed in violence over US far-right rally. August 13, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190630092103/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40912509. June 30, 2019. BBC News.
  16. News: Man Charged After White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Ends in Deadly Violence. Stolberg. Sheryl Gay. August 12, 2017. The New York Times. August 13, 2017. live. https://archive.today/20171017221541/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-protest-white-nationalist.html. October 17, 2017. Rosenthal. Brian M.. Sheryl Gay Stolberg. limited.
  17. News: One dead as car strikes crowds amid protests of white nationalist gathering in Charlottesville; two police die in helicopter crash. Heim. Joe. August 13, 2017. The Washington Post. live. https://archive.today/20171201092824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/fights-in-advance-of-saturday-protest-in-charlottesville/2017/08/12/155fb636-7f13-11e7-83c7-5bd5460f0d7e_story.html. December 1, 2017. Silverman. Ellie. Shapiro. T. Rees. Brown. Emma. limited.
  18. News: 'This is a huge victory.' Oakdale white supremacist revels after deadly Virginia clash. Stapley. Garth. August 14, 2017. The Modesto Bee. August 17, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815042856/http://www.modbee.com/news/article167213427.html. August 15, 2017.
  19. News: Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost. Thrush. Glenn. August 15, 2017. The New York Times. live. https://archive.today/20170920135617/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/15/us/politics/trump-charlottesville-white-nationalists.html. September 20, 2017. Haberman. Maggie. Glenn Thrush. Maggie Haberman. limited.
  20. News: Why the Charlottesville Marchers Were Obsessed With Jews. Green. Emma. August 15, 2017. The Atlantic. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170817011443/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/nazis-racism-charlottesville/536928/. August 17, 2017. limited.
  21. News: Charlottesville white nationalist rally: What we know. Yan. Holly. August 14, 2017. November 26, 2017. live. https://archive.today/20170830145037/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/13/us/charlottesville-white-nationalist-rally-car-crash/index.html. August 30, 2017. CNN. Sayers. Devon M.. Almasy. Steve.
  22. News: What We Know About James Alex Fields Jr., Driver Charged in Charlottesville Killing. Bromwich. Jonah Engel. August 13, 2017. The New York Times. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170813205813/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/13/us/james-alex-fields-charlottesville-driver-.html. August 13, 2017. Blinder. Alan. limited.
  23. News: Sessions Says 'Evil Attack' in Virginia Is Domestic Terrorism. Sullivan. Eileen. August 14, 2017. The New York Times. August 14, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170814183121/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/politics/domestic-terrorism-sessions.html. August 14, 2017. limited.
  24. News: Federal hate crime charges filed in Charlottesville rally death. Rankin. Sarah. June 27, 2018. Chicago Tribune. live. https://archive.today/20191020214141/https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-charlottesville-driver-james-alex-fields-20180627-story.html. October 20, 2019. Associated Press. Lavoie. Denise. limited.
  25. News: Charlottesville driver Alex Fields Jr. faces hate crime charges one year after rally. Associated Press. June 27, 2018. NBC News. Duster. Chendelis R.. August 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811170124/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/charlottesville-driver-alex-fields-jr-faces-hate-crime-charges-one-n887031. August 11, 2018. live.
  26. News: Trump condemns 'hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides' in Charlottesville. Meriac. Dan. August 13, 2017. live. https://archive.today/20170812210437/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/12/politics/trump-statement-alt-right-protests/index.html. August 12, 2017. CNN.
  27. Web site: A Year After Charlottesville, Racists to Gather in Trump's Neighborhood. Kilgore. Ed. August 6, 2018. New York. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20181115000020/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/08/racists-gather-near-white-house-to-commemorate-2017-riots.html. November 15, 2018. August 8, 2018.
  28. News: Jason Kessler Files Lawsuit Against Charlottesville. March 21, 2018. June 23, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190114110639/https://www.nbc29.com/story/37668412/kessler-lawsuit-03072018. January 14, 2019. NBC 29.
  29. News: Organizer of white nationalist rally asks judge to allow another event in August. Berg. Lauren. June 23, 2018. The Daily Progress. June 24, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191020212500/https://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/organizer-of-white-nationalist-rally-asks-judge-to-allow-another/article_4e2af0d0-7688-11e8-a416-2bf9e4ab2b0f.html. October 20, 2019.
  30. News: 'This isn't the end': Jason Kessler unexpectedly gives up bid for anniversary rally in Charlottesville. Hayes. Christal. July 24, 2018. USA Today.
  31. News: Charlottesville rally organizer drops lawsuit against city. August 3, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020220318/https://www.apnews.com/ba99de09018e4aec988ea3d2adeab6a0. October 20, 2019. Associated Press.
  32. Web site: Kessler's Application. Kessler. Jason. July 2018. National Park Service. August 8, 2018.
  33. News: Charlottesville rally organizer requests permit for 'white civil rights rally' in Washington. Tatum. Sophie. June 21, 2018. June 23, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190226132406/https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/20/politics/charlottesville-washington-white-nationalist-rally/index.html. February 26, 2019. CNN.
  34. News: 'Unite the Right' organizer gets approval for rally anniversary event in D.C.. Heim. Joe. June 20, 2018. The Washington Post. June 27, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020202347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/unite-the-right-organizer-gets-approval-for-rally-anniversary-event-in-dc/2018/06/20/597a1b1a-74a7-11e8-9780-b1dd6a09b549_story.html. October 20, 2019. en-US. 0190-8286.
  35. News: NPS issues final permits for counter-demonstrations in D.C.. Stuart. Courteney. August 8, 2018. WHSV3. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111342/https://www.whsv.com/content/news/490389561.html. August 9, 2018.
  36. News: D.C. prepares for Sunday showdown between white supremacists and counterprotesters. Hermann. Peter. August 9, 2018. The Washington Post. live. https://archive.today/20180810012315/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/dc-prepares-for-sunday-showdown-between-white-supremacists-and-counterprotesters/2018/08/09/7408df40-9bc9-11e8-b60b-1c897f17e185_story.html. August 10, 2018. Heim. Joe. limited.
  37. News: Unite the Right: Permit granted for Washington DC far-right rally. August 9, 2018. August 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190807115619/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-45123605. August 7, 2019. BBC News.
  38. News: 'White Civil Rights Rally' Approved For D.C. In August. Doubek. James. June 21, 2018. June 23, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190218224652/https://www.npr.org/2018/06/21/622144455/white-civil-rights-rally-approved-for-d-c-in-august. February 18, 2019. NPR.
  39. News: 'White Civil Rights Rally' Planned Near White House by Charlottesville Organizer. Haag. Matthew. June 21, 2018. The New York Times. June 23, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020083135/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/us/jason-kessler-white-nationalist-rally.html. October 20, 2019. limited.
  40. News: Charlottesville rally organizer requests permit for 'white civil rights' demonstration in D.C.. Quander. Michael. June 20, 2018. USA Today. June 23, 2018.
  41. News: A Year After Charlottesville, the Alt-Right Movement Frays. McWhirter. Cameron. August 8, 2018. The Wall Street Journal. August 8, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20180912015141/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-year-after-charlottesville-the-alt-right-movement-frays-1533720660. September 12, 2018. subscription.
  42. Web site: As "Unite the Right 2" approaches, few big names expected for rally amid lots of questions about size, speakers. Barrouquere. Brett. August 7, 2018. Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. August 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811170031/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/08/07/unite-right-2-approaches-few-big-names-expected-rally-amid-lots-questions-about-size. August 11, 2018. live.
  43. News: Airbnb, Lyft, Uber allowing service to be denied to Unite the Right marchers. Silverstein. Jason. August 10, 2018. August 11, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407164349/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/unite-the-right-dc-uber-airbnb-lyft-allowing-service-to-be-denied-to-marchers/. April 7, 2019. CBS News.
  44. News: Metro no longer considering separate trains for white nationalists attending 'Unite the Right' rally. Thebault. Reis. August 4, 2018. The Washington Post. Powers. Martine. Armus. Teo. limited. August 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811161546/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2018/08/04/metro-no-longer-considering-separate-trains-for-white-nationalists-attending-unite-the-right-rally/. August 11, 2018. live.
  45. News: How Washington DC's Metro should deal with white nationalists. A.W.. August 9, 2018. The Economist. limited. August 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180811200112/https://www.economist.com/gulliver/2018/08/09/how-washington-dcs-metro-should-deal-with-white-nationalists. August 11, 2018. live.
  46. News: DC Metro criticized for how it handled white nationalists during Unite the Right. Lockhart. P.R.. August 12, 2018. Vox.
  47. News: Virginia governor declares state of emergency for anniversary of Charlottesville protests. Jacobo. Julia. August 9, 2018. ABC News. August 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809012547/https://abcnews.go.com/US/virginia-governor-declares-state-emergency-year-anniversary-charlottesville/story?id=57114699. August 9, 2018. live.
  48. News: Washington white nationalist rally sputters in sea of counterprotesters. Gibson. Ginger. August 12, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190126135414/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-protests-washington/washington-white-nationalist-rally-sputters-in-sea-of-counterprotesters-idUSKBN1KX0BF. January 26, 2019. Reuters. Landay. Jonathan.
  49. News: Opposition groups organize to counter Sunday's planned white-supremacist rally. Heim. Joe. August 11, 2018. The Washington Post. August 12, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020200700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/opposition-groups-organize-to-counter-sundays-planned-white-supremacist-rally/2018/08/10/550869ae-9cb3-11e8-843b-36e177f3081c_story.html. October 20, 2019. Armus. Teo. en. limited.
  50. News: Black, white Baptists to counter D.C. alt-right rally with prayer walk, communion. Allen. Bob. August 8, 2018. Baptist News Global. August 8, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20191020203255/https://baptistnews.com/article/black-white-baptists-to-counter-d-c-alt-right-rally-with-prayer-walk-communion/%23.XazEYtLLfK4. October 20, 2019.
  51. News: Antifa protesters couldn't find any fascists at Unite the Right — and harassed the press instead. Selk. Avi. August 14, 2018. The Washington Post. September 4, 2018. live. https://archive.today/20180816030617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2018/08/13/antifa-protesters-couldnt-find-any-fascists-at-unite-the-right-and-harassed-the-press-instead/. August 16, 2018. limited.
  52. News: Antifa clashes with police and journalists in Charlottesville and DC. Williams. Jennifer. August 12, 2018. Vox. September 4, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20191006121555/https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/12/17681986/antifa-leftist-violence-clashes-protests-charlottesville-dc-unite-the-right. October 6, 2019.
  53. News: 1 arrested at Vienna Metro station for assaulting Virginia police. Cioffi. Chris. August 12, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180910223251/https://wtop.com/fairfax-county/2018/08/1-arrested-at-vienna-metro-station-for-assaulting-virginia-police/. September 10, 2018. WTOP.
  54. News: White-supremacist rally cost D.C. at least $2.6 million, preliminary estimate shows. Nirappil. Fenit. August 14, 2018. The Washington Post. live. https://archive.today/20191020205544/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/white-supremacist-rally-cost-dc-26-million-preliminary-estimate-shows/2018/08/14/3edebcce-9ffa-11e8-83d2-70203b8d7b44_story.html. October 20, 2019. limited.
  55. Web site: Statement on Charlottesville. Pence. Mike. August 11, 2018. Twitter. August 12, 2018.

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