Unholy alliance (geopolitical) explained

An unholy alliance popularly refers to an alliance which is perceived as unnatural, unusual, or simply undesirable, sometimes between seemingly antagonistic parties.

Original use

In 1855, the term "Unholy Alliance" was used for Western European alliances with the Ottoman Empire against the interests of Russia, Greece, and most of the Balkans.^[1] It was an ironic reference to the original Holy Alliance created after the Napoleonic War in 1815 by Tsar Alexander I of Russia.^[2]

Later use

In 1912, the American politician Theodore Roosevelt campaigned against the "invisible government", "the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics".^[3]

In the context of World War II, the term has been used for the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, which partitioned Poland.^[4]

The term was also used by the short-lived Biafra to refer to Nigeria's allies: the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.^[5]

The term came to be used by African nationalists to describe the predominantly-white governments of Southern Africa from 1961 to 1980: South Africa, Rhodesia, and the Portuguese Empire.^{[6] [7] [8]} For example, during the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, meeting in its Fourteenth Ordinary Session in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 27 February to 6 March 1970, stated they were "Deeply concerned at the strengthening of the unholy alliance among the racist regimes of Pretoria, Salisbury, Lisbon and their collaboration with other imperialist powers".^[9] In its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the UN General Assembly condemned what it termed an unholy alliance between South African apartheid and Zionism.^[10]

Takis Michas used the term for his 2002 book Unholy Alliance: Greece and Milosevic's Serbia, which describes Greek support for Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s.^[11]

See also

• Alcora Exercise
• Axis of evil
• Bootleggers and Baptists
• Holy Alliance
• The enemy of my enemy is my friend
• Realpolitik
• United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379

Notes and References

1. William Giles Dix, The Unholy Alliance: An American View of the War in the East, New York: Charles B. Norton, 1855.
2. Web site: CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Holy Alliance. www.newadvent.org.
3. Web site: Progressive covenant with the people . The Library of Congress . . August 1912 . . 2010-05-29.
4. Geoffrey K. Roberts, The Unholy Alliance: Stalin's Pact with Hitler. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989. Gerald Freund. Unholy Alliance: Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1957.
5. Web site: 27. Intelligence Memorandum, Washington, January 29, 1969. Bureau of Public Affairs. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information. 2001-2009.state.gov.
6. African National Congress, Web site: Cementing the Unholy Alliance: Statement in the Special Committee Against Apartheid, May 18, 1965 . 2009-03-17 . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201193309/http://www.anc.org.za/un/marof180565.html . 1 December 2008 .
7. Eliakim M. Sibanda, The Zimbabwe African People's Union, 1961–87, p.128
8. Book: Sellström, Tor. Sweden and national liberation in Southern Africa. Vol. 1, Formation of a popular opinion (1950-1970). Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. 1999. 91-7106-430-3. Uppsala. 421. PDF. 41157147.
9. CM/Res. 209 (XIV) "Resolution on Decolonization and Apartheid". Resolutions and Declarations..., March 1970. (see document in African Union link below).
10. Cited in the text of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (XXX). Resolution "3151 (XXVIII). Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa", 14 December 1973: https://undocs.org/A/RES/3151(XXVIII)
11. Book: Michas, Takis . Unholy Alliance: Greece and Milosevic's Serbia . ETexas A&M University Press . College Station . 2002 . 978-1-58544-183-9.