Unconverted long-term prisoners explained

Context:north
North Korean name
Hangul:비전향 장기수
Mr:pijŏnhyang changgisu
Rr:bijeonhyang janggisu
Othername1:South Korean name
Hangul1:미전향 장기수
Mr1:mijŏnhyang changgisu
Rr1:mijeonhyang janggisu
Text:Literally, "not-yet-converted long-term prisoners"

"Unconverted long-term prisoners" is the North Korean term for northern loyalists imprisoned in South Korea who never renounced Juche. The North Korean government considers them to be "pro-reunification patriotic fighters", while South Korean scholars have described them as "pro-communist spies".

History

In March 1998, South Korean president Kim Dae-jung declared an amnesty for long-term prisoners over the age of 70, as well as some suffering from disease. In February 1999, President Kim declared another amnesty for 17 unconverted long-term prisoners. In 2000, as part of the June 15th North–South Joint Declaration, sixty-three of the prisoners were permitted to settle in North Korea. There were hopes that North Korea would reciprocate by releasing Southern prisoners of war still detained in the North. A number of them left behind family members in the South; the South's Ministry of Unification refused permission to let the family members go north with them. They crossed the border by bus through the truce village of Panmunjom at 10 AM on 2 September 2000, while a group of Southern protesters decried their return and demanded that the North return abducted Southerners; they were welcomed on the Northern side by a reception with a brass band playing revolutionary songs, and each was later awarded the National Reunification Prize.

In literature and film

A book about their experiences was published in North Korea in 2001. In 2003, South Korean director Kim Dong-won released Repatriation, a documentary about the unconverted prisoners, based on more than 12 years and 800 hours of filming.

List of prisoners who crossed over to North Korea in 2000

Following is a list of the 63 prisoners who went to North Korea in 2000.

Personal names are given in McCune–Reischauer romanisation of the Northern spelling (thus surnames are spelled Ri instead of Yi, Ryu instead of Yu, etc.); place names are given in McCune–Reischauer without diacritics for places now in North Korea, and Revised Romanisation for places now in South Korea.

NameHangulHanjaBirth/death datesPlace of birthProvince of birthYears in
prison
Notes
Kang Tong-gŭnKorean: 강동근19 November 1916
HadongGyeongsangnam-do37Obituary published by KCNA
Kim Tong-giKorean: 김동기Korean: 金東基 or
Korean: 金東起
19 November 1932TanchonSouth Hamgyong34Interviewed by Kyunghyang Shinmun before his repatriation. Published a book of essays about his experiences . Two different hanja versions of his name have been reported in the media. Birthdate given as 19 October 1932 in 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. In August 2005, the KCNA reported in that he gave a speech to a visiting group of students from the Chongryon-affiliated Korea University.[1]
Kim Myŏng-suKorean: 김명수1 May 1922HamhungSouth Hamgyong3780th birthday congratulations published by KCNA
Kim Sŏk-hyŏngKorean: 김석형18 March 1914
PakchonNorth Pyongan30Also spelled Kim Suk-hyung. One of the prisoners featured in the film Repatriation. Obituary published by KCNA.[2]
Kim Sŏn-myŏngKorean: 김선명20 February 1925YangpyeongGyeonggi-do45Also spelled Kim Sun-myung. Joined the Korean People's Army due to disgust over the prevalence of Japanese collaborators in the South Korean administration. Captured on 15 October 1951, and sentenced to death; sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Family refused to see him; had him declared legally dead in 1975. Released in 1995. Blind due to cataracts left untreated by prison doctors. His experiences were the basis for the 2002 film The Road Taken, starring Kim Jung-gi.
Kim Yŏng-dalKorean: 김영달18 March 1934YeongdeokGyeongsangbuk-do3070th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[3]
Kim Yŏng-manKorean: 김영만15 November 1924GuryeJeollanam-do3080th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[4] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in September 2008.[5]
Kim Yŏng-taeKorean: 김영태23 July 1931
KwaksanNorth Pyongan35Also spelled Kim Yong-thae. Trapped in South Korea after the Korean War, and fought as a guerilla in the Jirisan area. Obituary published by KCNA.[6]
Kim Yŏng-gyuKorean: 김용규22 June 1923BoseongJeollanam-do3480th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[7]
Kim Yong-suKorean: 김용수30 September 1931GyeongjuGyeongsangbuk-do27KCNA gives his year of birth as 1932 in an announcement of his 70th birthday. An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in June 2003.[8]
Kim U-taekKorean: 김우택28 October 1919AndongGyeongsangbuk-do4090th birthday congratulations published by KCNA
Kim Ŭn-hwanKorean: 김은환12 July 1930GwangjuGyeonggi-do31Also spelled Kim Eun-hwan. Released in the February 1999 amnesty.[9] Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. 90th birthday congratulations published by Rodong Sinmun.[10]
Kim Ik-jinKorean: 김익진13 July 1932
YeongdeokGyeongsangbuk-do31Also known as Kim Il-jin. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Obituary published by KCNA.
Kim In-suKorean: 김인수18 November 1926TokchonSouth Pyongan34In June 2001, KCNA reported that he gave a speech to a delegation of visiting students from Korea University of Japan.[11]
Kim In-sŏKorean: 김인서27 May 1924
DaeguGyeongsangbuk-do36Applied to resettle in the North in 1996, but was rejected. Obituary published by KCNA.[12]
Kim Chong-hoKorean: 김종호2 August 1916
GimcheonGyeongsangbuk-do31Obituary published by KCNA
Kim Chung-jongKorean: 김중종2 April 1926GimcheonGyeongsangbuk-do29Received a doctorate in linguistics in 2003.[13] 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.
Kim Chang-wŏnKorean: 김창원Korean: 金昌源27 October 1934Yeongdeungpo-guSeoul3170th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[14] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in April 2006.[15] Interviewed by The Pyongyang Times in September 2008.[16]
Ko Kwang-inKorean: 고광인Korean: 高光仁5 January 1935GochangJeollabuk-do34An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in May 2003. KCNA published 70th birthday congratulations in February 2005, but did not give a birthdate.[17]
Ryu Un-hyŏngKorean: 류운형26 December 1924
RiwonSouth Hamgyong34Prior to his arrest, held various political posts including head of the Youth Department of the Chorwon, Kangwon, Committee of the WPK and chief of the education section of the Information Department of the Kangwon Provincial Committee of the WPK. Obituary published by KCNA.[18]
Ryu Yŏn-chŏlKorean: 류연철13 February 1912AndongGyeongsangbuk-do27KCNA gives his date of birth as 26 March 1912 in his 90th birthday announcement
Ryu Han-ukKorean: 류한욱24 May 1911CholsanNorth Pyongan37KCNA gives his year of birth as 1917 in his 90th birthday announcement[19]
Ri Kyŏng-guKorean: 리경구4 March 1930GongjuChungcheongnam-do38An essay of his was published in the Rodong Sinmun in June 2006.[20] 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[21]
Ri Kyŏng-chanKorean: 리경찬Korean: 李京贊15 November 1935Kaesong35Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North.[22] 70th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. Essays of his were printed in the Rodong Sinmun in February 2005 and December 2006.[23] [24]
Ri Kong-sunKorean: 리공순3 December 1934SeosanChungcheongnam-do3370th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[25] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in November 2006.
Ri Tu-gyunKorean: 리두균Korean: 李斗均2 April 1926ChungjuChungcheongbuk-do31An essay of his was published in the Rodong Sinmun in October 2004.[26] 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[27]
Ri Se-gyunKorean: 리세균15 January 1922JeonjuJeollabuk-do3080th birthday congratulations published by KCNA
Ri Chae-ryongKorean: 리재룡3 October 1945YangyangGangwon-do30First daughter Ri Chuk-bok (리축복) born 24 July 2002, according to KCNA
Ri JongKorean: 리종9 August 1911YeongdongChungcheongbuk-do25Birth date stated as 25 September 1911 in 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[28] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in October 2006.[29]
Ri Jong-hwanKorean: 리종환7 October 1922
Incheon43Obituary published by KCNA
Pak Mun-jaeKorean: 박문재14 September 1922Kaesong28Imprisoned in Daejeon; released in 1993. Still alive as of 2004, according to KCNA.[30]
Pak Wan-gyuKorean: 박완규10 April 1929CheongwonChungcheongbuk-do33An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in December 2006.[31]
Pang Chae-sunKorean: 방재순25 February 1917HoengseongGangwon-do38An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in November 2006.[32] 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.
Sŏk Yong-hwaKorean: 석용화8 April 1925YangsanGyeongsangnam-do20Married to Lee Chun-ja of South Korea; two daughters. Left them behind to cross over to North Korea. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[33]
Son Sŏng-moKorean: 손성모Korean: 孫聖模15 January 1930BuanJeollabuk-do19Released in June 2000. An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in July 2006. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[34]
Song Sang-jun송상준29 July 1927Busan3680th birthday congratulations published by KCNA
Sin Kwang-suKorean: 신광수Korean: 辛光洙27 June 1929YangsanGyeongsangnam-do15Also spelled Shin Gwang-su. Born in Shizuoka, Japan according to some reports. Released in June 2000. Wanted in Japan for his alleged role in North Korean abductions of Japanese.[35]
Sin Rin-suKorean: 신린수1 April 1918CheongdoGyeongsangbuk-do30Worked in a coal mine in his youth. 90th birthday congratulations published in The Pyongyang Times.
Sin In-yŏngKorean: 신인영6 December 1929BuanJeollabuk-do32Also spelled Shin In-young. Served in the Korean People's Army during the Korean War; returned to the South as a spy and was arrested in 1967. Believed to have a wife, son, and two daughters in the North; his mother, Koh Bong-hee, continued to reside in the South. Imprisoned in Daejeon. Released in the March 1998 amnesty. Suffering from leukaemia. At the time of his release, he stated, "now I want to take care of my mother for the rest of her life". However, he bid farewell to her in 2000 and crossed over to North Korea with 62 other long-term prisoners, in a scene captured in Kim Dong-won's 2000 movie Repatriation. She died in 2002.
An Yong-giKorean: 안영기19 June 1929GumiGyeongsangbuk-do38Also spelled Ahn Young-gi. Prior to his arrest, designed the Okryu Restaurant in Pyongyang. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North.
Yang Chŏng-hoKorean: 양정호3 April 1931YangsanGyeongsangnam-do31Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. An essay of his was published in the Rodong Sinmun in August 2004.[36]
O Hyŏng-sikKorean: 오형식24 January 1932
SiheungGyeonggi-do31An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in June 2006.[37] Obituary published by KCNA.[38]
U Ryong-gakKorean: 우용각Korean: 禹龍覺29 November 1929
NyongbyonNorth Pyongan42Also spelled Woo Yong-gak. Was captured in a North Korean commando raid in Southern waters in 1959. At the time of his release under Kim Dae-jung's amnesty in 1999, was believed to be the world's longest-serving political prisoner.
Yun Yong-giKorean: 윤용기2 August 1926
GanghwaGyeonggi-do40Obituary published by KCNA[39]
Yun Hŭi-boKorean: 윤희보10 October 1917GwangjuGyeonggi-do2590th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[40]
Im Pyŏng-hoKorean: 임병호1 September 1916BoryeongChungcheongnam-do32An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in December 2006.[41]
Chang Pyŏng-rakKorean: 장병락25 July 1934
KowonSouth Hamgyong38Also spelled Jang Byong-lak. Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Obituary published by KCNA.[42]
Jang HoKorean: 장호29 November 1920Mapo-guSeoul3280th birthday congratulations published by KCNA. Gave a lecture to a visiting group of students from Korea University of Japan in October 2003.[43] An essay of his entitled "Society and Morality" was published in the Rodong Sinmun in October 2005.[44] 100th birthday congratulations published by Rodong Sinmun , Pyongyang Times and KCNA, received a birthday spread from Kim Jong-un.[45]
Chŏn ChinKorean: 전진6 July 1923GunsanJeollabuk-do3880th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[46]
Chŏn Ch'ang-giKorean: 전창기10 April 1918BuyeoChungcheongnam-do23Also spelled Jon Chang-gi. 90th birthday congratulations published in The Pyongyang Times.
Cho Ch'ang-sonKorean: 조창손29 August 1929RyongyonSouth Hwanghae30In poor health. Has a wife and two sons in the North.
Ch'oi Sŏn-mukKorean: 최선묵1 July 1928GanghwaGyeonggi-do38Released in the February 1999 amnesty. Joined the Korean Painters' Union after moving to the North. An essay of his was published in the Rodong Sinmun in March 2005.[47]
Ch'oi Su-ilKorean: 최수일25 May 1939UijuNorth Pyongan35
Ch'oi Ha-jongKorean: 최하종21 March 1927KimchaekNorth Hamgyong36Joined the Korean Painters' Union after his return to the North. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[48]
Han Paek-ryŏlKorean: 한백렬16 February 1920
GwangjuGyeonggi-do23Obituary published by KCNA
Han Chang-hoKorean: 한장호1 May 1923MyongchonNorth Hamgyong3980th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[49]
Han Chong-hoKorean: 한종호31 January 1918HamhungSouth Hamgyong13Left behind a son, Han Young-su. His wife did not attend his farewell. 90th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[50]
Han Chun-ikKorean: 한춘익10 June 1925HamhungSouth Hamgyong2980th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[51]
Ham Se-hwanKorean: 함세환12 December 1932OngjinSouth Hwanghae34Applied for repatriation in 1993 (at the time of Ri In-mo's repatriation) and again in 1996, but was denied both times. The KCNA reports that a daughter was born to him on 19 March 2003.[52] In December 2006, an essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun.
Hong Kyŏng-sŏnKorean: 홍경선21 May 1925CheonanChungcheongnam-do3380th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[53] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in December 2005.[54]
Hong Myŏng-giKorean: 홍명기5 April 1929BuyeoChungcheongnam-do3880th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[55]
Hong Mun-gŏKorean: 홍문거14 September 1921Pyongyang3780th birthday congratulations published by KCNA[56]
Hwang Yong-gapKorean: 황용갑28 May 1924HadongGyeongsangnam-do35Released in 1989. Married a woman surnamed Kim, but did not tell her about his past as a communist agent; she only learned of it in late 1999. 80th birthday congratulations published by KCNA.[57] An essay of his was printed in the Rodong Sinmun in 2006.[58]

See also

Notes and References

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  2. News: Former Unconverted Long-term Prisoner Kim Sok Hyong Dies. Korean Central News Agency. 2006-08-16. 2010-06-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20100704080400/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2006/200608/news08/17.htm. 2010-07-04. dead.
  3. News: http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2004/03/03-19/2004-03-19-017.html. 2004-03-19. 2010-06-27. Korean Central News Agency. ko . ko:비전향장기수 김영달에게 생일 일흔돐상. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185327/http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2004/03/03-19/2004-03-19-017.html. 2011-06-09. dead.
  4. News: http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2004/11/11-16/2004-11-16-006.html. Korean Central News Agency. 2004-11-16. 2010-06-27. ko . ko:김정일총비서 비전향장기수 김영만에게 생일 여든돐상. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185338/http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2004/11/11-16/2004-11-16-006.html. 2011-06-09. dead.
  5. News: http://www.kcna.co.jp/today-rodong/2008/09/2008-09-21-rodong.html. 2008-09-21. 2010-06-27. Korean Central News Agency. ko . ko:주체97(2008)년 9월 21일 로동신문. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185357/http://www.kcna.co.jp/today-rodong/2008/09/2008-09-21-rodong.html. 2011-06-09. dead.
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  10. Web site: Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un Sends Birthday Spread to Pro-Reunification Patriotic Fighter. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200713091837/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?strPageID=SF01_02_01&newsID=2020-07-13-0002. July 13, 2020. August 4, 2020. Rodong Sinmun. Alt URL
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  12. News: http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2008/08/08-19/2008-0819-005.html. ko . ko:비전향장기수 김인서 서거. 2008-08-19. 2010-06-28. Korean Central News Agency. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185550/http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2008/08/08-19/2008-0819-005.html. 2011-06-09. dead.
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  23. News: http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2005/02/02-15/2005-02-15-017.html. 2005-02-15. 2010-06-28. Korean Central News Agency. ko . ko:비전향장기수 리경찬의 수기 《위인숭배심을 화폭에 담아》. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609191822/http://www.kcna.co.jp/calendar/2005/02/02-15/2005-02-15-017.html. 2011-06-09. dead.
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  45. Web site: November 30, 2020. Pro-reunification patriotic fighter honoured with 100th birthday spread. Pyongyang Times.
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