| Umm el-Qanatir | |
| Native Name: | ام القناطر (Umm el-Qanatir) |
| Relief: | 1 |
| Alternate Name: | עין קשתות (Ein Keshatot) |
| Map Type: | Syria Golan#Israel Golan |
| Coordinates: | 32.8497°N 35.7378°W |
| Region: | Golan Heights |
| Abandoned: | 749 CE |
| Epochs: | Roman period to Umayyad period |
| Cultures: | Hellenistic, Pagan, Jewish |
| Condition: | In ruins; partially reconstructed |
| Archaeologists: | Yehoshua "Yeshu" Dray (reconstruction) |
| Public Access: | Yes |
| Type: | Settlement |
| Website: | https://einkeshatot.org.il/ |
Umm el-Qanatir, also spelled Umm el-Kanatir (Arabic: ام القناطر|lit=mother of the arches|translit=Umm al-Qanāṭir), recent Israeli name Ein Keshatot (Hebrew: עין קשתות|lit=spring of the arches), is an archaeological site on the Golan Heights, whose main phase is dated to the mid-5th–8th centuries.[1] Excavations have revealed a Roman-period Pagan and later Jewish settlement, who left behind the ruins of a synagogue when they abandoned the town after it being destroyed by the catastrophic 749 earthquake.[2] [3] [4] The site is located 10 kilometres east of the Dead Sea Transform,[5] one kilometre southwest of Natur.[4]
Identification attempts based on Jewish sources have led to two possible ancient names: Kantur, mentioned by Rabbi Menachem di Luzano in his book Ma'arikh (16th/early 17th century);[6] and Qamtra, the name of a place mentioned in the Talmud and with a Jewish past dating back to the Byzantine period.[1] [7]
The Arabic word qantara, pl. qanatir, can mean arch,[8] a bridge built of stone or masonry, an aqueduct or a dam, and a high building.[9] The name of the site derives from its location 200 metres from a natural spring that flows from the cliff into three basins that were once topped by monumental basalt arches, one of which has survived.
Some Israeli authorities are starting to use the new Hebrew name of Ein Keshatot ("Spring of the Arches"), such as seen on official postage stamps.[10] The site is also being advertised as Rehavam's Arches, so named after former Israeli Minister of Tourism, Rehavam Ze'evi.[11]
The site is believed to have been a Pagan[2] Roman town that venerated the nearby spring. Jews began to settle in the vicinity in 23 BCE.[12] Early Jewish inhabitants of Umm el-Qanatir established a flax industry there, using the water for washing and whitening flax from which they wove fine cloth. The textiles were sold to wealthy residents in the nearby towns of Sussita and Beit Saida.[4] The villagers may have engaged in mixed farming, and raised sheep and olives, although no terracing has been found.[4]
The catastrophic 749 earthquake brought the settlement to an end.[1]
Local Syrian shepherds continued to inhabit the ruins of Umm el-Qanatir into the 1950s, reusing the carved stones.[4] The Syrian census of 1960 listed a farm here with 90 inhabitants.[13]
It was apparently in the fifth century that the Jewish residents built a large synagogue, which they embellished during the sixth century.[4] The building was 18abbr=offNaNabbr=off long by 13abbr=offNaNabbr=off wide and calculated to have been 12abbr=offNaNabbr=off high, making it one of the largest of at least 25 ancient synagogues discovered in the region. It was destroyed in the Golan earthquake of 749, when the Jewish inhabitants left the shattered settlement.[4]
The existence of a synagogue at the site was first documented in 1884, by Laurence Oliphant and Gottlieb Schumacher.[14] Amid ruined walls and large blocks of stone, Oliphant discovered a stone carving of a vulture, a fragment of a cornice, a large triangular slab that he believes was placed on the lintel of the main entrance and fragments of Corinthian capitals.[14] The vulture, a well-known motif in ancient Jewish art, particularly in the Golan and Galilee, is visible on a double column and on the front gable of the synagogue and might come from the same workshop as the decorated Torah shrine base from 'En Samsam, another Golan Heights site.[15] [16] [17]
Reconstruction of the synagogue is now complete thanks to Yehoshua Dray and Haim Ben-David of Kinneret Academic College and Bar-Ilan University.[4] The project, inaugurated in 2003, used special high-tech computer technology to code and digitally record the stones. Blocks were then labelled with RFID chips and a special crane lifted and inserted them in the correct sequence.[18] With the help of this technology, the synagogue has been restored with great accuracy.[19]