Eilat Explained

Eilat
Native Name:
Arabic: إيلات|rtl=yes
Settlement Type:City
Blank Emblem Type:Emblem of Eilat
Pushpin Map:Israel negev mt#Israel
Coordinates:29.5569°N 34.9517°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type2:District
Subdivision Name2:Southern
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:7000 BCE (Earliest settlements)
1951 (Israeli city)
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Meir Yitzhak Halevi
Unit Pref:dunam
Population Density Km2:auto
Website:www.eilat.muni.il

Eilat (; Hebrew: אֵילַת pronounced as /he/; Arabic: إِيلَات|Īlāt) is Israel's southernmost city, with a population of, a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in Jordan as the Gulf of Aqaba. The city is considered a tourist destination for domestic and international tourists heading to Israel.

Eilat is located at the southernmost tip of Israel, at the southern end of the Arabah and the Negev Desert, adjacent to the Egyptian resort city of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Haql, Saudi Arabia, across the gulf to the southeast.

Eilat hosts numerous hotels, holiday resorts, and beaches. Its renown coral reefs make it a popular destination for diving tourism, with activities such as snorkeling and scuba diving. The city's shopping centers benefit from its status as a tax-free zone. Notable attractions include the Dolphin Reef, where visitors can swim with dolphins; the Coral Beach Nature Reserve, the northernmost shallow coral reef on Earth; the Coral World Underwater Observatory, the Ice Mall, and the city's marina and sea-side promenade, home to many bars, restaurants and shops. The city also offers opportunities for hiking and exploration in nearby natural reserves like Timna Valley Park and the Eilat Mountains.

Eilat's arid desert climate and low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed in summer, and in winter, while water temperatures range between 20C26C. Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.[1]

Name

See also: Elath.

The name Eilat was given to the abandoned frontier post of Umm al-Rashrāsh (Arabic: أم الرشراش) in 1949 by the Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev, referring to Elath, a location in the vicinity mentioned multiple times in the Hebrew Bible, notably as a station during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, a site where King Solomon built ships, which was later rebuilt by Uzziah of Judah.[2] The ancient site is possibly located at Tell el-Kheleifeh, an archaeological site situated halfway between modern Eilat and Aqaba, on the Jordanian side of the border.[3]

Geography

The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of and summer temperatures of 40C and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."[4]

History

Early history

Archaeological excavations uncovered impressive prehistoric (Neolithic) tombs dating to the 7th millennium BC at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at Timna Valley are one of the oldest on earth.[5]

An Islamic community of 250–400 residents flourished for one or two generations in the area during the Umayyad period.[6] It dealt in agriculture, copper mining and smelting, as well as trading with pilgrims by taking advantage of the adjacent Darb el-Hajj ('Way of the Hajj') route in the 8th century CE.[6] There was some sporadical reuse of the abandoned site by pastoralists during the 9th.[6] It was one of six very similar contemporary villages discovered in close vicinity, two along the northbound leg of the Darb, and three to the southwest, along the coastal road, all of them depending on the nearby port of Ayla and the Hajj road.[6] Its remains were found and excavated in 1989, between the industrial zone at the northern edge of Eilat and nearby Kibbutz Eilot.[6]

Modern city

During the British Mandate era, a British police post existed in the area, which was known as Umm Al-Rashrash. The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the abandoned police post, which consisted of five clay huts, was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of Operation Uvda.[7] [8] This marked the end of Israel's war for independence. The memorial at the historical place of March 1949 was declared a National Heritage Site in 1994.

The town developed over the following years. Eilat Airport was built in 1949 and individual ships began arriving in the 1950s, but as there were no dedicated port facilities they unloaded their goods at sea. In the early 1950s, Eilat was a small and remote town, populated largely by port workers, soldiers, and former prisoners. The town's development accelerated in 1955, when it had a population of about 500. The Timna Copper Mines[9] near the Timna Valley and the Port of Eilat were opened that year and concerted effort by the Israeli government to populate Eilat began, starting with Jewish immigrant families from Morocco being resettled there. Eilat began to develop rapidly after the Suez Crisis in 1956, with its tourism industry in particular starting to flourish. The Israeli Navy's Eilat naval base was founded that year.[10] The town's population grew to 5,300 in 1961. Yoseftal Medical Center and the Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline were completed in 1968, and the population increased further, reaching 13,100 in 1972 and 18,900 in 1983.

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the Suez Canal to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the Mediterranean basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat. In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the Suez Crisis, while in 1967, 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.[11] Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.[12] [13] The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additional casus belli leading to the outbreak of the Six-Day War. Following peace treaties signed with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.

Israeli–Arab conflict

Eilat is especially defended by its own special forces unit Lotar Eilat. It is a reservist special forces unit of the IDF trained in counter-terrorism and hostage rescue in the Eilat area, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is composed solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units in the IDF authorized to free hostages on its own command.[14] [15] In 2007 the Eilat bakery bombing killed three civilian bakers.[16] [17] This was the first such attack in Eilat proper,[18] although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.[19]

In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across the Sinai border to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks.[20] [21]

In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built the Egypt–Israel barrier, a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.[22] The fence was completed in January 2013.[23]

During the Israel-Hamas War and ensuing Red Sea crisis, the port saw an 85% reduction in volumes and by 12 July 2024 the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy resulting in it seeing no economic activity or revenue for eight months.[24]

Future development plans

In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building the high-speed railway to Eilat, a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat with Beersheba and Tel Aviv, and will run through the Arava Valley and Nahal Zin (see Zin Desert).[25]

The former Eilat Airport was closed on 18 March 2019 after the opening of Ramon Airport. The land occupied by the former airport is to be redeveloped. The new Ramon Airport opened in January 2019, 18km (11miles) north of Eilat and replaced both Eilat Airport and the civilian use of Ovda Airport.[26] Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275 dunams of public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which were separated by the airport.[27]

In addition, there are plans to move the Port of Eilat and the Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline terminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.[28]

Climate

Eilat has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh)[29] with very hot, dry summers and warm, similarly dry winters. Winters are usually between 11°C23°C. Summers are usually between 26°C40°C. There are relatively small coral reefs near Eilat; however, 50 years ago they were much larger.

Demographics

The overwhelming majority of Eilat's population are Jews. Arabs constitute about 4% of the population.[31] Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growing Israeli Arab population, as well as many affluent Jordanians and Egyptians who visit Eilat in the summer months.

In 2007, over 200 Sudanese refugees from Egypt who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.[32] [33] [34]

Education

The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and 3 six-year high schools. Also, there are some special-education schools and religious schools.[35] Ben Gurion University of the Negev maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.[36] The SPNI's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on desert ecology, the Red Sea, bird migration and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.[37] The Hesder Yeshiva Ayelet Hashachar, is based in Eilat, established in 1997.[38]

Healthcare

Yoseftal Medical Center, established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southern Negev. With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a hyperbaric chamber to treat victims of diving accidents and kidney dialysis facilities open to vacationing tourists.[39]

Transportation

Air

Since 2019, Ramon International Airport has handled commercial domestic and international flights to Eilat (IATA: ETM, ICAO: LLER).

Former airports

Road

Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel - Route 12, which leads North West, and Route 90 which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt.

Bus

Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours. In part due to the comparatively long travel times, there are different booking procedures for buses to Eilat, including the option of advance reservations.[42] [43] [44]

Border crossings with Egypt and Jordan

Maritime

The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.

Rail

Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as the Med-Red[45] to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway. As of 2021 Dimona railway station is the southernmost passenger train station in Israel.[46]

Economy

In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a free trade zone in 1985.[47]

Tourism

Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to Bedouin hospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of militants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:

Dive tourism

Skin and scuba diving equipment is for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and compressed air are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aqaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world. About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11km (07miles) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.[55] In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.[56] Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21C25C, with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20– visibility.

Museums

Film

Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions – domestic and foreign – for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian production Tropical Heat.

It was also used in the films She, Madron, Ashanti and Rambo III.

Archaeology

Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE. Several Neolithic sites have been discovered in Eilat in its vicinity. One of them is a late Neolithic burial site with fan scrapers, dated by archaeologists to 5410-4250 BCE.[57]

Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious archaeological excavation. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1200adj=onNaNadj=on area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel. Eilat is twinned with:[58]

Eilat has streets named after Antibes, Durban, Kamen, Kampen and Los Angeles as well as a Canada Park.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Discovering the World of the Bible, LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
  2. Eretz Magazine (3 June 2018), Editorial, The Names Committee : "The issue of Eilat took up another chunk of the committee’s time. In 1949, Eilat did not exist. The city was founded only in 1952. But a place by the name of Eilat appears time and again in the biblical record. It was one of the stations in the wanderings of the people of Israel during the exodus from Egypt. King Solomon built ships on the shore of the Sea of Sof, in the land of Edom at Etzion Gever, which is Eilat. King Azariya of Judah built the city of Eilat, and so on and so forth. However, the location of this place called Eilat or Etzion Gaver remained unclear. On the shore of the gulf, where the big shopping mall of Eilat is today, a small adobe hut stood. The hut served as a British police station called Umm Rashrash. “On the map,” Yeivin explained, “we see a place called Umm Rashrash and next to it the name Eilat. But Eilat was not here. Biblical and Roman Eilat were across the border in Jordan. The name Eilat should be erased from the map.”; “We cannot give up Eilat,” Press retorted, “when the real Eilat finally is in our hands, our settlement will expand and reach over to there.” David Amiran, the geographer, suggested that Eilat should be the name of the settlement that would be built on the shore of the gulf, which should be called the Gulf of Eilat. Ben-Zvi was for eliminating Umm Rashrash from the map together with Etzion Gaver. Eilat is Eilat, he said, musing that maybe the committee should call Umm Rashrash Etzion Gaver and establish Eilat elsewhere. The committee ultimately decided to replace the name Umm Rashrash with Eilat. Etzion Gaver was commemorated on the map by dubbing a well along the coast Be’er Etzion Gever. Today the well is buried under the artificial lagoon in Eilat."
  3. Bartlett, J. R. (1990). “Ezion-geber, which is near Elath on the shore of the Read Sea”(I Kings IX 26). In In Quest of the Past (pp. 1-16). Brill.
  4. Avner, U. 2008. Eilat Region. In, A. Stern (ed.). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Volume 5 (Supplementary). Jerusalem. 1704–1711.
  5. Web site: Chalcolithic, 5th Millennium BC, Copper Smelting at Timna . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303205213/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeo-metallurgical-studies/sites/archaeo-metallurgical-studies/files/iams_20_1998_rothenberg_merkel.pdf . 3 March 2021.
  6. Yehudah Rapuano . An Early Islamic Settlement and a Possible Open-Air Mosque at Eilat . . 2013 . 75 . 129–165.
  7. John S. Haupert. Development of Israel's Frontier Port of Elat. The Professional Geographer. 16. 2. 13–16. 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1964.00013.x. 1964. 1964ProfG..16...13H . 0033-0124 .
  8. Book: Nowar. Maan Abu. The history of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.. 2002. Ithaca Press. Oxford. 978-0863722868. 297. 1.. 2015-07-07. 2016-05-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20160501210123/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_JtAAAAMAAJ. live.
  9. Web site: Timna Copper Mines homepage . bot: unknown . https://web.archive.org/web/20160419020843/http://www.timna.co.il/ . 2016-04-19 .
  10. Web site: ⁨Untitled⁩ | ⁨דבר⁩ | 27 דצמבר 1956 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית. www.nli.org.il.
  11. Book: . Louis, William Roger . The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences . 2012 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-00236-4 . 90% of Israeli oil was imported through the Straits of Tiran . 224 . 20 February 2016 . 20 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150320012556/http://books.google.com/books?id=8YhNPNeBh8IC&pg=PA27 . live.
  12. Shlaim & Louis (2016), p. 27.
  13. Web site: Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967 . 27 May 1967 . diverted as was a sister ship yesterday . 26 May 2014 . 17 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140617075433/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/pdbnews/blanton11.pdf. live.
  14. http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=857 The real 24: An inside look at an elite IDF anti-terror unit
  15. Web site: 5 Things You Didn't Know about the Eilat Counterterrorism Unit . 2018-11-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220121937/https://www.idfblog.com/blog/2014/02/10/5-things-didnt-know-eilat-counterterrorism-unit/ . 2016-02-20 . dead .
  16. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/world/middleeast/29cnd-mideast.html?hp&ex=1170133200&en=672e889f68796e72&ei=5094&partner=homepage Suicide Bomb Kills 3 in Bakery in Israel
  17. News: Eilat driver warned police about terrorist minutes before attack . Haaretz . April 17, 2006 . October 29, 2012 . December 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201084854/https://www.haaretz.com/news/eilat-driver-warned-police-about-terrorist-minutes-before-attack-1.185514 . live .
  18. News: Peretz orders IDF to prepare for operations in Gaza . The Jerusalem Post . January 29, 2007 . October 29, 2012 . December 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191215064335/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=49624 . live .
  19. News: Past terror attacks in the Eilat area . Haaretz . January 29, 2007 . October 29, 2012 . April 18, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090418064135/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/819130.html . live .
  20. News: September songs. Haaretz. September 2, 2011. Amos. Harel. March 18, 2012. September 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925002312/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/september-songs-1.382132. live.
  21. Web site: Wyre Davies. 'One killed' after rockets strike Jordan and Israel. BBC. August 2, 2010. January 28, 2011. September 16, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100916182019/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10807166. live.
  22. News: On Israel's uneasy border with Egypt, a fence rises. Joel Greenberg. Washington Post. 2011-12-02. 2012-03-25. 2012-03-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20120319093357/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/on-israels-uneasy-border-with-egypt-a-fence-rises/2011/11/28/gIQAZt19JO_story.html. live.
  23. News: On Israel-Egypt border, best defense is a good fence. Amos Harel. Haaretz. 2011-11-13. 2012-01-07. 2017-12-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145751/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/on-israel-egypt-border-best-defense-is-a-good-fence-1.395239. live.
  24. Web site: Israel says Eilat Port ‘bankrupt’ after months of Houthi naval blockade. 2024-07-16. 2024-07-21. Middle East Monitor. https://web.archive.org/web/20240716194526/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240716-israel-says-eilat-port-bankrupt-after-months-houthi-naval-blockade/. 2024-07-16. live.
  25. Web site: Israel, China agree to build Eilat railway . Globes . 2012-07-03 . 2013-03-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130808125753/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000762276&fid=1725 . 2013-08-08 .
  26. Web site: Ramon Airport . Ramon Airport Website . 2016-01-30 . 2016-01-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160128135205/http://www.ramon-airport.com/ . live .
  27. Web site: Hotels, 1,000 apartments planned for Eilat Airport site . https://archive.today/20130108060859/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000738696&fid=1124 . dead . 2013-01-08 . Globes . 2012-04-03 . 2013-03-12 .
  28. Web site: Despite Japan, IEC chairman urges nuclear power . Globes . 2011-03-15 . 2013-03-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110325115242/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000630285&fid=1725 . 2011-03-25 .
  29. Web site: Climate: Eilat - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table . Climate-Data.org . 5 November 2013 . 5 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105142140/http://en.climate-data.org/location/424/ . live .
  30. Web site: Eilat Climate and Weather Averages, Israel . Weather2Travel . 2014-01-20 . 2013-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131105142554/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/israel/eilat.php . live .
  31. Web site: The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research Weblog: "Mixed Cities" in Israel. 2013-11-11. 2018-10-27. 2018-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033925/http://jiis-jerusalem-eng.blogspot.com/2013/11/mixed-cities-in-israel.html. live.
  32. News: Sudanese refugees in Israel face uncertainty . October 29, 2007 . Boston Globe . 2007 . Saul. Jonathan. Ringler. Elana . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208140858/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/06/01/enemy_sudanese_refugees_in_israel_face_uncertainty/ . December 8, 2008 .
  33. Web site: Sudan's "Genocide" Lands at Israel's Door. October 29, 2007. The Christian Science Monitor. 2006. Joshua Mitnick. October 10, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010011540/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0602/p04s01-wome.html. live.
  34. News: Israel must reject Darfur refugees, rabbi says. October 29, 2007. Ynet News – Jewish World. 2007. Neta Sela. Ynetnews. October 23, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071023092554/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3401140,00.html. live.
  35. Web site: Daniel Horowitz . UJA Federation of Greater Toronto . Jewishtoronto.net . January 28, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090209002030/http://www.jewishtoronto.net/page.aspx?id=58842 . February 9, 2009 .
  36. Web site: New Student Dormitories Dedicated in Eilat Campus . 2010-05-15 . 2013-08-08 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100619033729/http://cmsprod.bgu.ac.il/Eng/home/News/New%2BStudent%2BDormitories.htm . June 19, 2010 .
  37. Web site: SPNI field schools . Aspni.org . 2013-08-08 . 2013-05-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130530082026/http://aspni.org/?page_id=287 . dead .
  38. https://www.yeilat.org/en site of the Yeshiva
  39. Web site: Clalit Health Services . Clalit.org.il . January 28, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100216031352/http://www.clalit.org.il/HE-IL/english . February 16, 2010 .
  40. Web site: Eilat Airport. November 16, 2007. Israel Airports Authority. 2007. Israel Airports Authority. October 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071031095741/http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/en-US/Airports/Eilat/. live.
  41. Web site: Ovda Airport. November 16, 2007. Israel Airports Authority. 2007. Israel Airports Authority. October 31, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071031095744/http://www.iaa.gov.il/Rashat/en-US/Airports/Ovda/. live.
  42. Web site: Advance booking - egged.co.il.
  43. The Bus to Eilat. The New Yorker. 18 August 2011.
  44. News: Tourist Tip #152 / Taking the Bus to Eilat. Haaretz.
  45. Moti Bassok, Cabinet examining plan for Med-Red railway Haaretz, January 30, 2012
  46. News: Israel Railways rides again but few passengers return. Globes. 28 June 2020.
  47. News: Eilat turns to industry to complement tourism trade. Judy. Maltz. The Jerusalem Post. January 12, 1989. 9. October 30, 2007. September 28, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080928011318/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99154829.html?dids=99154829:99154829&FMT=ABS. dead.
  48. Web site: birdsofeilat.com . birdsofeilat.com . January 28, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090903120138/http://www.birdsofeilat.com/about%20us.htm . September 3, 2009 .
  49. Web site: The Underwater Observatory Marine Park, Eilat . November 16, 2007 . Coral World . 2005 . Coral World . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054705/http://coralworld.com/eilat/eng/ . October 26, 2007 .
  50. Web site: The Freedom To Choose . October 29, 2007 . The Dolphin Reef Eilat . 2007 . The Dolphin Reef Eilat . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071118012403/http://www.dolphinreef.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=1 . November 18, 2007 .
  51. Web site: Hai-Bar Yotvata Nature Reserve . November 16, 2007 . The Red Sea Desert . 2007 . The Red Sea Desert . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080929014355/http://redseadesert.com/html/060haibar.html . September 29, 2008 .
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