Uluburun shipwreck explained

Uluburun Late Bronze Age Shipwreck
Native Name:Uluburun is Turkish for "Grand Cape"
Map Type:Turkey
Location:Uneven slope of the headland's shelf, 44m (144feet) to 52m (171feet) deep, with artifacts down to 61m (200feet)
Region:Bay of Antalya, off the Turquoise Coast.
Coordinates:36.1286°N 29.6858°W
Type:Site of a sunken ship
Length:About 10m (30feet) N-S, horizontal plot plan
Width:About 18m (59feet) E-W, horizontal plot-plan
Area:180m2, horizontal plot-plan
Height:Depth differential is 8m (26feet) vertical, with scattered artifacts, 17m (56feet)
Builder:Unknown. The cargo was probably Mycenaean, deduced from the major type of ingot
Material:Wooden, single-mast, two-prow (stem, stern) sailing ship with one steering oar on a side
Abandoned:Sank late 14th century BC
Epochs:Late Bronze Age
Cultures:Mycenaean, Cypriote, judging by the pottery
Occupants:Crew of the merchant vessel
Event:Collision with the headland, perhaps wind-driven
Excavations:Excavational dives directed by George Bass in 1984, and Cemal Pulak in 1985–1994
Archaeologists:George F. Bass, Cemal Pulak
Condition:Conservation, sampling and study are ongoing
Management:Institute of Nautical Archaeology, an international organization
Website:Web site: Uluburun, Turkey. 23 February 2020 .

The Uluburun Shipwreck is a Late Bronze Age shipwreck dated to the late 14th century BC,[1] discovered close to the east shore of Uluburun (Grand Cape), Turkey, in the Mediterranean Sea.[2] The shipwreck was discovered in the summer of 1982 by Mehmed Çakir, a local sponge diver from Yalıkavak, a village near Bodrum.

Eleven consecutive campaigns of three to four months' duration took place from 1984 to 1994 totaling 22,413 dives, revealing one of the most spectacular Late Bronze Age assemblages to have emerged from the Mediterranean Sea.[3]

Discovery

The shipwreck site was discovered in the summer of 1982 due to Mehmet Çakir's sketching of “the metal biscuits with ears” recognized as oxhide ingots. Turkish sponge divers were often consulted by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology's (INA) survey team on how to identify ancient wrecks while diving for sponges.[4] Çakir's findings urged Oğuz Alpözen, Director of the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, to send out an inspection team of the Museum and INA archaeologists to locate the wreck site. The inspection team was able to locate several amounts of copper ingots just 50 metres from the shore of Uluburun.[5]

Apparent route

With the evidence provided from the cargo on the ship it can be assumed that the ship set sail from either a Cypriot or Syro-Palestinian port. The Uluburun ship was undoubtedly sailing to the region west of Cyprus, but her ultimate destination can be concluded only from the distribution of objects matching the types carried on board.[6] It has been proposed that ship's destination was a port somewhere in the Aegean Sea.[7] Rhodes, at the time an important redistribution centre for the Aegean, has been suggested as a possible destination.[8] According to the excavators of the shipwreck, the probable final destination of the ship was one of the Mycenaean palaces, in mainland Greece.[9]

Dating

Peter Kuniholm of Cornell University was assigned the task of dendrochronological dating in order to obtain an absolute date for the ship. A branch loaded on the ship was determined to exhibit tree-rings as late as 1305 BC; but given that no bark has survived it is impossible to determine if it had further, younger rings. It has been assumed that the ship sank not long after that date.[10] Kuniholm later cautioned that the low quality of the sample does not allow an "especially strong" dating. After a radiocarbon calibration of the entire Anatolian dendrochronological sequence, Kuniholm suggested a new date, ca. 1327 BC.[11]

Manning et al. made Radiocarbon dating tests on several samples of plant material from the site. A sample from the cedar keel of the ship was construed as providing a terminus post quem for the construction phase. Other samples, including perishable items from short-lived species, like rope and dunnage, were construed to have come on board the ship in the phase of the last voyage. The two phases constrained each other, and Bayesian statistics was used to produce date ranges of varying probabilities. The most likely date of the sinking of the ship was rounded up to 1320±15 years.[12]

Based on ceramic evidence, it appears that the Uluburun sank toward the end of the Amarna period, but could not have sunk before the time of Nefertiti due to the unique gold scarab engraved with her name found aboard the ship.[13] For now, a conclusion that the ship sank at the end of the 14th century BC is accepted.

The origins of the objects aboard the ship range geographically from northern Europe to Africa, as far west as Sicily and Sardinia, and as far east as Mesopotamia. They appear to be the products of nine or ten cultures.[8] These proveniences indicate that the Late Bronze Age Aegean was the medium of an international trade perhaps based on royal gift-giving in the Near East.[14]

According to a reconstruction by various scholars, the Uluburun shipwreck illustrates a thriving commercial sea network of the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean. In this case, a huge mixed cargo of luxury items, royal gifts and raw materials. Based on the findings, it has been suggested that Mycenaean officials were also aboard accompanying the gifts.[15]

Vessel

The distribution of the wreckage and the scattered cargo indicates that the ship was between 15and long. It was constructed by the shell-first method, with mortise-and-tenon joints similar to those of the Graeco-Roman ships of later centuries.[16]

Even though there has been a detailed examination of Uluburun's hull, there is no evidence of framing. The keel appears to be rudimentary, perhaps more of a keel-plank than a keel in the traditional sense. The ship was built with planks and keel of Lebanese cedar and oak tenons.[17] Lebanese cedar is indigenous to the mountains of Lebanon, southern Turkey, and central Cyprus.[18] The ship carried 24 stone anchors. The stone is of a type almost completely unknown in the Aegean, but is often built into the temples of Syria-Palestine and on Cyprus. Brushwood and sticks served as dunnage to help protect the ship's planks from the metal ingots and other heavy cargo.[13]

Cargo

This is a list of the cargo as described by Pulak (1998).The Uluburun ship's cargo consisted mostly of raw materials that were trade items, which before the ship's discovery were known primarily from ancient texts or Egyptian tomb paintings. The cargo matches many of the royal gifts listed in the Amarna letters found at El-Amarna, Egypt.

Excavation

The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) began excavating in July 1984 under the direction of its founder, George F. Bass, and was then turned over to INA's vice president for Turkey, Cemal Pulak, who directed the excavation from 1985 to 1994.[23] The wreck lay between 44 and 52 meters deep on a steep, rocky slope riddled with sand pockets.[24] Half of the staff members who aided in the excavation lived in a camp built into the southeastern face of the promontory, which the ship most likely hit, while the other half lived aboard the Virazon, INA's research vessel at the time. The excavation site utilized an underwater telephone booth and air-lifts. The mapping of the site was done by triangulation. Meter tapes and metal squares were used as an orientation aid for excavators.[25] Since the completion of the excavation in September 1994, all efforts have been concentrated on full-time conservation, study, and sampling for analysis in the conservation laboratory of the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey.

See also

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Pulak, 2005 p. 34
  2. Pulak, 1998 p. 188
  3. Pulak, 1998 p. 188.
  4. Bass, 1986 p. 269
  5. Bass, 1986 pp. 269–270.
  6. Pulak, 1988 p. 36
  7. Book: Richard, Suzanne. Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. 2003. Eisenbrauns. 978-1575060835. 136.
  8. Pulak, 2005 p. 47
  9. Book: Tartaron, Thomas. Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World. 2013. Cambridge University Press. 978-1107002982. 26.
  10. Pulak, 1998 p. 214
  11. Manning . Sturt W. . Kromer . Bernd . Kuniholm . Peter Ian . Newton . Maryanne W. . Anatolian Tree Rings and a New Chronology for the East Mediterranean Bronze-Iron Ages . Science . 21 December 2001 . 294 . 5551 . 10.1126/science.1066112 . EN . 2535. 11743159 . 2001Sci...294.2532M . 33497945 . free . . Cited in James, Peter, The Uluburun Shipwreck - a Dendrochronological Scandal.
  12. Book: Manning, Sturt W.. Tree-Rings, Kings and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm. 2009. Oxbow Books. 978-1-84217-386-2. Absolute Age of the Uluburun Shipwreck: A Key Late Bronze Age Time-Capsule for the East Mediterranean. j.ctt1cfr7x1 .
  13. Pulak, 2005 p. 46
  14. Pulak, 1998 p. 220
  15. Book: Demand, Nancy H.. The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. 2011. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1444342345.
  16. Pulak, 1998 p. 210.
  17. Pulak, 1998 p. 213
  18. Pulak, 2005 p. 43
  19. Web site: Findings from 3,300-year-old Uluburun shipwreck reveal complex trade network .
  20. Berger . Daniel . Soles . Jeffrey S. . Giumlia-Mair . Alessandra R. . Brügmann . Gerhard . Galili . Ehud . Lockhoff . Nicole . Pernicka . Ernst . 2019-06-26 . Zerboni . Andrea . Isotope systematics and chemical composition of tin ingots from Mochlos (Crete) and other Late Bronze Age sites in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: An ultimate key to tin provenance? . PLOS ONE . en . 14 . 6 . e0218326 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0218326 . 1932-6203 . 6594607 . 31242218. 2019PLoSO..1418326B . free .
  21. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1211478/full
  22. 3642932. The Ulu Burun Writing-Board Set. Anatolian Studies. 41. 99–106. Payton. Robert. 10.2307/3642932. 2013. 129794402 .
  23. Pulak, 2005 p. 35
  24. Pulak, 1998 p. 189
  25. Bass, 1986 p. 272

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