Ultras Explained

Ultras are a type of association football fans who are known for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tendency of ultras groups includes singing football chants, playing musical instruments such as drums, their use of flares and smoke bombs (primarily in tifo choreography), frequent use of elaborate displays, vocal support in large groups and the displaying of flags and banners at football stadiums, all of which are designed to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing players and their supporters. These groups also commonly organise trips to attend away games.

Ultras groups have been responsible for many cases of football hooliganism and violence, although differently from hooligan firms, ultras do not have the explicit objective of fighting other fans.[1] Ultras groups are also in some cases directly linked to ideologies like neo-Nazism and other forms of far-right politics,[2] [3] [4] and sometimes far-left politics.[5] [6] In some instances, hooliganism and/or this politicisation goes to the point where support for their team is relegated to a secondary feature of the phenomenon.[7]

In recent decades, the culture has become a focal point for the movement against the commercialisation of sports and football in particular.[8] Ultras also have regional variants and analogues, such as hooligans in the United Kingdom, barra bravas in Hispanic America,[9] and torcidas organizadas in Brazil.[10]

History

The origin of the ultras movement is disputed, with many supporters groups from various countries making claims solely on the basis of their dates of foundation. The level of dispute and confusion is aided by a contemporary tendency (mainly in Europe) to categorise all groups of overtly fanatical supporters as ultras. Supporters groups of a nature comparable to the ultras have been present in Brazil since 1939, when the first torcida organizada was formed (although these groups began to focus on violence in the 1970s). Inspired by the torcidas and the colourful scenes of the 1950 World Cup, supporters of Hajduk Split formed Torcida Split on 28 October 1950.[11] The group is often cited as the oldest torcida style group in Europe. But the first supporters' groups in the world formed to produce violence were barras bravas, originated in Argentina in the 1950s.

One country closely associated with the ultras movement is Italy.[12] [13] The first Italian ultras groups were formed in 1951, including the Fedelissimi Granata of Torino. The 1960s saw the continuing spread and development of the culture with the formation of the Fossa dei Leoni and Boys San groups, the former often regarded in Italy as the first full-fledged ultras group (associated with violence). The term "ultras" was used as a name for the first time in 1969, when supporters of Sampdoria formed the Ultras Tito Cucchiaroni and fans of Torino formed the Ultras Granata. The style of support that would become synonymous with Italian football developed most during the 1970s, as more groups formed, including the radical S.S. Lazio Ultras in 1974, with a strong predominance of fascist slogans and chants amongst other groups such as Hellas Verona supporters. The active support of the ultras became more apparent, in contrast with the "traditional" culture, choreographic displays, signature banners and symbols, giant flags, drums and fireworks became the norm as groups aimed to take their support to higher levels.[14] The decade also saw the violence and unrest of Italian society at the time overlap with the ultras movement, adding a dimension that has plagued it ever since.[15] The ultras movement spread across Europe, Australia, Asia and North Africa during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with the countries geographically closest to Italy.[16]

Characteristics

Ultras groups are usually centred on a core group of founders or leaders (who tend to hold executive control), with smaller subgroups organised by location, friendship or political stance. Ultras tend to use various styles and sizes of banners and flags bearing the name and symbols of their group.[17] [18] Some ultras groups sell their own merchandise to raise funds for performing displays.[17] [19] An ultras group can number from a handful of fans to hundreds or thousands, with larger groups often claiming entire sections of a stadium for themselves. Ultras groups often have a representative who liaises with the club owners on a regular basis, mostly regarding tickets, seat allocations and storage facilities.[17] Some clubs provide groups with cheaper tickets, storage rooms for flags and banners and early access to the stadium before matches to prepare displays. These types of favoured relationships are often criticised when ultras groups abuse their power.[4]

Hooliganism

While ultras groups can become violent, the majority of matches attended by ultras conclude with no violent incidents. Unlike hooligan firms, whose main aim is to fight hooligans of other clubs, the main focus of ultras is generally to support their own team.[20] Some hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they travel; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police. Within the ultra or hooligan culture however, those dressing to "blend in" would be referred to as casuals, which is viewed by some as a branch of hooliganism, yet still maintaining its own independence and culture. Ultras tend to be more conspicuous when they travel, proudly displaying their scarves and club colours while arriving en masse, which allows the police to keep a close eye on their movements.

Europe

France

StadiumClubName
Parc des PrincesParis Saint-GermainCollectif Ultras Paris 2016
Stade VélodromeOlympique de MarseilleCommando Ultra '84
Club des Amis de l'OM 1987
South Winners 1987
Fanatics 1988
Dodger's 1992
Marseille Trop Puissant 1994
Handi Fan Club 2005
Stade Geoffroy-GuichardAS Saint-ÉtienneAssociés Supporters 1970
Magic Fans 1991
Green Angels 1992
Indépendantistes Stéphanois 1998
Union des Supporters Stéphanois 2004
Groupama StadiumOlympique LyonnaisBad Gones
Lyon 1950
Hex@gones
Amicale des Rouge & Bleu
Générations OL
O'Elle Club
Handi Sup OL
Gastrogones 69
OL Muséum
Dauphigones
Brigade Lyon
Les Canuts de l'OL
Stade Louis-IIAS MonacoLe Club des supporters de Monaco
Ultras Monaco 1994

Scotland

In Scotland, Ultras Aberdeen are the ultras group who follow Aberdeen F.C., they organise chants and choreography in the Merkland Road Stand, at Pittodrie Stadium, also known as the "Red Shed". The Green Brigade are an ultras group that follow Celtic F.C. and regularly make tifo displays and often voice support for a United Ireland. They are left-wing. On the other side of Glasgow are the Rangers F.C. ultra group The Union Bears.[21] The Union Bears are known for their elaborate fan displays and their support for Northern Irish and Scottish unionism within the UK. They celebrate and support the Protestant history of both Rangers and Scotland. Block Seven are a supporters group that support Hibernian FC, the Gorgie Ultras support rivals, Heart of Midlothian FC.

England

In England, there are ultras groups at, Hartlepool United known as the NWC, Middlesbrough F.C. (Red Faction), Norwich City (City Elite), Crystal Palace F.C. (Holmesdale Fanatics), Ipswich Town F.C. (Blue Action), Leicester City F.C. (Union FS), Huddersfield Town F.C. (Cowshed Loyal), and Stockport County (Hatters 83), Bristol City (Section 82), Arsenal (Ashburton Army)[22] [23] [24] Several non-league football teams in England have ultras groups that are left-wing, such as the fans of Dulwich Hamlet F.C. who have a group called The Rabble.[25] [26] A Vice article claims Casuals United are at war with anti-fascist football ultras.[27]

In Early 2022, a Norwich City supporters group was formed known as City Elite, they have grown to become one of the leading fan groups at the club after many set backs with the club they have now been approached by the club to help with the new safe standing plans and they hope to be given a singing section within the Barclay.

In late 2022, an Arsenal F.C. supporters group called "Ashburton Army" gained prominence, taking their name from Ashburton Grove, an historic road upon which the team's Emirates Stadium was built.[28] [29] [30]

In 2024, following the inception of the group and a subsequent meeting with club officials, an Aston Villa F.C. supporters group called "1897 Group" were allocated a section of the club's home stadium Villa Park for a Premier League match against A.F.C. Bournemouth to launch the group's presence at Aston Villa's matches.[31]

Hungary

Several clubs in Hungary have large ultras groups, such as Ferencváros (Green Monsters), Újpest (Viola Fidelity), Diósgyőr (Ultras Diósgyőr), Honvéd (Ultras Kispest, Északi Kanyar), Fehérvár (Red Blue Devils), Tatabánya (Turul Ultrái), Debrecen (Szívtiprók Ultras Debrecen) and other strongly developing groups such as Kecskemét (Ultras Kecskemét). The national team of Hungary has an ultras group known as the Carpathian Brigade. The group was formed in 2009. Hungarian ultras occupy sector B Central at the Puskás Aréna.

Portugal

StadiumClubName
Estádio do DragãoFC PortoSuper Dragões 1986
Colectivo Ultras 95
Estádio do BessaPanteras Negras 84
Estádio da LuzSL BenficaИo Иame Boys 92
Diabos Vermelhos 82
Grupo Manks 96
Estádio José AlvaladeJuventude Leonina 1976
Torcida Verde
Directivo Ultras XXI
Brigada Ultras Sporting
Estádio de São LuísFarenseSouth Side Boys
Estádio José GomesCF Estrela da Amadora– Magia Tricolor
Estádio Municipal de BragaSC BragaRed Boys 92
Bracara Legion 2003
Estádio Municipal 22 de JunhoFama Boys 1990
Estádio D. Afonso HenriquesWhite Angels 1999
Insane Guys 1994
Estádio Comendador Manuel ViolasDesnorteados
Complexo Desportivo de CampanhãAlma Salgueirista 1985
Estádio Marques da SilvaFans_1921

Greece

In Greece, most professional football teams have an ultras group. Most of them are named after a gate number which refers to the specific place where the fans are situated at the stadium. Others have actual names or no special names at all and they are named after their supporting team.

ClubNameStadium
Olympiacos F.CGate 7Karaiskakis Stadium
AEK Athens F.COriginal 21 (sometimes Gate 21)Agia Sophia Stadium
PAOK F.CGate 4Toumba Stadium
Aris Thessaloniki F.CSUPER-3Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium
Panathinaikos F.CGate 13Leoforos Stadium
Atromitos Athinon F.CFentaginPeristeri Stadium
OFI Crete F.CGate 4 (Snakes)Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium
Panetolikos F.CGate 6 (Warriors)Panetolikos Stadium
Asteras Tripolis F.CTigersTheodoros Kolokotronis Stadium
AEL F.CMonsters (Gate 1)AEL FC Arena
Panionios F.CPanthersPanionios Stadium
Iraklis F.CAutonomous Gate 10
PAS Lamia F.CGate 3
Panseraikos F.CGate 5
PAS Giannina F.CPagouriaZosimades Stadium
Egaleo F.CGate 12

Kosovo

Serbia

Red Star Belgrade have one of the most dedicated ultras groups in Europe, Delije is a collective name for supporters of various groups that are a part of the Red Star Belgrade multi-sport club.They attend every match, and usually do choreographies and shout chants, with many subgroups present on the stadium aswell.

FK Partizan, have a ultras group of their own named Grobari (Gravediggers).They generally support all clubs within the Partizan multi-sports club, and mostly wear black and white symbols, which are the club's colors.

Denmark

FC Copenhagen (Sektion 12) and Brøndby IF (Sydsiden) have some of the most renowned ultras groups on the continent, and the derby between the two is also one of the fiercest in Europe.[32]

AaB's ultras group caused a 14-minute delay in the 2020 Danish Cup final for a failure to adhere to COVID-19 social distancing rules.[33] The group was ultimately ejected from the stadium and the game resumed, which was won by Sønderjyske.

Italy

In Italy, most professional football clubs have an ultras group which attends every match and has dedicated seating areas in either the north or south end of the stadium behind the goals. Each ultras group will have one or more leaders who choreograph chants, and who hand out banners and flags to other people in the stand to wave throughout the match. Ultras have been credited with creating fantastic atmospheres inside the stadium; however they have also come under universal criticism because of ties to various gangs and the mafia, as well as causing violence which often takes place outside the stadium prior to a match. Over the years inappropriate chanting has resulted in the FIGC issuing partial or full stadium bans to clubs. The ultras will choreograph a wide range of chants throughout a match, but some of the most common chants that result in a ban are anti-Southern chants towards clubs which are located in the South of Italy, most notably towards Napoli, as well as racist chants towards opposition players. However, these issues only partially represent parts of the Ultras culture in Italy – Ultras in Italy are also known for fighting criminals and the Mafia, giving housing to immigrants or helping Italian citizens in need, as well as aiding with food and money during the Covid pandemic to their local hospitals.[34] [35]

Republic of Ireland

Several groups exist in Rep. of Ireland, as follows:

Shamrock Rovers - SRFC Ultras
St Patrick's Athletic - Shed End Invincibles
Drogheda United - Famous 45 Ultras
Dundalk FC - Shed Side Army
Bohemian FC - Notorious Boo Boys
Galway United F.C. - maroon army
Waterford FC - Block E Boys
Finn Harps FC - Ballybofey brigade

Northern Ireland

The ultras scene in Northern Ireland is new, and since these have begun, the younger generation of fans in Northern Ireland has increased more than it has in many years.

!Club!Name
Glentoran F.C.Glentoran Ultras
Linfield F.C.Blue Unity
Cliftonville F.C.Red Fanatics
Coleraine F.C.Coleraine Casual Army
Larne F.C.Casual Inver Army

Poland

The first Polish ultras groups were formed in 1980s by fans of Legia Warszawa and Arka Gdynia. Those early ultra groups identified as either fascist or national-socialist and opposed communist government of Wojciech Jaruzelski. The 1990s saw the continuing spread and development of the ultra culture with the formation of the Wisła Sharks and Cracovia Jude Gang groups, the former often regarded in Poland as the first full-fledged ultras group. With intimidating and non-stop chanting, they've made their presence felt in the stands.[36] Modern hooligans try to be inconspicuous when they enter the stadium; usually not wearing team colours, to avoid detection by the police and PZPN officials.[37]

Spain

Spanish ultraism is generally agreed to have come from Italian and English ultraism and hooliganism at the 1982 World Cup held in Spain. Held only seven years after the death of Franco, the World Cup was an opportunity for Spain to join the world of modern international football. Spanish ultraism is particularly known for its dramatic and polarized distinction across two ideological cleavages: fascism and (regional) nationalism. The vast majority of ultra groups identify as either fascist or anti-fascist, and either separatist or nationalist.[38]

The Netherlands

In The Netherlands, most professional football teams have an ultras group. the first ultras groups in the Netherlands were formed in the 1970s by fans of Feyenoord they called themselves S.C.F. Hooligans. After S.C.F. Hooligans were formed many other ultras groups started forming such as AFC Ajax (F-side) FC Utrecht (Bunnikside) ADO Den Haag (north side) De Graafschap (Brigata Tifosi) FC Twente (Vak-P) FC Groningen (Z-Side).

Belgium

Most clubs in Belgium have an ultra-group, such as Sporting Charleroi (Storm Ultras 2001), Sint-Truidense V.V. (Brigada Hesbania), KRC Genk (Drughi Genk), RSC Anderlecht (Mauves Army 2003) Standard Liège (Ultras Inferno 1996)

Luxembourg

Several clubs in Luxembourg have an ultras group, such as FC Differdange 03 (UD45), Jeunesse Esch (Ultras Esch), Avenir Beggen (Ultras Beggen), Luxembourg national football team (M-Block)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

People in Bosnia and Herzegovina are known for their national ultras group BHFanaticos. Also, they have a few ultras that are connected to football clubs Manijaci, Horde zla, Lešinari, Red Army, Škripari, Zrinjski Mostar and many more.

Cyprus

Gate-9 (Greek:Θύρα 9) is a Cypriot fans' group that supports the football team People's Athletic Club Omonia 1948 and all the sport departments of AC Omonia except football. Omonia supporters are traditionally left wing. A 2009 gallop poll estimated that three out of four Omonia fans vote for the Progressive Party of Working People, the communist party of Cyprus.[39] While the group retains its left wing beliefs, in recent years it has been openly critical of the party's involvement in the club's administrative decisions. The party has denied accusations that it influences club decisions.[40] Gate-9 members are associated with communist beliefs and have been noted for waving banners bearing Che Guevara's portrait, and other communist symbols.[41] The group is also involved in humanitarian work for refugees in Cyprus.[42] The group, besides Nicosia, has fan clubs in Limassol, Athens, Thessaloniki, Larnaka,[43] Paphos,[44] and London.[45]

There are also ultras groups affiliated with the APOEL FC[46] and the Anorthosis Famagusta FC.[47]

Malta

Although small in size, Malta has some notable ultras groups. The main ultras groups in Malta are Birkirkara Ultras 1997, Ultras Beltin 99, and Paola Boys Hibs Ultras, as well as the Maltese national football team ultras group, the South End Core.

Romania

Romania's ultras only finds itself in the traditional teams like Steaua București, Dinamo București and Rapid București; but there are some small ultras groups which support their local club. The biggest ultras groups are: Peluza Nord Steaua, Peluza Sud Steaua, Peluza Cătălin Hîldan, Peluza Sud Dinamo, Peluza Nord Rapid, Peluza Sud Timisoara, t2 Rapid, Peluza Şepcile Roşii and Peluza Nord Hunedoara. There are also some honourable mentions like Peluza Marină Farul, Peluza Sud Craiova, Peluza Nord Craiova and Peluza Nord Galați.

Turkey

The three big clubs of Turkey, namely Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray, have a dedicated and passionate fanbase. The ultras of these clubs are Çarşı, Genç Fenerbahçeliler and UltrAslan, respectively.

Bulgaria

The most famous ultras in Bulgaria are Sector G (CSKA Sofia), Sector B (Levski Sofia), Bultras (Botev Plovdiv), Moryatsi (Cherno More Varna) and Lauta Army (Lokomotiv Plovdiv).

Africa

Algeria

StadiumClubName
Douera Sportpark StadiumMC AlgerUltras the Twelfth Player 2011
Ultras Green Corsaires 2012
Ultra' Amore E Mentalita 2019
Stade 20 Août 1955,
Skikda
JSM SkikdaUltras Senza Confine 13
Ultras Ouled Russicada 2015
Mohamed Hamlaoui Stadium,
Constantine
CS ConstantineUltras Loca Ragazzi 2010
Ultras Green Army 2012
Ultra' Iqbal 2023
April 13, 1958 Stadium,
Saida
MC SaidaUltras Méga Boys 2007
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers),
CR BelouizdadUltras Fanatic Reds 09
Stade 8 Mai 1945,
Setif
ES SetifUltras Inferno 10
Stade du 5 Juillet,
USM AlgerLes Unionistes Algérois
Alger Offender
El Assima
Les Originaires d'Alger
Ahmed Zabana Stadium,
Oran
MC OranUltras Red Castle 2011
Ultras Leones Rey 2009
Forza Mouloudia
Maghrebi Unity StadiumMO BejaiaUltras Granchio 09
Ultras Saldae Kings 2011
Ultras Free Men 16
La Banda Berberista
Bejaia Offender
May 19, 1956 StadiumUSM AnnabaLes indepandants de bone 12
Ultras Sparta Rosso 15
1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)
JS KabylieUltras Kabylie Boys 09
Ultras The Leader 2013
Ultras Samba Boys 2011
20 August 1955 Stadium (Algiers),
Algiers
NA Hussein DeyUltra Dey Boys 09
Ultras Crazy Capital 14
Mohamed Boumezrag Stadium,
Chlef
ASO ChlefUltras Polina 10
Ultras Asnam Boys 1437
Groupe Djawarih 2014
Group Armata Rosso 2019
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),
CA BatnaUltra' Autochtones 2024
Ultras Furia Roja 2013
Stade Imam Lyes,
Médéa
O MedeaUltra' Olympic Medea
Titteri Ragazzi 2024
February 24, 1956 Stadium,
Sidi Bel Abbès
USM Bel AbbèsUltras Scorpion Trop Puissant
Ultras Verde Veteranos
1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)USM El HarrachUltra' Combattiva
20 August 1955 Stadium,
Bordj Bou Arréridj
CA Bordj Bou ArréridjUltras Commandos 2008
Ultras Monstros 18
El Alia Sports ComplexUS BiskraUltras Vescera
Touhami Zoubir Khelifi StadiumAS Aïn M'lilaRed Scorpion
RossoNero
Stade Akid LotfiWA TlemcenUltras Kop 13
Stade 20 Août 1955 (Béchar)JS SaouraUltras Giallo Verde
Stade Messaoud ZougarMC El EulmaUltras Vikings 2009
Ultras Red Army 2013
Maghrebi Unity StadiumJSM BejaiaUltras Gouraya United
Ultras Marins
1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna),
MSP BatnaUltras Pantera Nera 2009
Ismaïl Makhlouf StadiumRC ArbaâUltras Blue Vichingo
Ultras Tauras Blue
Stade Tahar ZoughariRC RelizaneUltras Mina Men
Amar Hamam StadiumUSM KhenchelaUltras Mascula 13
Casa Nera
Stade Mokhtar AbdelatifAmal Bou SaâdaUltras Ouled el Khadra
Habib Bouakeul StadiumASM OranUltras Verde Lupo
Stade Mohamed ReggazWA BoufarikLa Fiamma
Stade Ben AbdelmalekMO ConstantineUltras Libertados
Rouibah Hocine StadiumJS DjijelUltras Green Gunners
Ultras Free Fans
Ouled el Corniche
Brakni Brothers StadiumUSM BlidaUltras Green Killers 2014
Les Blidéens
Stade Souidani BoujemaaES GuelmaUltras Rebells Ragazzi
Omar Oucief StadiumCR TémouchentUltras Red Wolves
Ahmed Kaïd StadiumJSM TiaretUltras Cavalier Blue
Ultras Blue Eagles
Stade Amar BenjamaaES ColloUltras Los Marinos 23
Stade Mohamed BensaïdES MostaganemUltras Verde Marinero 12
Stade Mohamed BensaïdWA MostaganemEl Widadyoun 1945
Stade de l'Unité AfricaineGC MascaraUltras Green Storm 2008
Stade Zerdani HassounaUS ChaouiaUltras Giallo Boys
Mohamed Benhaddad StadiumRC KoubaUltras Green Fans
Ultras Raed 2015
US Souf- Group Quicksand 2023
13 February StadiumCR Béni ThourUltras Crazy Fans
Les vrais 30
JS Bordj Ménaïel- Pure Blood 2023
Olympique Akbou- Ultras Brawers
HB Chelghoum Laïd- Ragazzi Verde
SKAF Khemis Miliana- Cardellino Scuola
ESM Koléa- Ultras Etoile Verde
WR M'Sila- Ouled el hodna
CB Mila- Ultras Salerno 2011
CRB EL Milia- Les Fidèles 2017

Morocco

StadiumClubName
Prince Moulay Abdellah StadiumAssociation Sportive des FARUltras Askary 2005
Black Army 2006
Stade Mohamed VWydad CasablancaUltras Winners 2005
Stade Mohamed VRaja CAUltras Green Boys 2005
Ultras Eagles 2006
Ibn Batouta StadiumIttihad Riadi TangerUltra Hercules 2007
Complexe sportif de FèsMaghreb de FèsUltras Fatal Tigers 2006
Complexe sportif de FèsWydad de FèsUltras Bianco Nero 2008
Complexe sportif de PhosphateOlympique Club de KhouribgaUltras Green Ghost 2007
Stade Municipal (Kenitra)Kenitra athletic clubUltras Helala Boys 2007
Stade AdrarHassania AgadirUltras Imazighen 2006
Stade Saniat RmelMoghreb TetouanUltras Los Matadores 2005
Ultras Siempre Paloma 2006
Stade Municipal de BerkaneRS BerkaneUltras Orange Boys 07
Stade Mimoun Al ArsiChabab Rif Al HoceimaUltras Rif Boys 2010
Ultras Los Rifeños 2012
Stade El MassiraOlympic SafiUltras Shark 2006
Stade du 18 novembreIttihad KhemissetUltras Cavaliers Family 2009
Stade de MarrakechKawkab MarrakechUltras Crazy Boys 2006
Honneur StadiumUltras Brigade Wajda 2007
Honneur StadiumUSM OujdaUltras Pioneers 10
Stade Boubker AmmarAS SaléUltras Red Pirates 06
Ultras Pirates 07
Ultras Fanatics 09
Stade Municipal De KhénifraChabab Atlas KhénifraUltras Zayan Boys 2008
Ultras Révoltés 2012
Stade D'honneur De MeknèsCOD MeknèsUltras Red Men 2008
Ultras Vulcano Rosso 2010
Stade El AbdiDifaâ Hassani El JadidiUltras Cap Soleil 2007
Stade Municipal (Oued Zem))Rapide Oued ZemUltras Martyrs 2007
Berrechid Municipal StadiumYoussoufia BerrechidUltras Liberta 13
Stade d'honneur de Beni MellalRaja Beni MellalUltras Star Boys 2007
Complexe BernoussiCR BernoussiUltras Imbrator 2012
Stade de SettatRS SettatUltras Masked 2008
Stade TiznitAmal TiznitUltras Risings 2008
Stade de Tan-TanNS TantanUltras 2Tan Boys 2008
Stade du 16 NovembreChabab HouaraUltras Giallo Pizzi 2009
Stade Municipal d'Aït MelloulUSM Aït MelloulUltras Swassa Boys 2011
Stade du ErrachidiaUS ErrachidiaUltras Sand Men 2012
The history of Moroccan ultras can be traced back to the early 2000s, with the formation of the first ultras group, Ultras Tanger, in 2003. However, the first ultras group that still exists today is Ultras Askary Rabat, which was founded in 22/10/2005 to support AS FAR. That same year, Ultras Green Boys was founded to support Raja Casablanca and Ultras Winners was founded to support Wydad Casablanca. The Moroccan ultras movement quickly gained momentum and popularity, with other notable groups such as Ultras Eagles (also supporting Raja Casablanca), being formed in 2006. Moroccan ultras groups are heavily influenced by European ultras movements, and are known for their passionate and dedicated support of their favorite football clubs. They are also known for their elaborate displays of choreographed support, including banners, flags, flares, and coordinated chants. Despite facing challenges, such as financial costs and loss of members, Moroccan ultras groups remain an important part of the country's football culture, known for their intense rivalries and unwavering support of their clubs.

Egypt

The clubs in Egypt became a major political force during the uprising against Mubarak in 2011, but were known for long-standing animosity with the police.[48] When 38 members of the Ultras Devils were arrested in "Shebeen al-Kom" for "belonging to an illegal group" plus additional violent offences, it was seen as a crackdown on the organisations by authorities.

In 2013, the Associated Press stated that the Egyptian Ultras network was one of the most organised movements in Egypt after the Muslim Brotherhood.

StadiumClubName
Cairo International StadiumAl Ahly SCUltras Ahlawy
Ultras Devils
Cairo International StadiumZamalek SCUltras White Knights (UWK)
Port Said StadiumAl-Masry SC Ultras Green Eagles
Suez StadiumSuez Montakhab Ultras Suez Fedyan
Ghazl El Mahalla StadiumGhazl El Mahalla SCUltras Whales 2008
Ismailia StadiumIsmaily SCUltras Yellow Dragons
Ultras Rebels
Alexandria StadiumAl Ittihad Alexandria ClubUltras Green Magic
El Mansoura StadiumEl Mansoura SCUltras Orange Dragons
Aswan StadiumAswan SCUltras Nile Crocodile
El Minya StadiumEl Minya SCUltras Red Camels
Tanta StadiumTanta SCUltras 300
Damanhour StadiumAla'ab Damanhour SC- Ultras Blue Anaconda
Zagazig University StadiumSharkia SCUltras Green Horses
Sons of Oraby
Shebin StadiumGomhoriat Shebin SCUltras Balck Horses
El Mahalla StadiumBaladiyat El Mahalla SCUltras Red Tigers 2011

Tunisia

StadiumClubName
Stade Olympique de RadèsES TunisCurva Sud Tunis
Ultras Lemkachkhines 2002
Zapatista Esperanza 2007
Fedayn Esperantistes 2009
Matadors 2008
Stade Olympique de RadèsClub AfricainCurva Nord Tunis
African Winners 1995
Leaders Clubistes 2003
North Vandals 2007
Dodgers Clubistes 2007
Stade Taïeb Mhiri Curva Nord Sfax
Black & White Fighters 2003
Raged Boys 2007
Ultras Sfaxiens 2007
Stade Olympique de SousseES SahelCurva Nord Sousse
Brigade Rouge 2001
Ultras Fanatics 2003
Ultras Saheliano 2007
Stade 15 OctoberCA BizertinCurva Nord Bizerte
Ultras Big Boss 2010
Ultras Marines 2005
Bizertinos Juniors 2009
Drughi Cabiste 2009
Stade Hedi EnnaiferStade TunisienUltras Bardo Boys 2002
Kaotic Group 2007
Stade Abdelaziz ChtiouiAS MarsaVikings Marsois 2011
Stade Mustapha Ben JannetUS MonastirUltras Monastir 2009
Spartiates 2008
Power Marines 2003
Stade Olympique de GabesStade GabésienCurva Sud Gabes
Verde Vikings 2011
Sparta Verde 2009
Mafiosa Boys 2010
Tramps Gabes 2009
Stade Olympique de GabesAvenir sportif de GabèsCurva Nord Gabes
Ultras Eagles Gabes 2009
Ultras Samurai 2009
Ultras Rosso Nero 2012
Stade Hamda ElaoueniJeunesse sportive kairouanaiseGreen Warriors 2008
Los Magicos Green Stars 2011
Salle couverte Taoufik-BouhimaÉtoile sportive de RadèsUltras Radessien 2010
Salle couverte de TéboulbaAigle sportif de TéboulbaUltras Viking Teboulba 2009
Stade municipal de KasserineAvenir sportif de KasserineUltras Fraxus 2011
Stade de Houmt SoukAssociation sportive de DjerbaUltras Green Boys 2007
Ultras Island Boys 2011
Ultras Reckless 2013
Stade Olympique de RadèsÉquipe de Tunisie de footballCarthago Boys 2012

Libya

StadiumClubName
The Tripoli International StadiumAl-Ittihad Club (Tripoli)Ultras Teha Boys 2010
The Tripoli International StadiumAl Ahli SC (Tripoli)Ultras Flame Boys 2010
Ultras Green Monsters 2016
The Tripoli International StadiumAl-Madina SCHawatuh Boys 2023
Martyrs of February StadiumAl-Ahly SC (Benghazi)Ultras Jazzara 2010
Martyrs of February StadiumAl-Nasr SC (Benghazi)Ultras Carboniera 2013
Martyrs of February StadiumAl Tahaddy SCUltras Panthers Boys 2018
Misurata StadiumAsswehly SCUltras Misurata Knights 2010
Misurata StadiumAlittihad Misurata SCUltras Misurata Ghosts 2018
Al Bayda StadiumAl Akhdar SCUltras Dour 2018
Al Khums StadiumAl Khums SCUltras Hera Boys 2018
Ultras Alreyas Boys 2023
Sorman StadiumRafik SormanUltras Rofa Warriors 2018
10 June StadiumAl Ta'awon SCUltras Sa7ara 2018
Al marj StadiumAl-Morouj SCUltras Crimson Snakes 2019
Derna StadiumDarnes SCTribuna Ragazzi 2020
Jumayl StadiumAl-Mustaqbal (football club)Ultras Fighters 2021
Tobruk StadiumAl-Suqoor ClubUltras Dean Boys 2022
Zaawia StadiumOlympic AzzaweyaUltras Blue Castle 2023
Zuwara StadiumAljazeera SCUltras Yellow Army 2023

Sudan

StadiumClubName
Al-Merrikh StadiumAl-Merrikh SCUltras Jawareh 2008
Ultras Olympus Mons 13
Al-Hilal StadiumAl-Hilal SCUltras Blue Lions 2008

Rwanda

!stadium!club!name
Amahoro StadiumRayon Sports F.C.The blues of Rwanda
Amahoro StadiumAPR F.C.zone 5
Umuganda StadiumEtincelles F.C.Etincelles F.C. fans

Lesotho

!stadium!club!name
Hlotse StadiumLinare FCULTRAS LINARES
Pitso GroundMatlama FCUltras Matlama

South Africa

!stadium!club!name
Orlando StadiumOrlando Pirates F.C.The Sea Robbers
Amakhosi StadiumKaizer Chiefs F.C.Amakhosi
Cape Town StadiumCape Town City F.C. (2016)Ultras Blue Eagels
Free State StadiumBloemfontein Celtic F.C.Unity Supporters
Cape Town StadiumCape Town Spurs F.C.Urban Warriors

Asia

Palestine

StadiumClubName
Dura International StadiumShabab Al-Khalil SCUltras Khalele 2011
Faisal Al-Husseini International StadiumHilal Al-Quds ClubGroup Hilaly

Jordan

StadiumClubName
Amman International StadiumAl-Faisaly SCUltras Al Faisaly 2013
King Abdullah II StadiumAl-Wehdat SCWehdaty Group 2012
Ultras Green Knights 2018

Iraq

StadiumClubName
Al-Shaab StadiumAl-Shorta SCUltras Green Harp 2012
Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya StadiumAl-Quwa Al-JawiyaUltras Blue Hawk 2012
Sulaymaniyah StadiumSulaymaniya SCUltras Sulaimaniy
Franso Hariri StadiumErbil SCUltras Qalla
Al-Zawra'a StadiumAl-ZawraaUltras The Kings

Saudi Arabia

StadiumClubName
King AbdullahAl-IttihadUltras Golden Tigers 2011
King FahdAl HilalUltras Blue Wave 2011
KSU StadiumAl NassrUltras Al Aalami 2011
King AbdullahAl AhliUltras Al Malaki 2011

Syria

StadiumClubName
Al-Assad StadiumTishreen SCUltras Eagles 2009
Al-Baath StadiumJableh SCUltras Blue Boys 2017
Khalid ibn al-Walid StadiumAl-Karamah SCUltras Blue Sun
Deir ez-Zor Municipal StadiumAl-Fotuwa SCUltras Blue Blood
Al-Jalaa StadiumAl-Wahda SC (Syria)Ultras Orange Pliiji
Al-Assad StadiumHutteen SCUltras Blues
Bassel al-Assad StadiumAl-Sahel SC (Syria)Ultras Pirates 2017

United Arab Emirates

Al-Wasl SC

Ultras Junoon is an Emirati group that was founded in 2010 by the fans of Al-Wasl Club. This club is considered to have one of the largest fan bases in the Emirates, and Al-Wasl Club fans are considered the first club that came up with the idea of Ultras in the Gulf region. It is mentioned that Al Wasl fans were the main reason for increasing excitement in the region and increasing the viewership of the league in the Emirates, in particular. The Ultras Junoon have a great ability to preserve the history of this club, and they are close to making any decision in the interest of this club.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the ultras scene is characterized by the presence of "Ultras Malaya," the largest supporter club dedicated to the Malaysia national football team. "Ultras Malaya" founded in 2007 but only made their first appearances during the 2008 Merdeka Tournament when Malaysia beat Nepal 4-0.[50]

"Ultras Malaya" boasts a diverse membership with fans from different ethnic backgrounds, states, and clubs across Malaysia. The group represents fans from all 14 states and other subdivisions within Malaysia. One of the most significant rivalries in Southeast Asian football is between "Ultras Malaya" and the fans of the Indonesia national football team. This rivalry is famously known as the "Nusantara derby" and has witnessed several intense clashes before, during, and after matches between the two nations, both on and off the field.

"Ultras Malaya" witnessed a gradual increase in its membership over the years, reaching its zenith during the AFF Suzuki Cup in 2014, when the number of members soared into the tens of thousands, although exact figures are not confirmed.

As time passed, UM07, the parent organization of "Ultras Malaya," expanded its reach by establishing subsidiary groups at the state and club levels across Malaysia. These subsidiary supporter groups are passionate in their support for both their local clubs and the national team. Here are some of the main ultras and supporters groups associated with specific states and clubs:

"Ultras IL Gatto" (Super League, established in 2020)

Within "Ultras Malaya," the role of the Capo is crucial in leading the chanting and energizing the crowd inside the stadium. One of the most well-known Capos of "Ultras Malaya" is Mohd Ridzuan Ahmad, also known as Lekir Haji Ahmad. His leadership and coordination skills have contributed to the vibrant and passionate atmosphere during Malaysia's football matches, making him a respected figure among the ultras community.

Lebanon

The ultras scene was introduced to Lebanon in February 2018, with Nejmeh's "Ultras Supernova" and White ultras for racing Beirut 2019.[52] [53] [54] Their rivals Ansar quickly followed with their own ultras group, "I Tifosi", one month later.[53] Ahed formed their own ultras group, called "Ultras Yellow Inferno", the same year.[54] Prior to the Arab Club Champions Cup game between Nejmeh and Al-Ahly of Egypt, played on 13 August 2018, seven "Ultras Supernova" fans were arrested by the Egyptian national security because of the negative connotations the word "Ultras" has in Egypt.[55] The fans have been returned to Lebanon by request of the Lebanese Ambassador to Cairo.[56]

India

The ultras scene in India was introduced by East Bengal Ultras, the ultras group of East Bengal FC, in 2013, and since then it grew slowly, as ultras groups of various clubs started to form and display of "Tifo's" and "Pyro" shows became very much a part of the ultras scene in Indian football.[57]

Blue Pilgrims is an organised group of football fans who support the India national football men's team, women's team, and all the other age – group national teams at every home and away game, formed by a group of football fans of several club fan bases of football clubs from India. Founded in 2017 before the commencement of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which was held in India, the group based their name on the nickname of the national team, the "Blue Tigers". They consider travelling with the national teams, to wherever the teams play, as their pilgrimage. They often display flags, banners, and tifos in support of the national team.[58]

StadiumClubName
Salt Lake Stadium, KolkataEast Bengal FCEast Bengal Ultras
Salt Lake Stadium, KolkataEast Bengal FCEast Bengal the Real Power
Salt Lake Stadium, KolkataMohun Bagan ACMariners Dé Xtreme
Salt Lake Stadium, KolkataMohun Bagan ACMariners' Base Camp[59]
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, KochiKerala Blasters FCManjappada
Sree Kanteerava Stadium, BengaloreBengaluru FCWest Block Blues
Mumbai Football Arena, MumbaiMumbai City FCWest Coast Brigade
G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium, HyderabadHyderabad FCDeccan Legion
Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium,GuwahatiNorthEast United FCHighlander Brigade

Iran

Persepolis ultras of this association were registered by the club's fans association in 2014, and the place of these fans was registered at the 36th position Their place is in Azadi Stadium. Persepolis ultras are nicknamed the Red Army in Asia. They have a close competition with their long-time rival, Esteghlal, and they support their team with doza bombs and fabric designs.

Oceania

Australia

StadiumClubName
Coopers Stadium, AdelaideAdelaide United FCRed Army
Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane Brisbane Roar FCThe Den
Industree Group Stadium, GosfordCentral Coast Mariners FCYellow Army
Campbelltown Sports Stadium, SydneyMacarthur FCThe Bullpen
AAMI Park, MelbourneMelbourne Victory FCNorth Terrace
AAMI Park, MelbourneMelbourne City FCYarra End Collective[60]
McDonald Jones Stadium, NewcastleNewcastle Jets FCSquadron Novocastria
HBF Park, PerthPerth Glory FCThe Shed
Allianz Stadium, SydneySydney FCThe Cove
CommBank Stadium, ParramattaWestern Sydney Wanderers FCRed and Black Bloc
AAMI Park, MelbourneWestern United FCWestern Service Crew

New Zealand

North America

Canada

StadiumClubName
Stade SaputoCF MontréalBrigade Montréal
132 Crew
Suppras MTL
Bolos Crew
BMO FieldToronto FCBlock 114
Wanderers GroundsHFX Wanderers FCBlock 108 Ultras
Tim Hortons FieldForge FC- Barton St. Battalion
style=“text-align:left;” BC Place StadiumWhitecaps FC- South Siders

United States

StadiumClubName
Audi FieldD.C. UnitedDistrict Ultras[61]
PayPal ParkSan Jose EarthquakesSan Jose Ultras[62]
Red Bull ArenaNew York Red BullsTorcida 96[63]
Subaru ParkPhiladelphia UnionSons of Ben
Lumen FieldSeattle Sounders FCEmerald City Supporters[64]
Dignity Health Sports ParkLos Angeles GalaxyGhosts Ultras Galaxy
Providence ParkPortland TimbersTimbers Army
BMO StadiumLos Angeles Football ClubThe 3252
Children's Mercy ParkSporting Kansas CityFountain City Ultras
Yankee StadiumNew York City Football ClubUltras NYC[65]Los Templados
TQL StadiumFC CincinnatiIncline Collective
Keyworth StadiumDetroit City FCNorthern Guard Supporters

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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  2. News: Pantelick . Nicolas . 2 February 2022 . Fanaticism and the "Ultras" Movement: How Far Will You Go to Support Your Team? . Harvard International Review .
  3. News: Parkin . Simon . 24 April 2018 . The rise of Russia's neo-Nazi football hooligans . The Guardian .
  4. Web site: The dark heart of Italian soccer. CBC Sports. 15 April 2005. 18 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110224035856/http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/analysis/molinaro/molinaro_050415.html. 24 February 2011. live.
  5. Web site: Learning from adjacent fields: the relation between extremism and hooliganism . 2526 Oct 2018 . home-affairs.ec.europa.eu . en . 4 August 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230717004908/https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-09/ran_study_visit_learning_from_adjacent_fields_25-26_10_2018_en.pdf . Jul 17, 2023.
  6. News: Jones . Tobias . 2020-03-26 . 1312 by James Montague review – inside the world of football's ultras . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-07-04 . 0261-3077.
  7. Web site: Fan tragedy sends the fight against Ultras back to square one. The Guardian. 12 November 2007. 18 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131204223329/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/nov/12/europeanfootball.sport2. 4 December 2013. live.
  8. Web site: Are German fans really turning against the beautiful game?. The Guardian. 7 April 2008. 18 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131204191316/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/apr/07/europeanfootball.sport2. 4 December 2013. live.
  9. Web site: World Cup 2022: Argentina's 'barras bravas' bring the noise – DW – 12/11/2022 . 2023-03-08 . dw.com . en.
  10. Web site: Torcidas Organizadas: Torcidas Organizadas no Brasil e no Mundo . 2023-03-08 . Brasil Escola . pt-br.
  11. Web site: Povijest. Torcida.hr. 5 February 2011. hr. https://web.archive.org/web/20110217032145/http://www.torcida.hr/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=47&Itemid=98. 17 February 2011. dead.
  12. Web site: We Don't Fight, We Paint Flags Instead. In Bed With Maradona. 2 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024313/http://inbedwithmaradona.com/journal/2010/11/2/we-dont-fight-we-paint-flags-instead.html. 13 July 2011. 5 February 2011. dead.
  13. Web site: Ultra sensitive. When Saturday Comes. April 2007. 18 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110124020008/http://www.wsc.co.uk/content/view/196/29/. 24 January 2011. live.
  14. Web site: Ultras rule?. Football Italia. 28 October 2009. 18 January 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20101123085614/http://football-italia.net/blogs/si60.html. 23 November 2010. live.
  15. Book: Alberto Testa, Gary Armstrong. Football, Fascism and Fandom. A&C Black. 2010. 978-1-4081-2371-3.
  16. Spaaij . Ramón . Viñas . Carles . Passion, politics and violence: A socio‐historical analysis of Spanish ultras . Soccer & Society . March 2005 . 6 . 1 . 79–96 . 10.1080/1466097052000337034.
  17. Web site: Ultras pull the strings as Italy descends into chaos. The Guardian. 4 February 2007. 5 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20141002185527/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/04/newsstory.sport1. 2 October 2014. live.
  18. Web site: Gruppi. asromaultras.org. 5 February 2011. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20110212220520/http://www.asromaultras.org/gruppi.html. 12 February 2011. live.
  19. Web site: AS Roma Ultras. asromaultras.org. 18 January 2011. it. https://web.archive.org/web/20110213065648/http://www.asromaultras.org/as_roma_ultras.html. 13 February 2011. live.
  20. Web site: Ultra vires. Spiked. 9 February 2007. 18 January 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110224042909/http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/site/article/2836. 24 February 2011.
  21. Web site: Rangers ultras Union Bears' eerie message after Ibrox fans storm own POTY Awards in Glasgow.
  22. Web site: Ultra culture could help Premier League terraces take positive steps. Bakowski. Gregg. 23 October 2016. The Guardian. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174313/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2016/oct/23/premier-league-ultras-european-football. 11 April 2018. live.
  23. News: Palace 'ultras' causing anxiety. ESPN. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111500/http://www.espn.co.uk/football/club/name/384/blog/post/2356894/headline. 11 April 2018. live.
  24. Web site: When Saturday Comes – Crystal Palace ultras under pressure from club and fans. Barker. Matthew. When Saturday Comes. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025950/http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc-daily/1193-march-2015/12320-crystal-palace-ultras-under-pressure-from-club-and-fans. 11 April 2018. live.
  25. News: Eastbourne Town's 'ultras' are game for a laugh and making football welcome to all. 16 November 2017. iNews. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025832/https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/eastbourne-town-fc-non-league-football-ultras/. 11 April 2018. live.
  26. News: London's Left-Wing Utopian Non-League Ultras Are Reclaiming Football. 5 January 2015. Vice. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025710/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/9bz7d3/dulwich-hamlet-non-league-football-109. 11 April 2018. live.
  27. News: The English Far-Right's War on Anti-Fascist Football Ultras. 13 February 2015. Vice. 10 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025942/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/4wm3jb/is-english-far-right-hooligans-war-on-left-wing-football-ultras-spreading-to-the-premier-league-181. 11 April 2018. live.
  28. Web site: 2022-12-30 . Who are Ashburton Army? The Arsenal ultras group AFTV could only dream of . 2023-03-18 . Thick Accent . en-GB.
  29. Web site: 2022-10-06 . The Clock End's boys in black: a look into Arsenal's 'ultras' . 2022-12-28 . Pain in the Arsenal . en-US.
  30. Web site: Arsenal fan 'ultras' filmed ahead of West Ham game, fans are divided over the footage . 2022-12-28 . SPORTbible . en.
  31. News: Aston Villa news from BirminghamLive as the 1897 Group prepare for Bournemouth trial display after encouraging meeting with the club . 2024-04-05 . BirminghamLive . en-GB.
  32. Web site: 31 March 2016. The Copenhagen sektion 12 is Denmarks biggest ultra group they maintain over 10000 people just on the sekttion 12Derby. 9 September 2020. Outside Write. en-GB.
  33. Web site: Danish Cup Final Delayed. 1 July 2020. bbc.com.
  34. News: Jones. Tobias. 15 September 2019. At home with Italy's ultras: 'It isn't about watching football, but watching each other'. en-GB. The Guardian. 29 July 2020. 0261-3077.
  35. Web site: Monella. Lillo Montalto. 9 November 2019. Racism in football: Are Italy's Ultras the problem or the solution?. 29 July 2020. euronews. en.
  36. https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1836603.pdf Subcultrue of stadium hooligans – Pathology or crime?
  37. Prawno-kryminalistyczna problematyka przestępczości stadionowej. Wydział Prawa, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Jurczewski. Mariusz. October 2013.
  38. Ultras in Spain: A Study on the Relationship Between Macro-level Cleavages and Micro-level Actors . 10.13140/RG.2.2.28548.94088. 2017 . Westby . David .
  39. Web site: Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ, kathimerini.com.cy . 20 September 2021 . www.kathimerini.com.cy.
  40. Web site: Η θύρα 9 μεγάλωσε και δεν ελέγχεται . Port 9 has grown and is not controlled . el . 14 December 2015 . Reporter.
  41. Web site: 3 October 2011 . Omonoia: Feisty team blends sports and left politics . People's World . Bono . Gary.
  42. Web site: Αθλητικά νέα - Αθλητικές ειδήσεις για όλα τα sport Thema Sports . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150915195446/http://www.themasports.com/paraskinio/2015/09/10/organomenoi-omonoias-den-to-perimenan . 15 September 2015 . 15 July 2021.
  43. Web site: Ομόνοια: Σε νέο οίκημα το Συ.Φι Λάρνακας Αμμοχώστου . Omonia: In a new building the Sy.Fi Larnaca Famagusta . Balla . Christou . Andreas . 16 July 2013 . el . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165243/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14_Protathlima_a_katigorias/56690_Omonia_Se_neo_oikima_to_SyFi_Larnakas_Amohostou . 14 July 2014 . 30 June 2014.
  44. http://sport-fm.com.cy/podosfairo/omonoia/item/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου»/1676-omonoia-«ομάδα-όλης-της-κύπρου».html
  45. Web site: Ομόνοια: Χαμός στο Συ.Φι. Λεμεσού με Καϊάφα και παίκτες! (pics) Α' Κατηγορία Κύπρος Ποδόσφαιρο BALLA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140322102147/http://www.balla.com.cy/3/14_Protathlima_a_katigorias/74962_Omonia_Xamos_sto_SyFi_Lemesoy_me_Kaiafa_ke_paiktes_(pics) . 22 March 2014.
  46. Web site: http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1438&tt=graphic&lang=l1 . APOEL FC . el:ΠΑΝ.ΣΥ.ΦΙ . Greek . 23 May 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080520111544/http://www.apoelfc.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1438&tt=graphic&lang=l1 . 20 May 2008 .
  47. Web site: Επεισόδια στον πετοσφαιρικό αγώνα Αναγέννηση- Ανόρθωση. sigmalive/ΚΥΠΕ. 22 February 2014. 3 May 2016.
  48. News: Egypt: 38 soccer fans charged with violence. el Deeb. Sarah. 14 March 2013. USA Today. Associated Press. 10 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010162321/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/14/egypt-soccer-violence/1988095/. 10 October 2017. live.
  49. Web site: Bashundhara Kings Ultras: The first fan club of its kind in Bangladesh. Sports. TBS. 18 December 2023. The Business Standard.
  50. https://www.bharian.com.my/taxonomy/term/3/2015/01/27708/ultras-malaya-cetus-kebangkitan Ultras Malaya cetus kebangkitan
  51. Sarawak United
  52. Web site: المدرجات لا تعترف إلا بالشجعان. lebanonfg.com. en. 23 February 2019.
  53. Web site: Ultras Supernova: Lebanon's First Ultras Group. COPA90 on Facebook. en. 23 February 2019.
  54. Web site: مباريات قويّة في الجولة العاشرة. الأخبار. ar. 23 February 2019.
  55. Web site: قضية مشجعي "النجمة" الموقوفين في مصر... ماذا جرى معهم؟. LBCI Lebanon. ar. 23 February 2019.
  56. Web site: Lebanese Nejmeh fans to be deported days after arrest at Borg al-Arab Stadium MadaMasr. madamasr.com. 25 February 2019. 25 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190225162050/https://madamasr.com/en/2018/08/16/news/u/lebanese-nejmeh-fans-to-be-deported-days-after-arrest-at-borg-al-arab-stadium/amp/. dead.
  57. Web site: 3 July 2018. A Fans Revolution : East Bengal Ultras – GoalBold. 5 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20180703184503/http://www.goalbold.com/a-fans-revolution-east-bengal-ultras/. 3 July 2018.
  58. Web site: Indian national football teams to have dedicated fan base named 'Blue Pilgrims . 3 October 2017. www.sportskeeda.com . 2 October 2019.
  59. Web site: Mariners' Base Camp – The Ultras of The National Club of India Mohun Bagan. en-US. 28 December 2019. 5 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201205022532/https://www.marinersbasecamp.com/. dead.
  60. News: Yarra End Collective . Cease to be the Supporter Group . Yarra End Collective . 30 July 2024.
  61. Web site: District Ultras – Home .
  62. Web site: San Jose Ultras – Home . sanjoseultras.com.
  63. Web site: Torcida 96 – Home . Facebook.
  64. Web site: Emerald City Supporters – Home . Facebook.
  65. Web site: Ultras NYC – Home . Instagram.