| Court Name: | Constitutional Court of Ukraine |
| Established: | 1992; acts since 1996 |
| Location: | 14 Zhylianska St, Kyiv, Ukraine[1] |
| Type: | Presidential, Parliamentary and Congress of Judges nomination |
| Authority: | Ukrainian Constitution |
| Terms: | 9; prohibited if aged 65 |
| Positions: | 18 (assigned by President, Parliament, Congress of Judges; 6 each) |
| Chiefjudgetitle: | Chairman |
| Chiefjudgename: | vacant |
| Termstart: | 15 May 2022 |
| Chiefjudgetitle2: | Deputy chairman |
| Chiefjudgename2: | Serhiy Holovaty |
| Termstart2: | 17 September 2019 |
The Constitutional Court of Ukraine (Конституційний Суд України|translit=Konstytutsiinyi Sud Ukrainy) is the sole body of constitutional jurisdiction in Ukraine. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine interprets the Constitution of Ukraine in terms of laws and other legal acts.
The Court initiated its activity on 18 October 1996. The first Court ruling was made on 13 May 1997.
On urgent matters the Constitutional Court rules within weeks, but on matters deemed less urgent it can take months.[2]
Decisions of the Constitutional Court are binding, final, and cannot be appealed.[3]
In 2016, access to the Constitutional Court was significantly broadened.[4] Since then all individuals and companies where there are grounds to claim that a final court judgment contradicts the Constitution can file a complaint at the court.[4] (Prior only the President and a member of parliament had the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court.[5]) A complaint may only be filed after all other remedies have been exhausted in the regular Ukrainian courts.[4]
The authority of the Constitutional Court is derived from Ukraine's Constitution – Chapter XII
The Court:
The Court's rulings are mandatory for execution in Ukraine, are final and cannot be appealed.[3] Laws and other legal acts, or their separate provisions, that are deemed unconstitutional, lose legal force.
The Court is composed of 18 judges, appointed in equal shares by the President, the parliament, and the Congress of Judges.
A judge must be a citizen of Ukraine and must have:
Judges are appointed for 9 years without the right of reappointment; moreover each judge is obligated to retire at the age of 65 if this age comes before the end of the 9-year period. The President and parliament are required to fill a vacant position within one month and the Congress of judges has three months to do so. But the appointment comes into effect only after oath of the new judge in the parliament; therefore sometimes it is a problem to become a judge of the Constitutional Court if many members of parliament do not want this (for example, they can physically disturb to hold a meeting of the parliament, that is usual in Ukraine).
The Chairman of the Court is elected by secret ballot for a single three-year term from and by the members of the Court.
On 29 December 1999 the Court interpreted the Constitution as unconditionally ruling out capital punishment; this is the date when Ukraine de jure abolished capital punishment after a long period of a de facto moratorium.[6]
In the 2000s attempts to bribe and blackmail Constitutional Court judges to get a favourable ruling were reported.[7] [8] [9] [10]
On 14 November 2001 the Court outlawed the institution of propiska.[11]
On 25 December 2003 the Court allowed Leonid Kuchma to run for presidency for the third time; Kuchma chose not to run for re-election.[12]
Amidst the 2007 Ukrainian political crisis, on 30 April 2007, on the eve of the Constitutional Court's ruling on the legality of the president's decree dismissing Ukraine's parliament, President Yushchenko, in defiance of the PACE resolution of 19 April intervened in the operation of Ukraine's Constitutional Court by summarily dismissing two Constitutional Court Judges, Syuzanna Stanik and Valeriy Pshenychnyy, for allegations of "oath treason."[13] His move was later overturned by the Constitutional Court and the judges were returned by a temporary restraining order issued by the court.[14] On 16 May, Viktor Yushchenko, for a second time, issued another decree dismissing the two Constitutional Court Judges Syuzanna Stanik and Valeriy Pshenychnyy.[15] On 17 May, the Constitutional Court chairman Ivan Dombrovskyy resigned and was replaced by Valeriy Pshenychnyy. On 23 May, The Constitutional Court of Ukraine acted to prevent the president's undue influence on the court system.[16] The court's ruling was made after Viktor Yushchenko was accused of unduly seeing to influence the court by illegally firing two Constitutional Court judges Valeriy Pshenychnyy and Syuzanna Stanik for allegations of "oath treason.".[13] On 20 July, Syuzanna Stanik won an appeal against the President in the Shevchenko district court of Kyiv. The Court ruled the President's actions illegal and reinstated Ms Stanik's entitlement as a member of Ukraine's Constitutional Court. According to the ruling, the President is obliged to cancel his decree on discharge of Mrs. Stanik.."[17] The other two judges who were also illegally dismissed had previously tendered their resignations and as such were not subject to the courts order. Following the president's intervention the Constitutional Court still has not ruled on the question of legality of the president's actions. On 25 March 2008 Ukraine's Supreme Administrative Court ruled the President's dismissal of Syuzanna Stanik as a Constitutional Court judge illegal. Ms Stanik's position has been reinstated. The decision is final and not subject to further appeal [18] On 3 April 2008 Stanik was dismissed from the Court by the order of the President.[19] On 28 April 2010, President Viktor Yanukovych reinstated Stanik as Constitutional Court judge.[20] She resigned the next day.[21]
On 1 October 2010 the Court determined the 2004 amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine unconstitutional, repealing them.[22] On 21 February 2014 parliament passed a law that reinstated these December 2004 amendments (of the constitution).[23]
On 27 October 2020 the court decision to repeal Article 366-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which had provided for liability for inaccurate declaration of assets by government officials pushed Ukraine into the 2020 Ukrainian constitutional crisis. This decision de facto invalidated much of Ukraine's 2014 anti-corruption reform as unconstitutional.[24] [25] On 29 December 2020 President Volodymyr Zelensky suspended the courts chairperson Oleksandr Tupytskyi for two months in an effort to end the crisis. On 26 February 2021 President Zelensky signed a decree that suspended chairperson Tupytskyi for another month.[26] On 27 March 2021 Zelensky annulled the decree of former President Viktor Yanukovych of May 2013, appointing Oleksandr Tupytskyi a judge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The reason given was that allegedly his tenure did "pose a threat to state independence and national security of Ukraine, which violates the Constitution of Ukraine, human and civil rights and freedoms."[27] As a result, for some time, it was unclear who was the Chairperson of the Court.[28]
On 17 August 2023, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy signed the law on the selection of judges of the Constitutional Court.[29]
At the end of July 2023, the Verkhovna Rada adopted the Law of Ukraine on the selection of judges of the Constitutional Court with the participation of international experts. According to the law, the selection will be carried out with the participation of the Advisory Group of Experts. Half of these experts will be people delegated by international organizations and the Venice Commission, who will have a decisive vote in filtering candidates for the Constitutional Court. This law was one of the requirements of the European Commission for the start of negotiations on Ukraine's accession to the European Union.[30]
Dismissed in 2014[31]
On 29 December 2020 President Volodymyr Zelensky suspended Tupytskyi for two months in an effort to end the 2020 Ukrainian constitutional crisis.[37]