| En Name: | Udmurt Republic |
| Ru Name: | Удмуртская Республика |
| Loc Name1: | Удмурт Элькун |
| Loc Lang1: | Udmurt |
| Coordinates: | 57.2833°N 97°W |
| Image Coa: | Coat of arms of Udmurtia.svg |
| Coa Caption: | Coat of arms |
| Flag Caption: | Flag |
| Anthem: | National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic |
| Political Status: | Republic |
| Political Status Link: | Republics of Russia |
| Federal District: | Volga |
| Economic Region: | Urals |
| Adm Ctr Type: | Capital |
| Adm Ctr Name: | Izhevsk |
| Official Lang List: | Udmurt |
| Official Lang Ref: | [1] |
| Pop 2021Census: | 1452914 |
| Pop 2021Census Rank: | 32nd |
| Urban Pop 2021Census: | 65.7% |
| Rural Pop 2021Census: | 34.3% |
| Area Km2: | 42061 |
| Area Km2 Ref: | [2] |
| Established Date: | November 4, 1920 |
| License Plates: | 18 |
| Iso: | RU-UD |
| Gov As Of: | March 2011 |
| Leader Title: | Head |
| Leader Title Ref: | [3] |
| Leader Name: | Aleksandr Brechalov |
| Legislature: | State Council |
| Website: | http://www.udmurt.ru/en/ |
| Date: | April 2017 |
Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk.
It was established as the Udmurt (until 1931 — Votskaya) Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920.[4]
The name Udmurt comes from Uncoded languages: odo-mort ('meadow people'), where the first part represents the Permic root Uncoded languages: od or Uncoded languages: odo ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts[5] are referred to as ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian name .[6]
The second part Uncoded languages: murt means 'person' (cf. Komi, Mari). It is probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: Uncoded languages: mertä or Uncoded languages: martiya ('person, man'; Sanskrit: Manus or Manushya), which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term Indic languages: maryá- ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf. Old Indic ('young warrior') and ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[7] The Indo-Europeanists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in the Bronze Age.[8] [9]
On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in particular. Recently, the most relevant is the version of V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either from Indo-Iranian *anta 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic Uncoded languages: *anda/Uncoded languages: *ant 'oath (in fidelity), comrade, friend'.[10]
On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed.[11] On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast,[12] which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from the Ukrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.
On October 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Udmurt ASSR adopted a law according to which the Udmurt ASSR acquired a new name — the Udmurt Republic[13]
The republic is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and borders Kirov, Perm, Bashkortostan, and Tatarstan.[14]
Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of the rivers Kama and its right tributary the Vyatka.
The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well-developed transport system (including air, land, and water).
Udmurtia borders Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm Oblast to the east, and the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics to the south.
The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, snowy winters. Annual precipitation averages 400–600 mm.
| January | ||
| July |
See main article: Administrative divisions of Udmurtia.
Population:
Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1,000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1,000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1,000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1,000). Natural decline of the population was measured at −0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant −0.07% for rural areas (the average for Russia was −0.33% in 2007).[15]
Source[16]
| Average population (× 1,000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1,000) | Crude death rate (per 1,000) | Natural change (per 1,000) | Total fertility rate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1,421 | 23,286 | 13,265 | 10,021 | 16.4 | 9.3 | 7.1 | ||
| 1975 | 1,459 | 26,497 | 14,666 | 11,831 | 18.2 | 10.1 | 8.1 | ||
| 1980 | 1,508 | 27,601 | 16,862 | 10,739 | 18.3 | 11.2 | 7.1 | ||
| 1985 | 1,562 | 29,343 | 17,553 | 11,790 | 18.8 | 11.2 | 7.5 | ||
| 1990 | 1,614 | 24,345 | 15,816 | 8,529 | 15.1 | 9.8 | 5.3 | 2.04 | |
| 1991 | 1,619 | 22,213 | 16,002 | 6,211 | 13.7 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 1.90 | |
| 1992 | 1,623 | 20,074 | 18,063 | 2,011 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 1.73 | |
| 1993 | 1,622 | 17,126 | 21,923 | −4,797 | 10.6 | 13.5 | −3.0 | 1.48 | |
| 1994 | 1,619 | 16,874 | 24,183 | −7,309 | 10.4 | 14.9 | −4.5 | 1.45 | |
| 1995 | 1,615 | 15,484 | 22,445 | −6,961 | 9.6 | 13.9 | −4.3 | 1.32 | |
| 1996 | 1,610 | 14,877 | 20,641 | −5,764 | 9.2 | 12.8 | −3.6 | 1.26 | |
| 1997 | 1,606 | 15,368 | 19,881 | −4,513 | 9.6 | 12.4 | −2.8 | 1.30 | |
| 1998 | 1,603 | 16,130 | 19,080 | −2,950 | 10.1 | 11.9 | −1.8 | 1.36 | |
| 1999 | 1,598 | 15,793 | 20,745 | −4,952 | 9.9 | 13.0 | −3.1 | 1.32 | |
| 2000 | 1,592 | 16,256 | 21,852 | −5,596 | 10.2 | 13.7 | −3.5 | 1.36 | |
| 2001 | 1,583 | 16,636 | 22,810 | −6,174 | 10.5 | 14.4 | −3.9 | 1.38 | |
| 2002 | 1,572 | 17,746 | 24,520 | −6,774 | 11.3 | 15.6 | −4.3 | 1.46 | |
| 2003 | 1,561 | 17,982 | 24,571 | −6,589 | 11.5 | 15.7 | −4.2 | 1.47 | |
| 2004 | 1,552 | 18,238 | 23,994 | −5,756 | 11.7 | 15.5 | −3.7 | 1.47 | |
| 2005 | 1,543 | 17,190 | 24,006 | −6,816 | 11.1 | 15.6 | −4.4 | 1.38 | |
| 2006 | 1,535 | 17,480 | 22,011 | −4,531 | 11.4 | 14.3 | −3.0 | 1.40 | |
| 2007 | 1,529 | 19,667 | 21,727 | −2,060 | 12.9 | 14.2 | −1.3 | 1.57 | |
| 2008 | 1,525 | 20,421 | 21,436 | −1,015 | 13.4 | 14.1 | −0.7 | 1.65 | |
| 2009 | 1,523 | 21,109 | 20,227 | 882 | 13.9 | 13.3 | 0.6 | 1.71 | |
| 2010 | 1,522 | 21,684 | 21,100 | 584 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 0.4 | 1.78 | |
| 2011 | 1,519 | 21,905 | 20,358 | 1,547 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 1.0 | 1.83 | |
| 2012 | 1,518 | 23,225 | 19,526 | 3,699 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 2.4 | 1.98 | |
| 2013 | 1,517 | 22,138 | 19,332 | 2,806 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 1.9 | 1.92 | |
| 2014 | 1,517 | 22,060 | 19,461 | 2,599 | 14.5 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 1.96 | |
| 2015 | 1,517 | 22,195 | 19,533 | 2,662 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 1.7 | 2.01 | |
| 2016 | 1,517 | 21,024 | 19,090 | 1,934 | 13.8 | 12.6 | 1.2 | 1.96 | |
| 2017 | 1,515 | 17,954 | 18,130 | −176 | 11.9 | 12.0 | -0.1 | 1.72 |
TFR source[17]
According to the 2021 Census,[18] Russians make up 67.7% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts make up only 24.1%. Other groups include Tatars (5.5%), Mari (0.5%), Ukrainians (0.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.
| Ethnic group | 1926 Census[19] | 1970 Census[20] | 1979 Census[21] | 1989 Census[22] | 2002 Census[23] | 2010 Census | 2021 Census | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||||||
| Udmurts | 395,607 | 52.3% | 484,168 | 34.2% | 479,702 | 32.1% | 496,522 | 30.9% | 460,584 | 29.3% | 410,584 | 28.0% | 299,874 | 24.1% | |||||
| Besermyan | 9,200 | 1.2% | 2,998 | 0.2% | 2,111 | 0.1% | 1,903 | 0.2% | |||||||||||
| Russians | 327,493 | 43.3% | 809,563 | 57.1% | 870,270 | 58.3% | 945,216 | 58.9% | 944,108 | 60.1% | 912,539 | 62.2% | 841,581 | 67.7% | |||||
| Tatars | 17,135 | 2.3% | 87,150 | 6.1% | 99,139 | 6.6% | 110,490 | 6.9% | 109,218 | 7.0% | 98,831 | 6.7% | 67,964 | 5.5% | |||||
| Others | 6,781 | 0.9% | 36,794 | 2.6% | 43,061 | 2.9% | 53,435 | 3.3% | 53,408 | 3.4% | 42,558 | 2.9% | 31,540 | 2.5% | |||||
| 1 210,052 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[24] | |||||||||||||||||||
Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.[25]
According to a 2012 survey, 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Eastern Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or to Udmurt Vos (Udmurt native faith), 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious," 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk (founded 1927) under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin (Kostenkov) (2015), the Eparchy of Glazov (founded 1889) under Bishop Viktor (Sergeyev) and the Eparchy of Sarapul (founded 1868) under Bishop Anthony (Prostikhin) (2015).
See also: History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan. Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars, Kryashens, Bashkirs, Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts, Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.[26] [27] [28] [29] The Udmurt Jewry had formed the local variety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);[30] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centers Izhevsk, Sarapul, and Votkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centers Kambarka, Alnashi, Agryz and Naberezhnye Chelny). One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.[31] [32]
See also: Udmurt cuisine and Music in Udmurtia. Udmurt folklore is understood both in a broad sense (- folk knowledge, folk wisdom), and in a narrower one (- folk poetry, oral poetry). In everyday life, folklore is not divided into genres, it is perceived in unity with material culture, with religious, legal and ethical aspects. Popular terms-definitions have incorporated the ritual action, symbolically figurative and magically forming words, musical and choreographic behavior .[33]