United States Explained

Conventional Long Name:United States of America
Common Name:United States
Flag Type Article:Flag of the United States
Symbol Type Article:Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
National Motto:"In God We Trust"
National Anthem:"The Star-Spangled Banner"[1]
March:"The Stars and Stripes Forever"[2]

-->

Map Width:220px
Capital:Washington, D.C.
38.8833°N -78°W
Largest City:New York City
40.7167°N -74°W
Official Languages:None at the federal level
Languages Type:National language
Languages:English
Ethnic Groups:
Ethnic Groups Year:2020
Ethnic Groups Ref:[3] [4] [5]
Demonym:American[6]
Government Type:Federal presidential republic
Leader Title1:President
Leader Name1:Joe Biden
Leader Title2:Vice President
Leader Name2:Kamala Harris
Leader Title3:House Speaker
Leader Name3:Mike Johnson
Leader Title4:Chief Justice
Leader Name4:John Roberts
Legislature:Congress
Upper House:Senate
Lower House:House of Representatives
Sovereignty Type:Independence
Sovereignty Note:from Great Britain
Established Event1:Declaration
Established Event2:Confederation
Established Event3:Recognized
Established Event4:Constitution
Area Link:Geography of the United States
Area Label:Total area
Area Footnote:[7]
Area Rank:3rd
Area Sq Mi:3,796,742
Percent Water:7.0[8] (2010)
Area Label2:Land area
Area Data2:3531905sqmi (3rd)
Population Census: 331,449,281[9]
Population Census Year:2020
Population Estimate: 334,914,895[10]
Population Estimate Year:2023
Population Census Rank:3rd
Population Density Sq Mi:87
Population Density Rank:185th
Gdp Ppp: $28.781 trillion[11]
Gdp Ppp Year:2024
Gdp Ppp Rank:2nd
Gdp Ppp Per Capita: $85,373
Gdp Ppp Per Capita Rank:8th
Gdp Nominal: $28.781 trillion
Gdp Nominal Year:2024
Gdp Nominal Rank:1st
Gdp Nominal Per Capita: $85,373
Gdp Nominal Per Capita Rank:6th
Gini:41.7
Gini Year:2022
Gini Change:increase
Gini Ref:[12]
Hdi:0.927
Hdi Year:2022
Hdi Change:increase
Hdi Ref:[13]
Hdi Rank:20th
Currency:U.S. dollar ($)
Currency Code:USD
Utc Offset:−4 to −12, +10, +11
Utc Offset Dst:−4 to −10
Date Format:mm/dd/yyyy
Drives On:Right
Calling Code:+1
Iso3166code:US
Cctld:.us[14]
Religion Year:2023
Religion Ref:[15]

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal union of 50 states, which also includes its federal capital district of Washington, D.C., and 326 Indian reservations. The 48 contiguous states are bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The State of Alaska is non-contiguous and lies to the northwest, while the State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also asserts sovereignty over five major unincorporated island territories and various uninhabited islands. The country has the world's third-largest land area, second-largest exclusive economic zone, and third-largest population, exceeding 334 million.

Paleo-Indians migrated across the Bering land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and went on to form various civilizations and societies. British colonization led to the first settlement of the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political representation sparked the American Revolution, with the Second Continental Congress formally declaring independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the 1775 - 1783 Revolutionary War, the country continued to expand across North America. As more states were admitted, sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the 1861–1865 American Civil War. With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a great power. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II. The aftermath of the war left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers and led to the Cold War, during which both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance and international influence. Following the Soviet Union's collapse and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the U.S. emerged as the world's sole superpower, wielding significant geopolitical influence globally.

The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a bicameral national legislature composed of the House of Representatives, a lower house based on population; and the Senate, an upper house based on equal representation for each state. Substantial autonomy is given to the states and several territories, with a political culture promoting liberty, equality, individualism, personal autonomy, and limited government.

One of the world's most developed countries, the United States has had the largest nominal GDP since about 1890 and accounted for 15% of the global economy in 2023. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any country and has the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries. The U.S. ranks among the world's highest in economic competitiveness, productivity, innovation, and higher education. Its hard power and cultural influence have a global reach. The U.S. is a founding member of the World Bank, Organization of American States, NATO, and United Nations, as well as a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Etymology

The first documented use of the phrase "United States of America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go "with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary War effort.[16] [17] The first known public usage is an anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, The Virginia Gazette, on April 6, 1776.[18] [19] [20] By June 1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence. The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.[21]

History

Indigenous peoples

The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia across the Bering land bridge about 12,000 years ago; the Clovis culture, which appeared around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the Americas. Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture, developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies. In the post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest.[22] Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000 to nearly 10 million.

European settlement (from 1492) and the Thirteen Colonies (1607 - 1776)

See main article: Colonial history of the United States.

See also: European colonization of the Americas.

Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California.[23] [24] [25] France established its own settlements along the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico.[26] British colonization of the East Coast began with the Virginia Colony (1607) and Plymouth Colony (1620).[27] [28] The Mayflower Compact and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. While European settlers in what is now the United States experienced conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging European tools for food and animal pelts.[29] Relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.[30] [31] Along the eastern seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through the Atlantic slave trade.[32]

The original Thirteen Colonies that would later found the United States were administered by Great Britain,[33] and had local governments with elections open to most white male property owners.[34] [35] The colonial population grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations;[36] by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas.[37] The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance,[38] and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled colonial interest in religious liberty.[39]

American Revolution and the early republic (1776 - 1820)

See main article: American Revolution and American Revolutionary War. After winning the French and Indian War, Britain began to assert greater control over local colonial affairs, creating colonial political resistance; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial of their rights as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in the British government that taxed them. In 1774, the First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting the American Revolutionary War. At the Second Continental Congress, the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and created a committee led by Thomas Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted on July 4, 1776, two days after passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation.[40] The political values of the American Revolution included liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the people;[41] supporting republicanism and rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of political corruption.[42] The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, John Adams and many others, were inspired by Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.[43] [44]

After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781 American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S. gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to Spanish Florida.[45] The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized government that operated until 1789. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion of existing states.[46] The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together ensured a system of checks and balances. George Washington was elected the country's first president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns about the power of the more centralized government. His resignation as commander-in-chief after the Revolution and later refusal to run for a third term established the precedent of peaceful transfer of power and supremacy of civil authority.[47]

Westward expansion and Civil War (1820 - 1865)

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) from France nearly doubled the territory of the United States.[48] [49] Lingering issues with Britain remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a draw.[50] [51] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in 1819.[52] In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.[53] The Missouri Compromise attempted to balance desires of northern states to prevent expansion of slavery in the country with those of southern states to expand it, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 36°30′ parallel.[54] As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by Native Americans, the federal government often applied policies of Indian removal or assimilation.[55] [56] Organized displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of the Mississippi.[57] [58] The Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845,[59] and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest.[60] Victory in the Mexican–American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest.[61] Issues of slavery in the new territories acquired were temporarily resolved by the Compromise of 1850.[62]

During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, though the practice began to be significantly questioned during the American Revolution. States in the North enacted abolition laws, though support for slavery strengthened in Southern states, as inventions such as the cotton gin made the institution increasingly profitable for Southern elites.[63] [64] This sectional conflict regarding slavery culminated in the American Civil War (1861–1865).[65] [66] Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, while the other states remained in the Union.[67] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter.[68] After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the Union Army.[69] The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of Appomattox Court House.[70] The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African Americans. National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in the American frontier.[71]

Post - Civil War era (1865 - 1917)

See main article: History of the United States (1865–1917).

From 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.[72] Most came through the port of New York City, and New York City and other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish, and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England.[73] During the Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for urban areas in the North.[74] Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867.[75]

The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white supremacists took local control of Southern politics.[76] [77] African Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race relations.[78] [79] A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson, emptied the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which would be reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation.[80]

An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor[81] led to rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.[82] [83] This fostered the amassing of power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent competition.[84] Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry.[85] These changes were accompanied by significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment for labor unions to begin to flourish.[86] [87] [88] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant reforms.[89] [90]

Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898. That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's defeat in the Spanish–American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)[91] American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War.[92] The U.S. Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[93]

Rise as a superpower (1917 - 1945)

See main article: History of the United States (1917–1945).

The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.[94] In 1920, a constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.[95] During the 1920s and '30s, radio for mass communication and the invention of early television transformed communications nationwide. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with the New Deal, a series of sweeping programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations.[96] [97]

Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the war in December after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[98] [99] The U.S. developed the first nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, ending the war.[100] [101] The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war world, alongside the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China. The U.S. emerged relatively unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence.[102]

Cold War (1945 - 1991)

See main article: Cold War. After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two countries to dominate world affairs.[103] The U.S. engaged in regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with the Soviet Union, and competed in the Space Race, culminating in the first crewed Moon landing in 1969.[104] [105] [106] [107] Domestically, the U.S. experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth following World War II. The civil rights movement emerged, with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early 1960s.[108] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon Johnson's administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws, policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional racism.[109] The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality. It also encouraged open defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S. intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).[110] [111] [112] The societal shift in the roles of women partly resulted in large increases in female labor participation in the 1970s, and by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and older were employed.[113] The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which marked the end of the Cold War and solidified the U.S. as the world's sole superpower.[114] [115] [116] [117]

Contemporary (1991 - present)

See main article: History of the United States (2008–present).

The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a dramatic decline in crime, and advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning all emerging and improved upon throughout the decade. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.[118]

In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring Kuwait.[119] The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on terror, and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.[120] [121] The cultural impact of the attacks was profound and long-lasting.

The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession, the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[122] Coming to a head in the 2010s, political polarization increased as sociopolitical debates on cultural issues dominated politics.[123] [124] [125] This polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol attack, when a mob of insurrectionists entered the U.S. Capitol and attempted to prevent the peaceful transfer of power.[126]

Geography

See main article: Geography of the United States.

See also: Borders of the United States.

The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area behind Russia and Canada.[127] [128] The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3119885sqmi.[129] [130] The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau region.[131]

The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.[132] The Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, peaking at over in Colorado.[133] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.[134] In the northwest corner of Arizona, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.

The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the State of California,[135] about 84miles apart.[136] At an elevation of 20310feet, Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and continent.[137] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[138] In 2021, the United States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland.[139]

Climate

See main article: Climate of the United States.

See also: Climate change in the United States.

With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes most climate types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.[140] The western Great Plains are semi-arid. Many mountainous areas of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.[141]

States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[142] Overall, the United States receives more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country.[143] [144] Extreme weather became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe.[145]

Biodiversity and conservation

See main article: Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States.

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[146] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784 birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[147] and around 91,000 insect species.[148]

There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park Service and other agencies.[149] About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed,[150] primarily in the western states.[151] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military purposes.[152] [153]

Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy, air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,[154] [155] and climate change.[156] [157] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most environmental-related issues.[158] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act.[159] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements and enforces the Act.[160] In 2024, the U.S. ranked 34th among 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index.[161] The country joined the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2016 and has many other environmental commitments.[162]

Government and politics

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island possessions.[163] The world's oldest surviving federation,[164] the U.S. has the world's oldest national constitution still in effect (from March 4, 1789). Its presidential system of government has been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent nations following decolonization.[165] It is a liberal representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law."[166] The Constitution of the United States serves as the country's supreme legal document, also establishing the structure and responsibilities of the national federal government and its relationship with the individual states.[167]

According to V-Dem Institute's 2023 Human Rights Index, the United States ranks among the highest in the world for human rights.[168]

National government

See main article: Federal government of the United States. Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C., the federal government is the national government of the United States. It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[169]

The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system, where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world copied this aspect of the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the Americas.[177]

Political parties

See main article: Political parties in the United States and List of political parties in the United States.

See also: Political party strength in U.S. states.

The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties.[178] Since then, the United States has operated as a de facto two-party system, though the parties in that system have been different at different times.[179] The two main national parties are presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former is perceived as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived as relatively conservative.[180]

Subdivisions

See main article: U.S. state.

See also: State governments of the United States.

In the American federal system, sovereign powers are shared between two levels of elected government: national and state. People in the states are also represented by local elected governments, which are administrative divisions of the states.[181] States are subdivided into counties or county equivalents, and further divided into municipalities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, the city of Washington.[182] The territories and the District of Columbia are administrative divisions of the federal government.[183] Federally recognized tribes govern 326 Indian reservations.[184]

Foreign relations

See main article: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States.

The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and it has the world's second-largest diplomatic corps . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,[185] and home to the United Nations headquarters.[186] The United States is a member of the G7,[187] G20,[188] and OECD intergovernmental organizations.[189] Almost all countries have embassies and many have consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United States, except Iran,[190] North Korea,[191] and Bhutan.[192] Though Taiwan does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains close unofficial relations.[193] The United States regularly supplies Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese aggression.[194] Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.[195]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom[196] and strong ties with Canada,[197] Australia,[198] New Zealand,[199] the Philippines,[200] Japan,[201] South Korea,[202] Israel,[203] and several European Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).[204] The U.S. works closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.[205] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.[206] It has increasingly conducted strategic cooperation with India,[207] but its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.[208] [209] Since 2014, the U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine;[210] it has also provided the country with significant military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion.[211]

Military

See main article: United States Armed Forces.

See also: Military history of the United States. The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Force.[212] The Coast Guard is administered by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred to the Department of the Navy in wartime.[213]

The United States spent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by far the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.[214] [215] The U.S. has 42% of the world's nuclear weapons, the second-largest share after Russia.[216]

The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.[217] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities abroad,[218] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[219]

Law enforcement and crime

See main article: Law of the United States, Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States.

See also: Censorship in the United States and Race and crime in the United States. There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level in the United States.[220] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in their respective state, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[221] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,[222] and federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court decisions.[223]

As of January 2023, the United States has the sixth-highest per-capita incarceration rate in the world, at 531 people per 100,000; and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with almost 2 million people incarcerated.[224] [225] [226] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[227]

Economy

See main article: Economy of the United States.

The U.S. has been the world's largest economy nominally since about 1890.[228] The 2023 nominal U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of more than $27 trillion was the highest in the world, constituting over 25% of the global economy or 15% at purchasing power parity (PPP).[229] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the Group of Seven.[230] The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,[231] second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP), and ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita. It possesses the highest disposable household income per capita among OECD countries.[232]

Of the world's 500 largest companies, 136 are headquartered in the U.S. as of 2023[233] - the highest number of any country.[234] The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the de facto currency.[235] [236] It has free trade agreements with several countries, including the USMCA.[237] The U.S. ranked second in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.[238] Although the United States has reached a post-industrial level of development[239] and is often described as having a service economy,[240] it still remains a major industrial power.[241], the U.S. is the second-largest manufacturing country after China.[242] New York City is the world's principal financial center[243] [244] and the epicenter of the world's largest metropolitan economy.[245] The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.[246] [247] The United States is at or near the forefront of technological advancement and innovation[248] in many economic fields, especially in artificial intelligence; computers; pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.[249] The country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[250] The largest U.S. trading partners are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and Taiwan.[251] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter. It is by far the world's largest exporter of services.[252]

Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states,[253] and the fourth-highest median household income,[254] up from sixth-highest in 2013.[255] With personal consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[256] the U.S. has a heavily consumer-driven economy and is by far the world's largest consumer market.[257] Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population own 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% own just 2%.[258] Income inequality in the U.S. remains at record highs,[259] with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all income[260] and giving the U.S. one of the widest income distributions among OECD members.[261] [262] The U.S. ranks first in the number of dollar billionaires and millionaires, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires as of 2023.[263] There were about 582,500 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in 2022, with 60% staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[264] In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.[265] Feeding America estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and do not know where they will get their next meal or when.[266] 37.9 million people, or 11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.[267]

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than most other high-income countries.[268] [269] It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation nationally[270] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid family leave as a legal right.[271] The United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.[272]

Science, technology and energy

See main article: Science and technology in the United States, Science policy of the United States and Energy in the United States.

See also: Communications in the United States. The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century.[273] Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products in the late 19th century.[274] By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production. The United States is widely considered to be the leading country in the development of artificial intelligence technology[275] [276] [277] and maintains a space program since the late 1950s, with plans for long-term habitation of the Moon.[278]

In 2022, the United States was the country with the second-highest number of published scientific papers.[279] As of 2021, the U.S. ranked second by the number of patent applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications.[280] In 2023, the United States ranked third in the Global Innovation Index.[281] The U.S. has the highest total research and development expenditure of any country[282] and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.[283] In 2023, the United States was ranked as the second most technologically advanced country in the world by Global Finance.[284]

, the United States receives approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel and the largest source of the country's energy came from petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources (9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%).[285] [286] The United States constitutes less than 4% of the world's population, but consumes around 16% of the world's energy.[287] The U.S. ranks as the second-highest emitter of greenhouse gases.[288]

Transportation

See main article: Transportation in the United States.

Personal transportation in the United States is dominated by automobiles,[289] [290] which operate on a network of 4e6mi of public roads, making it the longest network in the world.[291] [292] The Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the Ford Model T, both American cars, are considered the first mass-produced[293] and mass-affordable[294] cars, respectively. As of 2023, the United States is the second-largest manufacturer of motor vehicles[295] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable car company.[296] American automotive company General Motors held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.[297] The American automotive industry is the world's second-largest automobile market by sales, having been overtaken by China in 2010,[298] and the U.S. has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world,[299] with 910 vehicles per 1000 people.[300] By value, the U.S. was the world's largest importer and third-largest exporter of cars in 2022.[301] The United States' rail transport network, the longest network in the world,[302] handles mostly freight.[303] [304]

The American civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.[305] The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways.[306] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the top five and the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[307] [308], there are 19,969 airports in the U.S., of which 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other activities.[309]

Of the fifty busiest container ports, four are located in the United States, of which the busiest is the Port of Los Angeles.[310] The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-longest, and total 41009km (25,482miles).[311]

Demographics

Population

See main article: Americans and Race and ethnicity in the United States.

See also: List of U.S. states by population.

The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents as of April 1, 2020,[312] making the United States the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[313] According to the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every 16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[314] In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[315] In 2023, the total fertility rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,[316] and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households in 2019.[317]

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.[318] White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East or North Africa form the largest racial and ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[319] [320] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population. Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1%, and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[321] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.[322]

Language

See main article: Languages of the United States. While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far the most commonly spoken and written.[323] Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws, such as U.S. naturalization requirements, standardize English, and most states have declared it the official language.[324] Three states and four U.S. territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[325] Alaska (twenty Native languages),[326] South Dakota (Sioux),[327] American Samoa (Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native American languages are spoken in the United States.[328] In Puerto Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.[329]

According to the American Community Survey in 2010, some 229 million people out of the total U.S. population of 308 million spoke only English at home. About 37 million spoke Spanish at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one million people or more include Chinese (2.8 million), Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), Korean (1.1 million), and German (1 million).[330]

Immigration

See main article: Immigration to the United States.

America's immigrant population of nearly 51 million is by far the world's largest in absolute terms.[331] [332] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly 27% of the overall U.S. population.[333] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens, 27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million) were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were unauthorized immigrants.[334] In 2019, the top countries of origin for immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).[335] In fiscal year 2022, over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.[336] The United States led the world in refugee resettlement for decades, admitting more refugees than the rest of the world combined.[337]

Religion

See also: List of religious movements that began in the United States. The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.[338] [339] Religious practice is widespread, among the most diverse in the world,[340] and profoundly vibrant.[341] The country has the world's largest Christian population.[342] Other notable faiths include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, many New Age movements, and Native American religions.[343] Religious practice varies significantly by region.[344] "Ceremonial deism" is common in American culture.[345]

The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or spiritual force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider themselves religious or spiritual.[346] [347] In the "Bible Belt", located within the Southern United States, evangelical Protestantism plays a significant role culturally, whereas New England and the Western United States tend to be more secular. Mormonism—a Restorationist movement, whose members migrated westward from Missouri and Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in 1847 after the assassination of Joseph Smith—remains the predominant religion in Utah to this day.[348]

Urbanization

See main article: Urbanization in the United States and List of United States cities by population. About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[349] In 2022, 333 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding two million.[350] Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[351]

Health

See also: Healthcare in the United States, Healthcare reform in the United States and Health insurance in the United States.

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), average American life expectancy at birth was 77.5 years in 2022 (74.8 years for men and 80.2 years for women). This was a gain of 1.1 years from 76.4 years in 2021, but the CDC noted that the new average "didn't fully offset the loss of 2.4 years between 2019 and 2021". The health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and higher overall mortality due to opioid overdoses and suicides were held mostly responsible for the previous drop in life expectancy.[352] The same report stated that the 2022 gains in average U.S. life expectancy were especially significant for men, Hispanics, and American Indian–Alaskan Native people (AIAN). Starting in 1998, the life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has been increasing ever since.[353] The U.S. has one of the highest suicide rates among high-income countries.[354] Approximately one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is overweight.[355] The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[356] The United States is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the population that does not carry health insurance.[357] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor (Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs' income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[358] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or restricted in 18 states.[359]

Education

American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12, "kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. It is operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general, children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[360] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any country in the world,[361] an average of $18,614 per year per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.[362] Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school, 62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and 14.2% earned a graduate degree.[363] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[364] The country has the most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[365] [366]

U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[367] [368] American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[369]

As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average, and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[370] Colleges and universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[371] student loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[372] and exceeded $1.7 trillion as of 2022.[373]

Culture and society

See main article: Culture of the United States and Society of the United States.

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in an "American Creed" emphasizing liberty, equality under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for limited government.[374] [375] Culturally, the country has been described as having the values of individualism and personal autonomy,[376] [377] as well as having a strong work ethic,[378] competitiveness,[379] and voluntary altruism towards others.[380] [381] [382] According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the highest rate in the world by a large margin.[383] The United States is home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[384] [385] It has acquired significant cultural and economic soft power.[386] [387]

Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.[388] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[389] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[390] [391] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of debate.[392] [393] [394] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[395] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[396] [397] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[398]

The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country under the First Amendment,[399] which protects flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese-majesty as forms of protected expression.[400] [401] [402] A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.[403] They are the "most supportive of freedom of the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship."[404] The U.S. is a socially progressive country[405] with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.[406] LGBT rights in the United States are advanced by global standards.[407] [408]

Literature

See main article: American philosophy.

Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various other Enlightenment philosophers. Before and shortly after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a demand for anti-British national literature.[409] Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller in New England, transcendentalism branched from Unitarianism as the first major American philosophical movement.[410] [411] During the nineteenth-century American Renaissance, writers like Walt Whitman and Harriet Beecher Stowe established a distinctive American literary tradition. As literacy rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural poor. Naturalism, regionalism, and realism - the latter associated with Mark Twain - were the major literary movements of the period.

While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures. Following the Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African diaspora.[412] [413] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great American Novel, while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of society.[414] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language. As of 2024 there have been 12 American laureates for the Nobel Prize in literature.[415]

Mass media

See main article: Mass media in the United States.

See also: Newspapers in the United States, Broadcasting in the United States, Public broadcasting in the United States, Internet in the United States, Radio in the United States and Video games in the United States.

Media is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated in New York Times Co. v. United States. The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[416], about 83% of Americans over age 12 listen to broadcast radio, while about 40% listen to podcasts.[417], there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[418] Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[419]

U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[420] About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[421] [422] With few exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation, by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo!, and Facebook - all of them American-owned.[423]

, the video game market of the United States is the world's largest by revenue.[424] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies in California alone.[425]

Theater

See main article: Theater in the United States.

The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been heavily influenced by the British theater.[426] By the middle of the 19th century America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show.[427] The central hub of the American theater scene is Manhattan, with its divisions of Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.[428]

Many movie and television stars have gotten their big break working in New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active community theater culture.[429]

The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award.[430]

Visual arts

See main article: Visual art of the United States and Architecture of the United States.

In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[431]

Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston, James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.[432]

The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.[433] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art museum in the United States.[434]

Music

See main article: Music of the United States.

American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[435] The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular have influenced American music.[436] Banjos were brought to America through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread production in the 19th century.[437] The electric guitar, first invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the development of rock and roll.[438]

Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century, developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton. Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[439] Country music developed in the 1920s,[440] rock and roll in the 1930s, and bluegrass[441] and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most celebrated songwriters.[442] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in the 1970s.[443]

The United States has the world's largest music market with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in 2022.[444] Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[445] Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as Frank Sinatra[446] and Elvis Presley,[447] became global celebrities and best-selling music artists, as have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,[448] Madonna,[449] Whitney Houston,[450] and Prince,[451] and the early 21st century, such as Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.[452]

Fashion

See main article: Fashion in the United States. The United States, along with China, collectively accounts for the majority of global apparel demand. Apart from professional business attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of American styles.[453] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the early 20th century.[454]

The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels cater to niche markets, such as pre teens. There has been a trend in the United States fashion towards sustainable clothing.[455] New York Fashion Week is one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice a year;[456] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[457] [458]

Cinema

The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following. Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking industry.[459] [460] [461] The major film studios of the United States are the primary source of the most commercially successful and most ticket-selling movies in the world.[462] [463] Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[464] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[465] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[466]

The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[467] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[468] [469] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[470] was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[471] The 21st century was marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival traditional cinema.[472] [473]

Cuisine

Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[474] beef, and milk, to create a distinctive American cuisine.[475] [476] New World crops, especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[477]

Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrant groups.[478] [479] [480] [481] Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are all widely consumed.[482] American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.[483] [484]

The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[485] [486] and employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly. It is the country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.[487] [488] The United States is home to over 220 Michelin Star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[489] Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[490] [491] [492] In the modern U.S., wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With more than 1100000acres under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[493] [494]

The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.[495] American restaurants developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by the 1940s.[496] [497] American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's,[498] [499] Kentucky Fried Chicken, and many others, have numerous outlets around the world.[500]

Sports

See main article: Sports in the United States.

See also: Professional sports leagues in the United States and United States at the Olympics.

The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[501] While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become popular worldwide.[502] Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact.[503] The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[504]

American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport in the United States;[505] the National Football League has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[506] However, baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football, the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[507] [508]

On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[509] and college football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[510] In the U.S., the intercollegiate sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[511]

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[512] The Olympic Games will be held in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[513] [514] [515]

In international competition, the U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer tournament four times each.[516] The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host, along with Canada and Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[517] The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was also hosted by the United States. Its final match was watched by 90,185, setting the world record for most-attended women's sporting event at the time.[518]

See also

References

Sources

External links

Government

History

Maps

Notes and References

  1. March 3, 1931. 14. H.R.. 71st United States Congress. An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America.
  2. Web site: uscode.house.gov. August 12, 1999. Public Law 105-225. uscode.house.gov. 112 Stat. 1263. Section 304. "The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march.". September 10, 2017.
  3. Web site: 2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country. United States Census. August 13, 2021.
  4. Web site: Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census. United States Census. August 13, 2021.
  5. Web site: A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data. August 13, 2021. NPR.
  6. Book: Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio. 1963. 336.
  7. Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per Web site: August 2010. State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. Census.gov. March 31, 2020. reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010..
  8. Web site: The Water Area of Each State. January 29, 2024. United States Geological Survey. 2018.
  9. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment. United States Census. April 26, 2021. The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.
  10. Web site: U.S. Population Trends Return to Pre-Pandemic Norms as More States Gain Population . December 23, 2023 . Census.gov.
  11. Web site: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (United States) . . www.imf.org . April 16, 2024 . April 16, 2024.
  12. Web site: Income in the United States: 2022. US Census. Bureau. Census.gov . 47. July 1, 2024.
  13. Web site: Human Development Report 2023/24. en. United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. March 13, 2024.
  14. Web site: The Difference Between .us vs .com. January 3, 2022. Cozab. August 11, 2023. April 16, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/. dead.
  15. Web site: Staff . June 8, 2007. In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) . July 1, 2024 . . en.
  16. News: DeLear . Byron . July 4, 2013 . Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer . The Christian Science Monitor . Boston, MA.
  17. Web site: Fay . John . July 15, 2016 . The forgotten Irishman who named the 'United States of America' . According to the NY Historical Society, Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase 'United States of America'. But who was Stephen Moylan? . IrishCentral.com.
  18. News: The Virginia Gazette. To the inhabitants of Virginia . ((A PLANTER)) . April 6, 1776 . Williamsburg, Virginia . Dixon and Hunter's . 1287. https://web.archive.org/web/20141219053616/https://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGIssueThumbs.cfm?IssueIDNo=76.DH.16. December 19, 2014. 5.
  19. Web site: A Planter' s Address to the Inhabitants of Virginia . American Archives . Northern Illinois University . May 25, 2024.
  20. News: DeLear . Byron . Who coined 'United States of America'? Mystery might have intriguing answer. . May 25, 2024 . Christian Science Monitor.
  21. [#Davis96|Davis 1996]
  22. Book: Johansen, Bruce . The Native Peoples of North America: A History, Volume 1 . 2006 . Rutgers University Press . 978-0-8135-3899-0 .
  23. Davis . Frederick T. . 1932 . The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513 . The QUARTERLY Periodical of THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY . XI . 1 . 5–6.
  24. Book: Florida Center for Instructional Technology . A Short History of Florida . 2002 . University of South Florida . Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain.
  25. Web site: February 28, 2015 . Not So Fast, Jamestown: St. Augustine Was Here First . March 5, 2021 . NPR . en.
  26. Book: Petto . When France Was King of Cartography: The Patronage and Production of Maps in Early Modern France . Lexington Books . 2007 . 978-0-7391-6247-7 . 125.
  27. Book: Seelye . James E. Jr. . Shaping North America: From Exploration to the American Revolution [3 volumes] . Selby . Shawn . ABC-CLIO . 2018 . 978-1-4408-3669-5 . 344.
  28. Book: Bellah . Robert Neelly . Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life . Madsen . Richard . Sullivan . William M. . Swidler . Ann . Tipton . Steven M. . University of California Press . 1985 . 978-0-520-05388-5 . 220 . 7708974M.
  29. [United States#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]
  30. [United States#Ripper2008|Ripper, 2008]
  31. [United States#Calloway1998|Calloway, 1998]
  32. Book: Thomas, Hugh . The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 14401870 . Simon and Schuster . 1997 . 0-684-83565-7 . 516 . registration.
  33. Book: Bilhartz, Terry D. . Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States . Elliott, Alan C. . M.E. Sharpe . 2007 . 978-0-7656-1817-7 . registration.
  34. Book: Wood . The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 . UNC Press Books . 1998 . 978-0-8078-4723-7 . 263.
  35. Ratcliffe . Donald . 2013 . The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828 . Journal of the Early Republic . 33 . 2 . 220 . 10.1353/jer.2013.0033 . 145135025 . 0275-1275.
  36. [United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]
  37. [United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]
  38. Book: Otis . The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved . 1763 . 978-0-665-52678-7.
  39. Book: Foner . Eric . The Story of American Freedom . 1998 . W.W. Norton . 978-0-393-04665-6 . 1st . 4–5 . story of American freedom. . registration.
  40. Book: Fabian Young, Alfred . Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Nash, Gary B. . Raphael, Ray . Random House Digital . 2011 . 978-0-307-27110-5 . 4–7.
  41. Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370
  42. Richard Buel, Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (1972)
  43. Becker et al (2002), ch 1
  44. Web site: June 19, 2006 . Republicanism . September 20, 2022 . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  45. Web site: Miller . Hunter . British-American Diplomacy: The Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783 . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School.
  46. Shōsuke Satō, History of the land question in the United States, Johns Hopkins University, (1886), p. 352
  47. [United States#Boyer|Boyer, 2007]
  48. Web site: Louisiana Purchase . March 1, 2011 . National Park Service.
  49. Web site: Harriss . Joseph A. . How the Louisiana Purchase Changed the World . June 25, 2024 . Smithsonian Magazine . en.
  50. Book: Wait, Eugene M. . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . 1999 . 978-1-56072-644-9 . 78.
  51. Web site: April 10, 2024 . War of 1812 . June 25, 2024 . . en-US.
  52. Book: Klose, Nelson . United States History to 1877 . Jones, Robert F. . Barron's Educational Series . 1994 . 978-0-8120-1834-9 . 150.
  53. Book: Carlisle . Rodney P. . Manifest destiny and the expansion of America . Golson . J. Geoffrey . 2007 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-834-7 . Turning Points in History Series . Santa Barbara, Calif. . 238 . 659807062.
  54. Hammond. John Craig. March 2019. President, Planter, Politician: James Monroe, the Missouri Crisis, and the Politics of Slavery. Journal of American History. 105. 4. 843–867. 10.1093/jahist/jaz002.
  55. Book: Frymer, Paul . Building an American empire : the era of territorial and political expansion . 2017 . . 978-1-4008-8535-0 . Princeton, New Jersey . 981954623.
  56. Book: Calloway, Colin G. . First peoples : a documentary survey of American Indian history . 2019 . Bedford/St. Martin's, Macmillan Learning . 978-1-319-10491-7 . 6th . Boston . 1035393060.
  57. Book: Michno, Gregory . Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890 . 2003 . Mountain Press Publishing . 978-0-87842-468-9.
  58. Book: Billington, Ray Allen . Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier . Ridge, Martin . UNM Press . 2001 . 978-0-8263-1981-4 . 22 . Martin Ridge (historian).
  59. Book: Morrison, Michael A. . Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . April 28, 1997 . University of North Carolina Press . 978-0-8078-4796-1 . 13–21.
  60. Book: Kemp, Roger L. . Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . 2010 . 978-0-7864-4210-2 . 180 . October 25, 2015.
  61. Book: McIlwraith, Thomas F. . North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Muller, Edward K. . Rowman & Littlefield . 2001 . 978-0-7425-0019-8 . 61 . October 25, 2015.
  62. Web site: Drexler . Ken . Research Guides: Compromise of 1850: Primary Documents in American History: Introduction . December 3, 2022 . guides.loc.gov . en.
  63. [United States#Walton|Walton, 2009]
  64. [United States#Gordon|Gordon, 2004]
  65. Book: Murray, Stuart . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . 2004 . 978-1-4381-3025-5 . 76 . October 25, 2015. Book: Lewis, Harold T. . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . 2001 . 978-1-56101-188-9 . 53.
  66. Woods . Michael E. . 2012 . What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature . The Journal of American History . [Oxford University Press, Organization of American Historians] . 99 . 2 . 415–439 . 10.1093/jahist/jas272 . 0021-8723 . 44306803 . April 29, 2023.
  67. Book: Silkenat, D. . Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . 2019 . 978-1-4696-4973-3 . Civil War America . 25 . April 29, 2023.
  68. Book: Vinovskis, Maris . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays . 1990 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-39559-5 . Cambridge; New York . 4.
  69. Web site: The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016. By the end of the Civil War, roughly 179,000 black men (10% of the Union Army) served as soldiers in the U.S. Army and another 19,000 served in the Navy..
  70. Davis, Jefferson. A Short History of the Confederate States of America, 1890, 2010. . Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  71. Book: Black, Jeremy . Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 . Indiana University Press . 2011 . 978-0-253-35660-4 . 275 . Jeremy Black (historian).
  72. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976) series C89-C119, pp 105–9
  73. Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1980) covers the history of all the main groups
  74. Web site: May 20, 2021 . The Great Migration (1910–1970) . National Archives.
  75. Web site: Purchase of Alaska, 1867 . December 23, 2014 . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State.
  76. Book: Woodward, C. Vann . Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction . 1991 . Oxford University Press . United Kingdom.
  77. Web site: Drew Gilpin Faust . Drew Gilpin Faust . Eric Foner . Eric Foner . Clarence E. Walker . Clarence E. Walker . White Southern Responses to Black Emancipation . American Experience.
  78. Book: Trelease, Allen W. . White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction . Harper & Row . 1979 . 0-313-21168-X . New York.
  79. Book: Shearer Davis Bowman . Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . 1993 . 978-0-19-536394-4 . 221 . registration.
  80. Plessy's Legacy: The Government's Role in the Development and Perpetuation of Segregated Neighborhoods . Ware . Leland . RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . February 2021 . 92–109 . 7 . 1 . 10.7758/rsf.2021.7.1.06 . 231929202 .
  81. Hirschman . Charles . Mogford . Elizabeth . December 1, 2009 . Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution From 1880 to 1920 . Social Science Research . 38 . 4 . 897–920 . 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 . 0049-089X . 2760060 . 20160966.
  82. Book: Carson . Thomas . Bonk . Mary . Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History . 1999 . Gale . Industrial Revolution.
  83. Book: Riggs . Thomas . Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History Vol. 3 . 2015 . Gale . 1179 . 2.
  84. Dole . Charles F. . 1907 . The Ethics of Speculation . . C . December 1907 . 812–818.
  85. Web site: The Pit Boss . February 26, 2021 . The Pit Stop: The American Automotive Industry Is Packed With History . December 5, 2021 . Rumble On.
  86. Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 589
  87. [United States#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]
  88. Book: Fraser, Steve . The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power . . 2015 . 978-0-316-18543-1 . 66.
  89. Aldrich, Mark. Safety First: Technology, Labor and Business in the Building of Work Safety, 1870-1939. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  90. Web site: Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929 U.S. History Primary Source Timeline Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress Library of Congress . November 11, 2023 . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
  91. Web site: The Spanish–American War, 1898 . December 24, 2014 . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State.
  92. Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.
  93. Web site: Virgin Islands History . January 5, 2018 . Vinow.com.
  94. McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). U.S. History Super Review. Piscataway, NJ: Research & Education Association. p. 418. .
  95. Larson . Elizabeth C. . Meltvedt . Kristi R. . 2021 . Women's suffrage: fact sheet . CRS Reports (Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service) . Report / Congressional Research Service . August 9, 2023.
  96. Book: Axinn . June . Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need . Stern . Mark J. . Allyn & Bacon . 2007 . 978-0-205-52215-6 . 7th . Boston.
  97. Book: James Noble Gregory . American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . 1991 . 978-0-19-507136-8 . October 25, 2015. Web site: . 2013 . Mass Exodus From the Plains . October 5, 2014 . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation. Web site: Fanslow . Robin A. . April 6, 1997 . The Migrant Experience . October 5, 2014 . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress. Book: Stein, Walter J. . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . 1973 . 978-0-8371-6267-6 . October 25, 2015.
  98. The official WRA record from 1946 states that it was 120,000 people. See Book: . The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study . 1946 . 8. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.
  99. Web site: Yamasaki . Mitch . Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History . https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf . December 13, 2014 . January 14, 2015 . World War II Internment in Hawaii.
  100. News: Why did Japan surrender in World War II? . en . The Japan Times . February 8, 2017.
  101. Pacific War Research Society (2006). Japan's Longest Day. New York: Oxford University Press. .
  102. Kennedy, Paul (1989). The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Vintage. p. 358.
  103. Book: Sempa, Francis . Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century . July 12, 2017 . Routledge . 978-1-351-51768-3.
  104. Web site: Blakemore . Erin . March 22, 2019 . What was the Cold War? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192349/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/topics/reference/cold-war/ . April 1, 2019 . August 28, 2020 . National Geographic . en.
  105. Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe," in Book: A Companion to Europe Since 1945 . Wiley . 2014 . 978-1-118-89024-0 . Larresm . Klaus . 79.
  106. [United States#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]
  107. Book: Collins, Michael . Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space . Grove Press . 1988 . 978-0-8021-1011-4 . New York . Michael Collins (astronaut) . registration.
  108. Web site: The Civil Rights Movement . January 5, 2019 . PBS.
  109. Book: Brinkley, Alan. Great Society . The Reader's Companion to American History. January 24, 1991 . Eric Foner. John Arthur Garraty. 0-395-51372-3. Houghton Mifflin Books. 472.
  110. Web site: Svetlana Ter-Grigoryan . February 12, 2022 . The Sexual Revolution Origins and Impact . April 27, 2023 . study.com.
  111. Levy . Daniel . January 19, 2018 . Behind the Protests Against the Vietnam War in 1968 . . May 5, 2021.
  112. Web site: August 25, 2022 . Playboy: American Magazine . February 2, 2023 . . ...the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations..
  113. Web site: Women in the Labor Force: A Databook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 21, 2014. 11. 2013.
  114. Book: Gaĭdar, E.T. . [{{GBUrl|bDSfnxYjVwAC|pg=PA102}} Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia ]. . 2007 . 978-0-8157-3114-6 . Washington, D.C. . 190–205.
  115. Book: Howell, Buddy Wayne . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 . Texas A&M University . 2006 . 978-0-549-41658-6 . 352.
  116. Book: Kissinger, Henry . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . 2011 . 978-1-4391-2631-8 . 781–784 . Henry Kissinger . October 25, 2015. Book: Mann, James . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . 2009 . 978-1-4406-8639-9 . 432.
  117. [United States#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]
  118. Web site: ((CFI Team)) . NASDAQ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231211163114/https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/ . December 11, 2023 . December 11, 2023 . Corporate Finance Institute . en-US.
  119. Book: Holsti, Ole R.. Ole R. Holsti. American Public Opinion on the Iraq War. 20. The United States and Iraq before the Iraq War. November 7, 2011. University of Michigan Press. 978-0-472-03480-2.
  120. News: Walsh, Kenneth T. . December 9, 2008 . The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy . U.S. News & World Report . March 6, 2013. Book: Atkins, Stephen E. . The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition . ABC-CLIO . 2011 . 978-1-59884-921-9 . 872 . October 25, 2015.
  121. News: Wong . Edward . February 15, 2008 . Overview: The Iraq War . The New York Times . March 7, 2013. Book: Johnson, James Turner . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . 2005 . 978-0-7425-4956-2 . 159 . October 25, 2015. News: Durando, Jessica . Green, Shannon Rae . December 21, 2011 . Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War . USA Today . Associated Press . dead . March 7, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 . September 4, 2020.
  122. News: Hilsenrath . Jon . Ng . Serena . Paletta . Damian . September 18, 2008 . Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight . . live . subscription . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141225040616/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122169431617549947 . December 25, 2014 . 1042-9840 . 781541372.
  123. Web site: Hamid . Shadi . January 8, 2022 . The Forever Culture War . October 1, 2023 . . en.
  124. Web site: Geiger . Abigail . June 12, 2014 . Political Polarization in the American Public . June 30, 2024 . Pew Research Center . en-US.
  125. Web site: Murray . Mark . Marquez . Alexandra . June 15, 2023 . Here's what's driving America's increasing political polarization . June 30, 2024 . NBC News . en.
  126. News: Rutenberg . Jim . Becker . Jo . Lipton . Eric . Haberman . Maggie . Martin . Jonathan . Rosenberg . Matthew . Schmidt . Michael S. . 77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election . The New York Times . January 31, 2021 . https://archive.today/20220618170015/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html . June 18, 2022 . live.
  127. Web site: United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. January 3, 2018. January 8, 2018.
  128. Web site: Area. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. January 15, 2015. January 31, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html. dead .
  129. Web site: Field Listing: Area. The World Factbook. cia.gov. April 21, 2020. July 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200707180005/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/279.html#as. dead.
  130. Web site: State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates—Geography—U.S. Census Bureau. State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates. U.S. Department of Commerce. September 11, 2017.
  131. Web site: Geographic Regions of Georgia. Georgia Info. Digital Library of Georgia. December 24, 2014.
  132. Web site: Lew. Alan. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US. https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112252/https://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch2.html. April 9, 2016. GSP 220—Geography of the United States. North Arizona University. December 24, 2014.
  133. Web site: Harms. Nicole. Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range. USA Today. December 24, 2014. February 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094150/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/rocky-mountain-range-11967.html. dead.
  134. Tinkham. Ernest R.. Biological, Taxonomic and Faunistic Studies on the Shield-Back Katydids of the North American Deserts. 2421073. 10.2307/2421073. The American Midland Naturalist. 31. 2. March 1944. 257–328. The University of Notre Dame.
  135. Web site: Mount Whitney, California. Peakbagger. December 24, 2014.
  136. Web site: Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates (Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W). Federal Communications Commission. December 24, 2014.
  137. Web site: Poppick. Laura. US Tallest Mountain's Surprising Location Explained. August 28, 2013. LiveScience. May 2, 2015.
  138. Web site: O'Hanlon. Larry. America's Explosive Park. March 14, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050314034001/https://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/under/under.html. March 14, 2005. Discovery Channel. April 5, 2016.
  139. Book: World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . December 13, 2023 . 2023 . en . 10.4060/cc8166en. 978-92-5-138262-2 .
  140. Web site: Boyden. Jennifer. Climate Regions of the United States. USA Today. December 24, 2014. February 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220212094152/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html. dead.
  141. Web site: World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification. August 19, 2015. January 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220126115149/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf. dead.
  142. News: Perkins, Sid. Tornado Alley, USA. https://web.archive.org/web/20070701131631/https://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020511/bob9.asp. July 1, 2007. September 20, 2006. May 11, 2002. Science News.
  143. Web site: USA has the world's most extreme weather. Rice. Doyle. USA Today. en. May 17, 2020.
  144. Web site: Borenstein . Seth . April 2, 2023 . Why the U.S. is leading the world in extreme weather catastrophes . June 25, 2024 . PBS News . en-us.
  145. Web site: US EPA. OAR. June 27, 2016. Climate Change Indicators: Weather and Climate. June 19, 2022. Epa.gov. en.
  146. Web site: Morin, Nancy. Vascular Plants of the United States. https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/https://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf. Plants. National Biological Service. October 27, 2008. July 24, 2013.
  147. Web site: Osborn. Liz. Number of Native Species in United States. Current Results Nexus. January 15, 2015.
  148. Web site: Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals). Smithsonian Institution. January 20, 2009.
  149. Web site: National Park FAQ. nps. National Park Service. May 8, 2015.
  150. News: Lipton. Eric. Krauss. Clifford. Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling. January 18, 2015. The New York Times. August 23, 2012.
  151. Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data. Congressional Research Service. March 3, 2017. June 18, 2020. Vincent. Carol H.. Hanson. Laura A.. Argueta. Carla N.. 2.
  152. Web site: Gorte. Ross W.. Vincent. Carol Hardy.. Hanson. Laura A.. Marc R.. Rosenblum. Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data. fas.org. Congressional Research Service. January 18, 2015.
  153. Web site: Chapter 6: Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use, Extraction, and Development. doi.gov. https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm. U.S. Department of the Interior. January 19, 2015. March 18, 2015.
  154. Web site: The National Atlas of the United States of America. Forest Resources of the United States. Nationalatlas.gov. January 14, 2013. January 13, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195541/https://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_forest.html. May 7, 2009 .
  155. Web site: Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, With Projections to 2050. 2003. January 13, 2014.
  156. [#Daynes|Daynes & Sussman, 2010]
  157. Hays, Samuel P. (2000). A History of Environmental Politics since 1945.
  158. Book: Collin, Robert W.. The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up America's Act. 2006. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-33341-5. 1. October 25, 2015.
  159. Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness, pp. 29 - 32
  160. Book: Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service. General Accounting Office, Diane Publishing. 978-1-4289-3997-4. 1–3, 42. October 25, 2015. 2003 .
  161. Web site: 2024-07-10 . Environmental Performance Index . 2024-07-10 . epi.yale.edu.
  162. Web site: United States of America. Global Climate Action – NAZCA. United Nations. November 18, 2020.
  163. Web site: Common Core Document of the United States of America. December 30, 2011. U.S. Department of State. July 10, 2015.
  164. Web site: Desjardins . Jeff . August 8, 2019 . Mapped: The world's oldest democracies . June 25, 2024 . World Economic Forum.
  165. Book: Ryan . David . David . Victor . Ryan . Pungong . The United States and Decolonization . 2000 . Springer . 10.1057/9780333977958 . 1887/72726 . 978-1-349-40644-9 .
  166. Scheb, John M.; Scheb, John M. II (2002). An Introduction to the American Legal System. Florence, KY: Delmar, p. 6. .
  167. [#Feldstein|Feldstein, Fabozzi, 2011]
  168. Herre . Bastian . Roser . Max . December 28, 2023 . The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure human rights? . Our World in Data.
  169. Web site: Killian, Johnny H. Ed. Constitution of the United States . February 11, 2012 . The Office of the Secretary of the Senate.
  170. Web site: The Legislative Branch. United States Diplomatic Mission to Germany. August 20, 2012.
  171. Web site: The Process for impeachment. ThinkQuest. August 20, 2012. April 8, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102119/https://library.thinkquest.org/25673/process.htm. dead .
  172. Web site: The Senate and the House of Representatives: lesson overview (article) . Khan Academy . en.
  173. Web site: The Executive Branch. The White House. February 11, 2017.
  174. Web site: Interpretation: Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3 Constitution Center . National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org . en.
  175. Book: Kermit L.. Hall. Kevin T.. McGuire. Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch. 2005. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-988374-5.
    Book: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Learn about the United States: Quick Civics Lessons for the Naturalization Test. 2013. Government Printing Office. 978-0-16-091708-0. 4.
    Book: Giddens-White, Bryon. The Supreme Court and the Judicial Branch. 2005. Heinemann Library. 978-1-4034-6608-2.
    Book: Zelden, Charles L.. The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. registration. 2007. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-85109-702-9. October 25, 2015.
    Web site: Federal Courts. . United States Courts. October 19, 2014.
  176. News: Beyond politics: Why Supreme Court justices are appointed for life. Roger. Cossack. CNN. July 13, 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20120712085825/https://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/07/columns/cossack.scotus.07.12. July 12, 2012 .
  177. Book: Sundquist, James L. . Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism . . 1997 . 0765600528 . Baaklini . Abdo I. . 53–72 . en . The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World . Desfosses . Helen.
  178. Book: Hofstadter . Richard . The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 . 1969 . University of California Press . iv . 9780520013896 . October 5, 2022.
  179. News: Blake . Aaron . Why are there only two parties in American politics? . May 4, 2024 . Washington Post . November 25, 2021.
  180. [Matthew Levendusky]
  181. Web site: Levy . Robert A. . Rights, Powers, Dual Sovereignty, and Federalism . Cato Institute . January 13, 2024 . October 2011.
  182. (a)(36) and (a)(38) U.S. Federal Code, Immigration and Nationality Act.
  183. Feldstein . Martin . March 2017 . Why is Growth Better in the United States Than in Other Industrial Countries? . . Cambridge, MA. 10.3386/w23221 .
  184. Web site: What is a federal Indian reservation? . August 26, 2023 . bia.gov . August 19, 2017 . Bureau of Indian Affairs.
  185. Web site: Current Members. United Nations Security Council. July 15, 2022.
  186. United Nations Headquarters Agreement. The American Journal of International Law . 42. 2. April 1948. 445–447. Cambridge University Press. 10.2307/2193692. 2193692. 246008694 .
  187. Web site: Where is the G7 Headed?. Council on Foreign Relations. New York City. June 28, 2022.
  188. Web site: The United States and G20: Building a More Peaceful, Stable, and Prosperous World Together. July 6, 2022. United States Department of State. July 15, 2022.
  189. Web site: Our global reach. OECD. July 15, 2022.
  190. Fialho . Livia Pontes . Wallin . Matthew . Reaching for an Audience: U.S. Public Diplomacy Towards Iran . August 1, 2013 . American Security Project . resrep06070.
  191. News: Which are the countries still talking to North Korea?. BBC News. London. December 19, 2017. July 15, 2022. Oliver. Alex. Graham. Euan.
  192. News: The Case for Stronger Bhutanese-American Ties. The Diplomat. December 22, 2014. Ferraro. Matthew F.. July 15, 2022.
  193. Web site: September 28, 2022 . US will continue to strengthen 'unofficial ties' with Taiwan, says Harris . September 28, 2022 . South China Morning Post . en.
  194. News: Formal Ties With U.S.? Not For Now, Says Taiwan Foreign Minister. NPR. September 22, 2020. Ruwitch. John. July 15, 2022.
  195. News: Kobara . Junnosuke . Moriyasu . Ken . March 27, 2021 . Japan will turn to Quad in 'nealsow Cold War': Defense Ministry think tank . April 13, 2021 . Nikkei Asia.
  196. Book: America's 'Special Relationships': Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance. 45. John. Axel. Schäfer. Dumbrell. 2009. Taylor & Francis . 978-0-203-87270-3. October 25, 2015.
  197. Web site: Canada–U.S. Relations. Ek, Carl. Ian F.. Fergusson. amp. Congressional Research Service. September 3, 2010. August 28, 2011.
  198. Book: Australia: Background and U.S. Relations. Vaughn, Bruce. Congressional Research Service. August 8, 2008. 70208969.
  199. Web site: New Zealand: Background and Bilateral Relations with the United States. Vaughn, Bruce. Congressional Research Service. May 27, 2011. August 28, 2011.
  200. Web site: The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests. Lum, Thomas. Congressional Research Service. January 3, 2011. August 3, 2011.
  201. Web site: Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress. Chanlett-Avery, Emma. Congressional Research Service. June 8, 2011. August 28, 2011. etal.
  202. Web site: U.S.–South Korea Relations: Issues for Congress. Mark E.. Manyin. Emma. Chanlett-Avery. Mary Beth. Nikitin. Congressional Research Service. July 8, 2011. August 28, 2011.
  203. Web site: Israel: Background and U.S. Relations. Zanotti, Jim. Congressional Research Service. July 31, 2014. September 12, 2014.
  204. Web site: January 20, 2021. U.S. Relations With Poland. State.gov. June 19, 2023.
  205. News: The Untapped Potential of the US-Colombia Partnership. September 26, 2019. Atlantic Council. en. May 30, 2020. Kimer . James .
  206. Book: Zelden, Charles L. . The Judicial Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics . ABC-CLIO . 2007 . 978-1-85109-702-9 . 217 . October 25, 2015 . registration.
    Book: Loren . Yager . Foreign Relations: Migration from Micronesian Nations Has Had Significant Impact on Guam, Hawaii, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Emil . Friberg . Leslie . Holen . 2003 . Diane Publishing . 978-0-7567-3394-0 . 7.
  207. Web site: INDO- PACIFIC STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES . White House . February 3, 2022.
  208. Meidan . Michal . US-China: The Great Decoupling . July 1, 2019 . . resrep33982.
  209. Web site: Bala . Sumathi . U.S.-China relations are going downhill with 'no trust' on either side, Stephen Roach says . May 7, 2023 . CNBC . March 28, 2023 . en.
  210. News: Rumer. Eugene. Sokolsky. Richard. Thirty Years of U.S. Policy Toward Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Broken?. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, D.C.. June 20, 2019. July 14, 2022.
  211. Web site: Macias . Amanda . Here's a look at the $5.6 billion in firepower the U.S. has committed to Ukraine in its fight against Russia . September 28, 2022 . CNBC . June 17, 2022 . en.
  212. Web site: Our Forces. United States Department of Defense. July 12, 2024.
  213. Web site: Happy 231st Birthday to the United States Coast Guard!. Lindsay. James M.. Council on Foreign Relations. New York City. August 4, 2021. July 16, 2022. During peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security. During wartime, or when the president or Congress so direct, it becomes part of the Department of Defense and is included in the Department of the Navy..
  214. Web site: April 2024 . Trends in Military Expenditure 2023 . April 22, 2024 . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  215. Web site: Data for all countries from 1988–2020 in constant (2019) USD (pdf). SIPRI. April 28, 2021. April 28, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428180002/https://sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932020%20in%20constant%20(2019)%20USD%20(pdf).pdf. live.
  216. Web site: 2024-06-17 . Role of nuclear weapons grows as geopolitical relations deteriorate—new SIPRI Yearbook out now SIPRI . 2024-06-18 . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . en.
  217. Book: Hackett . James . The military balance. 2023 . 2023 . Routledge . London . 978-1032508955.
  218. Web site: Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?. Harris. Johnny. May 18, 2015. Vox. September 23, 2020. dead. September 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200924114313/https://www.vox.com/2015/5/18/8600659/military-bases-united-states.
  219. Web site: Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A). https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211511/https://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1003.pdf. Department of Defense. March 31, 2010. October 7, 2010. July 24, 2013.
  220. Banks . Duren . Hendrix . Joshua . Hickman . Mathhew . October 4, 2016 . National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data . . 1.
  221. Web site: U.S. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Who Governs & What They Do. Chiff.com. November 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20140210040432/https://www.chiff.com/police/federal-police-agencies.htm. February 10, 2014.
  222. Book: Manweller. Mathew. Hogan. Sean O.. The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics. 2006. ABC-Clio. Santa Barbara, California. 978-1-85109-751-7. 37–96. https://books.google.com/books?id=ong5k8n97P4C&pg=PA55. October 5, 2020. Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts.
  223. Web site: Introduction To The Federal Court System. United States Attorney. November 7, 2014 . United States Department of Justice. July 14, 2022. Washington, D.C..
  224. http://www.prisonstudies.org/country/united-states-america United States of America
  225. http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest Highest to Lowest
  226. Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2023. Sawyer. Wendy. Wagner. Peter. March 14, 2023. Prison Policy Initiative. May 13, 2023.
  227. Grinshteyn. Erin. Hemenway. David. March 2016. Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries, 2010. The American Journal of Medicine. 129. 3. 226–273. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025. 26551975. June 18, 2017. free.
  228. Fordham . Benjamin . October 2017 . Protectionist Empire: Trade, Tariffs, and United States Foreign Policy, 1890–1914 . Studies in American Political Development . 31 . 2 . 170–192 . 10.1017/s0898588x17000116 . 148917255 . 0898-588X.
  229. Web site: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects . Imf.org.
  230. Hagopian . Kip . Ohanian . Lee . August 1, 2012 . The Mismeasure of Inequality . dead . Policy Review . 174 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012353/https://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 . December 3, 2013 . January 23, 2020 .
  231. Web site: Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2022 (Third Estimate), GDP by Industry, and Corporate Profits. U.S. Department of Commerce.
  232. Web site: Household disposable income . OECD Data . en.
  233. Web site: Global 500 . August 3, 2023 . . en.
  234. Web site: Hyam . Benji . 2023-11-29 . Most Profitable Companies: U.S. vs. Rest of the World, 2023 . 2024-07-16 . www.growandconvert.com . en-US.
  235. Benjamin J. Cohen, The Future of Money, Princeton University Press, 2006, ; cf. "the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia", Charles Agar, Frommer's Vietnam, 2006,, p. 17
  236. Web site: March 31, 2014 . US GDP Growth Rate by Year . June 18, 2014 . multpl.com . US Bureau of Economic Analysis.
  237. Web site: United States free trade agreements . May 31, 2019 . Office of the United States Trade Representative.
  238. Web site: Rankings: Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 . June 1, 2014 . World Economic Forum.
  239. Web site: Collins . Michael . 2023-08-11 . The Post-Industrial Service Economy Isn't Working for the Middle Class . 2024-08-10 . . en.
  240. Web site: USA Economy in Brief . https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/https://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html . March 12, 2008 . U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs.
  241. Web site: July 2010 . The State of Manufacturing in the United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130226011512/http://trade.gov/manufactureamerica/facts/tg_mana_003019.asp . February 26, 2013 . March 10, 2013 . International Trade Administration . mdy.
  242. Web site: Manufacturing, Value Added (Current US$) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200107135049/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true . January 7, 2020 . July 14, 2021 . World Bank.
  243. News: Jones . Huw . March 24, 2022 . New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index . July 29, 2022 . Reuters.
  244. Web site: The Global Financial Centres Index 35. March 21, 2024. Long Finance. May 1, 2024.
  245. Web site: Iman Ghosh . September 24, 2020 . This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output . March 5, 2023 . World Economic Forum . The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin..
  246. Web site: Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges . WFE.
  247. http://www.sfc.hk/web/doc/EN/research/stat/a01.pdf Table A – Market Capitalization of the World's Top Stock Exchanges (As at end of June 2012)
  248. Book: WIPO . Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2022 . 9789280534320 . en . 10.34667/tind.46596 . February 25, 2023.
  249. Web site: United States reference resource . May 31, 2019 . The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency.
  250. Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185. .
  251. Web site: October 2022 . Top Trading Partners – October 2022 . May 12, 2023 . U.S. Census Bureau.
  252. Web site: Service exports (BoP, current US$) . August 4, 2023 . World Bank.
  253. Web site: Income . September 28, 2019 . Better Life Index . OECD . In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD..
  254. Web site: Median Income by Country 2023 . July 28, 2023 . Wisevoter . en-US.
  255. March 18, 2014 . Society at a Glance 2014 . Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators . OECD Publishing . 10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en . 9789264200722 . May 29, 2014 . free .
  256. Web site: 2024-03-28 . Personal Consumption Expenditures . 2024-07-24 . fred.stlouisfed.org . en.
  257. Web site: Rocha . Laura . 2023-08-18 . Playing To Win In The U.S. Market . 2024-07-24 . . en.
  258. Book: Piketty. Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. 2014. Belknap Press. 257. Thomas Piketty.
  259. News: Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows . . July 27, 2020.
  260. News: Long. Heather. September 12, 2017. U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says. The Washington Post. November 11, 2019.
  261. Smeeding. T.M.. 2005. Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective. Social Science Quarterly. 86. 955–983. 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x. 154642286.
  262. Book: Hopkin, Jonathan. Jonathan Hopkin. 2020 . Anti-System Politics: The Crisis of Market Liberalism in Rich Democracies. American Nightmare: How Neoliberalism Broke US Democracy. https://books.google.com/books?id=IyXTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87. Oxford University Press. 87–88 . 978-0190699765. 10.1093/oso/9780190699765.003.0004.
  263. Web site: Here's How Many Billionaires And Millionaires Live In The U.S. – Forbes Advisor . November 20, 2023 . Forbes.
  264. Web site: The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress. December 2022. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. June 16, 2023 .
  265. Web site: USDA ERS – Key Statistics & Graphics. ers.usda.gov. December 4, 2019.
  266. Web site: Facts About Child Hunger in America Feeding America. December 4, 2019. feedingamerica.org.
  267. Web site: National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023. US Census. Bureau. Census.gov.
  268. Web site: Isabelle. Joumard. Mauro. Pisu. Debbie. Bloch. Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers. OECD. May 21, 2015. 2012.
  269. Book: Rank, Mark Robert . Mark Robert Rank. 2023. The Poverty Paradox: Understanding Economic Hardship Amid American Prosperity. Oxford University Press. 116–117 . 978-0190212636.
  270. News: Min . Sarah . May 24, 2019 . 1 in 4 workers in U.S. don't get any paid vacation time or holidays. CBS News . July 15, 2022. The United States is the only advanced economy that does not federally mandate any paid vacation days or holidays. .
  271. News: Bernard . Tara Siegel . February 22, 2013 . In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe . The New York Times . August 27, 2013.
  272. News: Van Dam. Andrew. July 4, 2018. Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.. The Washington Post. July 12, 2018.
  273. Web site: Mowery . David . Technological Change and the Evolution of the U.S. "National Innovation System", 1880-1990 . 2024-07-10 . OpenMind . en-US.
  274. Goodfriend . Marvin . McDermott . John . 2021-02-24 . The American System of economic growth . Journal of Economic Growth . en . 26 . 1 . 31–75. 10.1007/s10887-021-09186-x . 1573-7020 . 7902180 . 33642936.
  275. Web site: 2021 . Measuring trends in AI . Artificial Intelligence Index . Stanford University.
  276. Web site: Espinel . Victoria . America leads the world in AI–but we could fall behind on AI regulation by the end of 2023 . 2024-07-30 . Fortune Europe . en.
  277. Web site: Radu . Sintia . 2019-08-19 . Despite Chinese Efforts, the U.S. Still Leads in AI . 2024-07-30 . U.S. News & World Report.
  278. Web site: Mike Wall . June 9, 2023 . SpaceX Starship problems likely to delay Artemis 3 moon mission to 2026, NASA says . August 8, 2023 . Space.com . en.
  279. Web site: SJR – International Science Ranking. February 5, 2022. Scimagojr.com. en-uk.
  280. Book: World Intellectual Property Indicators 2021 . April 27, 2022 . 10.34667/tind.44461 . en . World Intellectual Property Organization. . World IP Indicators (WIPI) . 2021 . World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) . 9789280533293 .
  281. Book: WIPO . Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition . October 17, 2023 . December 28, 2023 . World Intellectual Property Organization . 10.34667/tind.46596 . 9789280534320 . en.
  282. Web site: Desjardins . Jeff . December 18, 2018 . Innovators wanted: these countries spend the most on R&D . May 22, 2024 . www.weforum.org.
  283. Web site: Fleming . Sean . November 16, 2020 . These countries spend the most on research and development . May 22, 2024 . www.weforum.org.
  284. Web site: Getzoff . Marc . 2023-12-01 . Most Technologically Advanced Countries In The World 2023 . 2024-07-29 . Global Finance Magazine . en-US.
  285. Web site: U.S. energy facts explained - consumption and production - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) . November 21, 2023 . eia.gov.
  286. Web site: March 2022. Energy Flow Charts: Charting the Complex Relationships among Energy, Water, and Carbon . May 16, 2023 . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
  287. News: November 5, 2021 . What is the United States' share of world energy consumption? . .
  288. Web site: US EPA . OAR . February 8, 2017 . Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks . December 3, 2020 . US EPA . en.
  289. Web site: May 19, 2022 . Cars still dominate the American commute . May 21, 2023 . World Economic Forum . en.
  290. Web site: Humes . Edward . April 12, 2016 . The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life . July 12, 2023 . The Atlantic . en.
  291. Web site: Roadways – The World Factbook . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210712201909/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/roadways/country-comparison . July 12, 2021 . July 15, 2021 . Cia.gov.
  292. Web site: Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface. United States Department of Transportation. January 13, 2015. January 2, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150102141414/https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_04.html. dead .
  293. News: January 26, 1986 . SOME MILESTONES OF THE AUTO AGE . en-US . The New York Times . June 1, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  294. News: September 1, 2002. 1926 Ford Model T Sports Touring Car . en-US . The Washington Post . June 1, 2023 . 0190-8286.
  295. Web site: 2023 production statistics . July 1, 2024 . International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers.
  296. Web site: Klebnikov . Sergei . Tesla Is Now The World's Most Valuable Car Company With A $208 Billion Valuation . April 14, 2023 . Forbes . en.
  297. News: Bunkley . Nick . January 21, 2009 . Toyota Ahead of G.M. in 2008 Sales . en-US . The New York Times . April 14, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  298. News: China overtakes US in car sales. The Guardian. January 8, 2010. July 10, 2011. London.
  299. Web site: January 30, 2017. Fact #962: Vehicles per Capita: Other Regions/Countries Compared to the United States. January 23, 2021. Energy.gov. en.
  300. Web site: Vehicle Statistics: Cars Per Capita. August 2017 . Capitol Tires.
  301. Web site: Cars . 2024-07-27 . The Observatory of Economic Complexity.
  302. Web site: Railways – The World Factbook. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. July 14, 2022.
  303. Web site: Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Washington, D.C.. 2021. February 16, 2021. April 22, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132507/https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM. dead.
  304. News: Fitzsimmons . Emma G. . April 24, 2017 . Amtrak at a Junction: Invest in Improvements, or Risk Worsening Problems . The New York Times . April 16, 2023.
  305. Web site: Edwards. Chris. July 12, 2020. Privatization. January 23, 2021. Downsizing the Federal Government. Cato Institute. en.
  306. Web site: Scheduled Passengers Carried. International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2011. February 17, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20150102034843/https://www.iata.org/publications/pages/wats-passenger-carried.aspx. January 2, 2015.
  307. Web site: 2021 Airport Traffic Report. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. April 2022. 32.
  308. Web site: Preliminary World Airport Traffic and Rankings 2013—High Growth Dubai Moves Up to 7th Busiest Airport. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401052319/https://www.aci.aero/News/Releases/Most-Recent/2014/03/31/Preliminary-World-Airport-Traffic-and-Rankings-2013--High-Growth-Dubai-Moves-Up-to-7th-Busiest-Airport-. April 1, 2014. March 31, 2014. May 17, 2014.
  309. Web site: Number of U.S. Airports . Bureau of Transportation Statistics . December 15, 2023.
  310. Web site: The Top 50 Container Ports. World Shipping Council. Washington, D.C.. July 14, 2022.
  311. Web site: Waterways – The World Factbook . . . July 14, 2022.
  312. Web site: Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count. United States Census. April 26, 2021.
  313. Web site: The World Factbook: United States. November 10, 2018. Central Intelligence Agency.
  314. Web site: Population Clock. Census.gov.
  315. Web site: Table MS-1. Marital Status of the Population 15 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1950 to Present. September 11, 2019. Historical Marital Status Tables. U.S. Census Bureau.
  316. Web site: Saric . Ivana . April 25, 2024 . Births dropped in 2023, ending pandemic baby boom . July 1, 2024 . Axios . en.
  317. Web site: U.S. has world's highest rate of children living in single-parent households. March 17, 2020. Pew Research Center. December 12, 2019 . en.
  318. Web site: Ancestry 2000. June 2004. U.S. Census Bureau. live. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf. December 4, 2004. December 2, 2016.
  319. Web site: The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010 .
  320. Web site: Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009. 2009. U.S. Census Bureau. https://web.archive.org/web/20121225031832/https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0052.pdf. December 25, 2012. February 11, 2017.
  321. Web site: Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities USAGov . April 5, 2024 . www.usa.gov . en.
  322. Web site: June 22, 2023 . America Is Getting Older . June 30, 2024 . Census.gov.
  323. Web site: Kaur . Harmeet . May 20, 2018 . FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States . May 11, 2023 . CNN . en.
  324. News: August 12, 2014. States Where English Is the Official Language. September 12, 2020. The Washington Post.
  325. Web site: November 7, 1978. The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4. https://web.archive.org/web/20130724231656/https://hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html. July 24, 2013. June 19, 2007. Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau.
  326. News: Chapel. Bill. April 21, 2014. Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official. NPR.
  327. Web site: South Dakota recognizes official indigenous language. March 26, 2019. Argus Leader.
  328. Web site: Siebens . Julie . Julian . Tiffany . December 2011 . Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010 . April 5, 2024 . United States Census Bureau.
  329. Web site: Translation in Puerto Rico. December 29, 2013. Puerto Rico Channel. December 30, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233259/http://www.puertorico.com/translation/. dead.
  330. Web site: American FactFinder—Results. U.S. Census. Bureau. May 29, 2017. February 12, 2020. https://archive.today/20200212213140/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table. dead .
  331. Web site: ((United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division)) . International Migrant Stock 2019 Documentation . August 2019 . United Nations . June 19, 2023.
  332. Web site: UN Migrant Stock Total 2019. United Nations. June 19, 2023.
  333. News: March 14, 2019. Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States. Migration Policy Institute.
  334. Web site: June 17, 2019. Key findings about U.S. immigrants. Pew Research Center.
  335. Web site: September 21, 2021. Immigrants in the United States . August 18, 2023 . americanimmigrationcouncil.org.
  336. News: Who Are America's Immigrants? . . May 22, 2024.
  337. Web site: Key facts about refugees to the U.S.. Jens Manuel Krogstad. October 7, 2019. Pew Research Center.
  338. Web site: Donadio . Rachel . November 22, 2021 . Why Is France So Afraid of God? . March 25, 2023 . The Atlantic . en.
  339. Web site: First Amendment . Constitution Annotated . United States Congress.
  340. Alesina . Alberto . etal . 2003 . Fractionalization . dead . Journal of Economic Growth . 8 . 2 . 155–194 . 10.1023/a:1024471506938 . 260685524 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120831221230/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/alesina/files/fractionalization.pdf . August 31, 2012 . September 13, 2012.
  341. Web site: Fahmy . Dalia . July 31, 2018 . Americans are far more religious than adults in other wealthy nations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200109160911/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/31/americans-are-far-more-religious-than-adults-in-other-wealthy-nations/ . January 9, 2020 . January 23, 2020 . Pew Research Center .
  342. Web site: ANALYSIS. Global Christianity. Pewforum.org. December 19, 2011. August 17, 2012. July 30, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx. dead .
  343. Book: Sewell, Elizabeth . The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States . . 2010 . 9780199892228 . Davis . Derek . 249–275 . Religious Liberty and Religious Minorities in the United States.
  344. Web site: Williams . Daniel . March 1, 2023 . 'Christian America' Isn't Dying. It's Dividing. . March 25, 2023 . . en.
  345. Web site: Merriam . Jesse . Lupu . Ira . Elwood . F . Davis . Eleanor . August 28, 2008 . On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity? . March 31, 2023 . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . en-US.
  346. Web site: Kallo . etal . Becka. December 7, 2023 . Spirituality Among Americans . December 8, 2023 . Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project . en-US.
  347. Froese . Paul . Uecker . Jeremy E. . September 2022 . Prayer in America: A Detailed Analysis of the Various Dimensions of Prayer . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . en . 61 . 3–4 . 663–689 . 10.1111/jssr.12810 . 253439298 . 0021-8294.
  348. Web site: World Population Review. Mormon Population by State. June 2023.
  349. Web site: United States—Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area. U.S. Census Bureau. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403024532/https://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-state=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-P1&-mt_name=&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=&-format=US-1&-_lang=en. April 3, 2009. September 23, 2008. dead .
  350. Web site: Bureau . US Census . City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022 . November 26, 2023 . Census.gov.
  351. Web site: April 18, 2019. Counties in South and West Lead Nation in Population Growth. August 29, 2020. The United States Census Bureau. en.
  352. Web site: McPhillips . Deidre . November 29, 2023 . US life expectancy rebounded in 2022 but not back to pre-pandemic levels . February 12, 2024 . CNN . en.
  353. News: Achenbach. Joel. November 26, 2019. 'There's something terribly wrong': Americans are dying young at alarming rates. The Washington Post. December 19, 2019.
  354. Web site: January 30, 2020. New International Report on Health Care: U.S. Suicide Rate Highest Among Wealthy Nations Commonwealth Fund. March 17, 2020. Commonwealthfund.org. en.
  355. Web site: Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 2003–2004. June 5, 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  356. Web site: 2001. The U.S. Healthcare System: The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive?. https://web.archive.org/20070309142240/https://dll.umaine.edu:80/ble/U.S.%20HCweb.pdf. March 9, 2007. November 29, 2006. University of Maine.
  357. Vladeck. Bruce. Universal Health Insurance in the United States: Reflections on the Past, the Present, and the Future. January 2003. 93. 1. 16–19. 12511377. 10.2105/ajph.93.1.16. American Journal of Public Health. 1447684 .
  358. Oberlander. Jonathan. June 1, 2010. Long Time Coming: Why Health Reform Finally Passed. Health Affairs. en. 29. 6. 1112–1116. 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0447. 20530339. 0278-2715. free.
  359. Web site: Glenza . Jessica . Noor . Poppy . Tracking abortion laws across the United States . 2024-08-14 . The Guardian . en.
  360. Web site: Ages for Compulsory School Attendance .... June 10, 2007. U.S. Dept. of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
  361. News: Rushe. Dominic. September 7, 2018. The US spends more on education than other countries. Why is it falling behind?. en-GB. The Guardian. August 29, 2020. 0261-3077.
  362. Web site: April 2020. Fast Facts: Expenditures. August 29, 2020. nces.ed.gov. EN.
  363. Web site: Educational Attainment in the United States: 2022 . 20 July 2024 . U.S. Census Bureau.
  364. For more detail on U.S. literacy, see A First Look at the Literacy of America's Adults in the 21st century, U.S. Department of Education (2003).
  365. Web site: All Nobel Prizes . Nobel Foundation.
  366. Web site: 2022–2023 Best Global Universities Rankings . April 27, 2023 . U.S. News & World Report.
  367. Web site: Fink . Jenni . October 22, 2019 . U.S. Schools Take 8 of 10 Top Spots on U.S. News' Best Global Universities . April 18, 2023 . Newsweek . en.
  368. Web site: April 19, 2023 . Best Countries for Education: North American and European countries are seen as offering the best opportunities for education. . U.S. News & World Report.
  369. Web site: Pannoni. Alexandra. Kerr. Emma. Everything You Need to Know About Community Colleges: FAQ. U.S. News & World Report. July 14, 2020. July 9, 2022.
  370. News: June 25, 2013. U.S. education spending tops global list, study shows. CBS. Associated Press. October 5, 2013. July 26, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130726002619/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57590921/u.s-education-spending-tops-global-list-study-shows. dead.
  371. Web site: The Biden administration cancelled $9.5B in student loan debt. Here's who it affects. . July 15, 2022 . USAFacts . en.
  372. News: Hess. Abigail Johnson. December 22, 2020. U.S. student debt has increased by more than 100% over the past 10 years. CNBC. January 8, 2022.
  373. News: Dickler. Jessica. Nova. Annie. May 6, 2022. This is how student loan debt became a $1.7 trillion crisis. CNBC. July 8, 2022.
  374. Book: Huntington, Samuel P. . Who are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity . Simon & Schuster . 2004 . 978-0-684-87053-3 . Chapters 2–4 . Samuel P. Huntington . October 25, 2015 . https://books.google.com/books?id=6xiYiybkE8kC&q=core.

    see American Creed, written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918.

  375. Hoeveler, J. David, Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield,, 2007, p. xi
  376. Grabb . Edward . Baer . Douglas . Curtis . James . 1999 . The Origins of American Individualism: Reconsidering the Historical Evidence . . . 24 . 511–533 . 10.2307/3341789 . 0318-6431 . 3341789 . 4.
  377. News: Marsh . Abigail . May 26, 2021 . Everyone Thinks Americans Are Selfish. They're Wrong. . en-US . The New York Times . July 16, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  378. Porter . Gayle . November 2010 . Work Ethic and Ethical Work: Distortions in the American Dream . . . 96 . 535–550 . 10.1007/s10551-010-0481-6 . 29789736 . 143991044 . 4.
  379. Stephens . R.H. . September 1952 . The Role Of Competition In American Life . . . 24 . 9–14 . 41317686 . 3.
  380. Web site: September 9, 2022. World Giving Index 2022 . . April 27, 2023.
  381. Web site: Country-level estimates of altruism . March 14, 2023 . Our World in Data.
  382. Web site: Marsh . Abigail . February 5, 2018 . Could A More Individualistic World Also Be A More Altruistic One? . March 14, 2023 . NPR.
  383. Web site: January 2016 . GROSS DOMESTIC PHILANTHROPY: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving . July 18, 2022 . Charities Aid Foundation.
  384. News: Volokh . Eugene . 2015-01-17 . The American tradition of multiculturalism . 2024-07-30 . The Washington Post.
  385. Web site: Jackson . Lucas . 2014-08-22 . America's Tipping Point: Most Of U.S. Now Multicultural, Says Group . 2024-07-30 . . en.
  386. Berghahn . Volker R. . February 1, 2010 . The debate on 'Americanization' among economic and cultural historians . Cold War History . 10 . 1 . 107–130 . 10.1080/14682740903388566 . 144459911 . 1468-2745.
  387. Fergie . Dexter . March 24, 2022 . How American Culture Ate the World . The New Republic . 0028-6583 . July 3, 2022.
  388. Book: Fiorina. Morris P.. Morris P. Fiorina. Peterson. Paul E.. The New American democracy. 2010. Longman. London. 978-0-205-78016-7. 97. 7th.
  389. Book: Holloway. Joseph E.. Africanisms in American culture. 2005. Indiana University Press. Bloomington. 978-0-253-21749-3. 18–38. 2nd.
    Book: Johnson. Fern L.. Speaking culturally : language diversity in the United States. Sage Publications. 978-0-8039-5912-5. 116. 2000 .
  390. Web site: More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S.. Clifton. Jon. March 21, 2013. Gallup. January 10, 2014.
  391. Web site: Kulkarni . Jay . 2022-01-12 . Attracting Immigrant Talent With A New American Dream . 2024-07-24 . . en.
  392. Web site: A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries. Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth. OECD. 2010. September 20, 2010.
  393. Web site: Understanding Mobility in America. Center for American Progress. April 26, 2006.
  394. Web site: Gould. Elise. U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility. Economic Policy Institute. July 15, 2013. October 10, 2012.
  395. Book: Gutfeld, Amon. 2002. American Exceptionalism: The Effects of Plenty on the American Experience. Sussex Academic Press. Brighton and Portland. 65. 978-1-903900-08-6.
  396. Book: Zweig, Michael. 2004. What's Class Got To Do With It, American Society in the Twenty-First Century. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. 978-0-8014-8899-3.
  397. Hoff-Ginsberg . Erika . April 1989 . Effects of Social Class and Interactive Setting on Maternal Speech . Bethesda, MD . National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH) . Education Resource Information Center . Republished with revisions as Hoff-Ginsberg . Erika . Mother-Child Conversation in Different Social Classes and Communicative Settings . Child Development . 62 . 4 . 1991 . 0009-3920 . 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01569.x . 782–796. 1935343 .
  398. Book: O'Keefe, Kevin. 2005. The Average American. PublicAffairs. New York. 978-1-58648-270-1.
  399. Book: Coleman, Gabriella . Coding Freedom . . 2013 . 978-0-691-14461-0 . 10, 201 . Gabriella Coleman.
  400. Web site: September 19, 2012 . Held Dear In U.S., Free Speech Perplexing Abroad . March 4, 2023 . NPR.
  401. Web site: Liptak . Adam . June 11, 2008 . Hate speech or free speech? What much of West bans is protected in U.S. . limited . February 21, 2023 . The New York Times.
  402. Web site: Durkee . Alison . April 25, 2018 . What if we didn't... have the First Amendment? . February 6, 2023 . Mic . en.
  403. Web site: Wike . Richard . Americans more tolerant of offensive speech than others in the world . February 6, 2023 . Pew Research Center . October 12, 2016 . en-US.
  404. Web site: Gray . Alex . November 8, 2016 . Freedom of speech: which country has the most? . February 6, 2023 . World Economic Forum . en.
  405. Norris . Pippa . Pippa Norris . February 2023 . Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality? . Political Studies . en . 71 . 1 . 145–174 . 10.1177/00323217211037023 . 238647612 . 0032-3217 . As predicted, in post-industrial societies, characterized by predominately liberal social cultures, like the US, Sweden, and UK....
  406. Book: Derks . Marco . Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond . van den Berg . Mariecke . . 2020 . 978-3-030-56326-4 . 338 . ...(the United States and [Western] Europe) as "already in crisis" for their permissive attitudes toward nonnormative sexualities....
  407. Web site: Leveille . Dan . December 4, 2009 . LGBT Equality Index: The most LGBT-friendly countries in the world . January 26, 2023 . . 13.) United States.
  408. Book: Garretson, Jeremiah . The Path to Gay Rights: How Activism and Coming Out Changed Public Opinion . . 2018 . 978-1-4798-5007-5 . A Transformed Society: LGBT Rights in the United States . In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a dramatic wave began to form in the waters of public opinion: American attitudes involving homosexuality began to change... The transformation of America's response to homosexuality has been — and continues to be — one of the most rapid and sustained shifts in mass attitudes since the start of public polling..
  409. Mulford, Carla. "Enlightenment Voices, Revolutionary Visions." In .
  410. Web site: Finseth. Ian Frederick. The Emergence of Transcendentalism. American Studies @ The University of Virginia. The University of Virginia. November 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20230718205554/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA95/finseth/trans.html . July 18, 2023.
  411. Book: Coviello, Peter . Transcendentalism . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature . Oxford University Press . 2005 . Oxford Reference Online . October 23, 2011 . 9780195307726.
  412. [Hortense Spillers|Spillers, Hortense]
  413. Philipson . Robert . The Harlem Renaissance as Postcolonial Phenomenon . African American Review . 40 . 1 . 2006 . 145–160 . 40027037.
  414. . "Literature of the Cold War".
  415. Web site: All Nobel Prizes in Literature . . The Nobel Prize . Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024 . 6 August 2024 .
  416. News: Streaming TV Services: What They Cost, What You Get. October 12, 2015. The New York Times. Associated Press. October 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023520/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/10/12/business/ap-us-streaming-tv-options.html. October 15, 2015.
  417. Web site: Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet. Pew Research Center. Washington, D.C.. June 29, 2021. July 3, 2022.
  418. Web site: BROADCAST STATION TOTALS AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2020.
  419. News: June 20, 2013. History: NPR. NPR. May 5, 2021.
  420. Book: Shaffer, Brenda. The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy. 2006. MIT Press. 978-0-262-19529-4. 116.
  421. Web site: Spanish Newspapers in United States. August 5, 2014. W3newspapers.
  422. Web site: Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE.UU. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140626114455/https://www.onlinenewspapers.com/usstate/spanish-language-newspapers-usa.htm. June 26, 2014. August 5, 2014. Onlinenewspapers.com.
  423. Web site: 2021. Top Sites in United States. October 6, 2021. Alexa. June 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621221154/https://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/US. dead.
  424. Web site: Top countries and markets by video game revenues. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230326135814/https://newzoo.com/resources/rankings/top-10-countries-by-game-revenues . March 26, 2023. October 6, 2023. Newzoo.
  425. Web site: California (CA) . December 14, 2022 . ESA Impact Map . July 20, 2017 . en-US.
  426. Book: Saxon, Theresa. October 11, 2011. American Theatre: History, Context, Form. Edinburgh University Press. 7–. 978-0-7486-3127-8. 1162047055.
  427. Meserve, Walter J. An Outline History of American Drama, New York: Feedback/Prospero, 1994.
  428. Book: Felicia Hardison . Londré. Daniel J.. Watermeier. 1998. The History of North American Theater: From Pre-Columbian Times to the Present. Continuum. 978-0-8264-1079-5. 1024855967.
  429. Stephen Watt, and Gary A. Richardson, American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary (1994).
  430. Staff (undated). "Who's Who". . tonyawards.com. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  431. Book: Brown. Milton W.. The Story of the Armory Show. 1963. Abbeville Press. New York. 978-0-89659-795-2. 2nd.
  432. Book: Davenport, Alma. The History of Photography: An Overview. 1991. UNM Press. 978-0-8263-2076-6. 67.
  433. Book: Janson. Horst Woldemar. Janson. Anthony F.. History of Art: The Western Tradition. 2003. Prentice Hall Professional. 978-0-13-182895-7. 955.
  434. News: Alfred Lester. December 6, 1993. Letter: The Louvre: tourism on the grand scale. The Independent. December 2, 2023.
  435. Web site: Folk Music and Song: American Folklife Center: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress). Loc.gov.
  436. Web site: September 22, 2016 . Musical Crossroads: African American Influence on American Music . April 14, 2023 . Smithsonian.
  437. The Folk, the Stage, and the Five-String Banjo in the Nineteenth Century . Robert B. . Winans . The Journal of American Folklore . 1976 . 89 . 354 . 407–437 . American Folklore Society . 10.2307/539294 . 539294 .
  438. Web site: The Invention of the Electric Guitar . April 18, 2014 . Lemelson Center Studies in Invention and Innovation . Smithsonian Institute.
  439. Book: Biddle. Julian. What Was Hot!: Five Decades of Pop Culture in America. 2001. Citadel. New York. 978-0-8065-2311-8. ix.
  440. Web site: OUP blog . Early blues and country music . Stoia . Nicholas . October 21, 2014 . Oxford University Press.
  441. Web site: Bluegrass music . Encyclopædia Britannica . June 19, 2020 . en.
  442. April 10, 2020 . No. 1 Bob Dylan . Rolling Stone . January 29, 2021.
  443. Book: A Quick and Dirty Guide to Art, Music, and Culture. Clayton Funk. 9. Neo-Expressionism, Punk, and Hip Hop Emerge. The Ohio State University. August 16, 2016.
  444. Web site: 2022 Year-End Music Industry Revenue Report . November 26, 2023 . Record Industry Association of America . en-US.
  445. Web site: Eoin Hennessy . March 27, 2014 . How American Music Took Over the World . April 28, 2023 . The University Times.
  446. Web site: December 8, 2015. 10 ways that Frank Sinatra changed the world. June 24, 2021. USA Today.
  447. News: Universal Music can't help falling for Elvis Presley, to manage song catalog. April 12, 2022. Reuters. April 12, 2022.
  448. Web site: Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification . December 16, 2015 . December 17, 2021 . Recording Industry Association of America .
  449. News: Madonna has been scandalizing people for 40 years, and nobody's going to stop her. August 17, 2022. Carlos. Marcos. El País. August 17, 2022.
  450. January 1, 2023 . The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time . Rolling Stone . January 2, 2023.
  451. April 28, 2016 . Prince Tribute: The Greatest Musical Talent of His Generation . Billboard . March 17, 2020.
  452. News: Taylor Swift and Beyoncé reporters wanted by biggest newspaper chain in US. Sky News. September 14, 2023. November 8, 2023. November 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231109015600/https://news.sky.com/story/taylor-swift-and-beyonce-reporters-wanted-by-biggest-newspaper-chain-in-us-12960828. live.
  453. Web site: American Classics How seven everyday clothing items became American style staples.. CNN. December 4, 2023.
  454. Web site: Made In New York: The Future Of New York City's Historic Garment District. John Caplin. Forbes. September 1, 2021. December 5, 2023. Spanning just about 20 square blocks between Times Square and Penn Station along Seventh Avenue (also known as "Fashion Avenue"), the vibrant and always-busy neighborhood has a long and rich history that has become synonymous with American fashion since its inception more than a century ago..
  455. Web site: October 9, 2023 . Beyond Trends: The Lasting Impact of Sustainable Fashion in the USA . February 24, 2024 . Medium . en.
  456. News: The Economic Impact of New York Fashion Week. Diana Juarez. The Fordham Ram. October 4, 2023. December 5, 2023.
  457. Web site: Met Gala 2023: Fashion's biggest night honors Karl Lagerfeld. Ali Bauman. CBS News. May 1, 2023. April 30, 2024.
  458. Web site: Met Gala 2024: How to Watch Fashion's Biggest Night. Glamour. April 29, 2024. April 30, 2024.
  459. Book: Annual Report of the Controller of the City of Los Angeles, California. ByOffice of Controller Los Angeles, CA (1914). February 22, 2014. 1914.
  460. Book: Report of the Auditor of the City of Los Angeles California of the Financial Affairs of the Corporation in Its Capacity as a City for the Fiscal Year. By Auditor's Office of Los Angeles, CA (1913). February 22, 2014. 1913.
  461. Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second-largest film producer. United Nations. May 5, 2009. February 17, 2013.
  462. Book: Kerrigan . Finola . Film Marketing . 2010 . Butterworth-Heinemann . Oxford . 978-0-7506-8683-9 . 18 . February 4, 2022.
  463. Book: Davis . Glyn . Dickinson . Kay . Patti . Lisa . Villarejo . Amy . Film Studies: A Global Introduction . 2015 . Routledge . Abingdon . 978-1-317-62338-0 . 299 . August 24, 2020.
  464. John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'. The Hollywood Reporter. January 24, 2015.
  465. Book: Drowne . Kathleen Morgan . The 1920s . Huber . Patrick . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2004 . 978-0-313-32013-2 . 236.
  466. Book: Kroon, Richard W. . A/V A to Z: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media, Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . 2014 . 978-0-7864-5740-3 . 338.
  467. News: Matthews. Charles. Book explores Hollywood 'Golden Age' of the 1960s-'70s. The Washington Post. August 6, 2015. June 3, 2011.
  468. News: Banner. Lois. Marilyn Monroe, the eternal shape shifter. Los Angeles Times. August 6, 2015. August 5, 2012.
  469. Web site: Rick. Jewell. John Wayne, an American Icon. https://web.archive.org/web/20080822102812/https://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/15465.html. August 22, 2008. University of Southern California. August 6, 2015. August 8, 2008.
  470. Book: Greven, David. Psycho-Sexual: Male Desire in Hitchcock, De Palma, Scorsese, and Friedkin. 2013. University of Texas Press. 978-0-292-74204-8. 23.
  471. Book: Morrison, James. Passport to Hollywood: Hollywood Films, European Directors. 1998. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-3938-8. 11.
  472. News: Seitz. Matt Zoller. Matt Zoller Seitz. What's Next: Avengers, MCU, Game of Thrones, and the Content Endgame. July 21, 2021. RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital LLC. April 29, 2019.
  473. Web site: Hannah Avery . US streaming market growth continues, despite changes in the industry . January 18, 2023 . . April 29, 2023.
  474. Web site: Wheat Info. https://web.archive.org/web/20091011012758/https://www.wheatworld.org/wheat-info/fast-facts/. October 11, 2009. Wheatworld.org. January 15, 2015 .
  475. Web site: Traditional Indigenous Recipes. American Indian Health and Diet Project. September 15, 2014.
  476. Book: Akenuwa, Ambrose. Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave?. July 1, 2015. 92–94. Lulu Press. 978-1-329-26112-9. November 20, 2020.
  477. Book: Sidney Wilfred Mintz. Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions Into Eating, Culture, and the Past. registration. 1996. Beacon Press. 978-0-8070-4629-6. 134–. October 25, 2015.
  478. Book: Diner, Hasia. Hungering for America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration. Harvard University Press. Cmabridge. 2001. 1.
  479. Tracy N.. Poe. The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 1915-1947. American Studies International. 37. 1. February 1999. 5.
  480. Web site: KFC is America's favorite fried chicken, data suggests. Cawthon. Haley. December 31, 2020. The Business Journals. May 8, 2021.
  481. Web site: How Pizza Became America's Favorite Food. Russell. Joan. May 23, 2016. Paste. May 8, 2021.
  482. Web site: What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003. Klapthor, James N.. Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists. August 23, 2003. June 19, 2007.
  483. Web site: Our Story: CIA History Culinary Institute of America . October 11, 2022 . ciachef.edu . en.
  484. News: Averbuch. Bonnie. Attention Food Entrepreneurs: School's Back in Business. Food Tank. September 2015. June 19, 2017.
  485. Web site: Cincinnati restaurants ask feds for coronavirus bailout. Brownfield. Andy. March 20, 2020. login.research.cincinnatilibrary.org. March 22, 2020.
  486. Web site: The Restaurant Industry Needs A Coronavirus Bailout. Will They Get It?. Ramirez. Elva. Forbes. en. March 22, 2020.
  487. Web site: Closed All At Once: Restaurant Industry Faces Collapse. Noguchi. Yuki. March 22, 2020. NPR. en. March 22, 2020.
  488. Web site: Restaurant industry reeling from coronavirus. MSNBC. en. March 22, 2020.
  489. Web site: Restaurants. August 30, 2023. Michelin Guide. en.
  490. United States Department of Agriculture "Global Wine Report August 2006 ", pp. 7-9.
  491. Book: Birchell . D.B. . Steel . G. . New Mexico Wine: An Enchanting History . American Palate . American Palate Series . 2013 . 978-1-60949-643-2 . it . November 15, 2019.
  492. Book: New Mexico. Office of Cultural Affairs . Enchanted Lifeways: The History, Museums, Arts & Festivals of New Mexico . New Mexico Magazine . 1995 . 978-0-937206-39-3 . November 15, 2019.
  493. T. Stevenson, The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition, p. 462, Dorling Kindersly, 2005 .
  494. J. Robinson, ed. The Oxford Companion to Wine, Third Edition, p. 719; Oxford University Press, 2006, .
  495. Web site: America's Love Of Drive-thrus . NPR . May 4, 2024 . December 11, 2023.
  496. Web site: When Was the First Drive-Thru Restaurant Created?. Wisegeek.org. January 15, 2015.
  497. Web site: Sheldon . Andrew . The History of the Drive-Thru in America . Your AAA Network . July 23, 2020.
  498. Web site: Breadsley . Eleanor . January 24, 2012 . Why McDonald's in France Doesn't Feel Like Fast Food . October 29, 2023 . NPR.
  499. DeBres . Karen . 2005 . A Cultural Geography of McDonald's UK . Journal of Cultural Geography . 10.1080/08873630509478241.
  500. Pavlova . Rada . Globalization of American Fast-Food Chains: the Pinnacle of Effective Management and Adaptability – The Yale Globalist . May 4, 2024 . April 8, 2019 . The Yale Globalist.
  501. Web site: Sports . September 25, 2007 . Gallup, Inc. . April 16, 2023.
  502. News: Krasnoff . Lindsay Sarah . December 26, 2017 . How the NBA went global . . live . subscription . September 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171226153302/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/12/26/how-the-nba-went-global/ . December 26, 2017 . 0190-8286 . 2269358.
  503. Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.
  504. Web site: June 18, 2008. Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012. July 24, 2013. Reuters.
  505. Web site: Krane, David K.. Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport. Harris Interactive. October 30, 2002. September 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337. July 9, 2010. MacCambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Random House. .
  506. Web site: How the NFL took over America in 100 years. Guliza. Anthony. August 14, 2019. ESPN. May 8, 2021.
  507. Web site: January 16, 2014. As American as Mom, Apple Pie and Football? Football continues to trump baseball as America's Favorite Sport. https://web.archive.org/web/20140309053431/https://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/Harris%20Poll%205%20-%202014%20Fave%20Sport_1.16.14.pdf. March 9, 2014. July 2, 2014. Harris Interactive.
  508. Web site: Cowen, Tyler. Grier, Kevin. February 9, 2012. What Would the End of Football Look Like?. February 12, 2012. Grantland/ESPN.
  509. News: Sports Illustrated: NCAA Reports $1.1 Billion in Revenues. Sports Illustrated . March 7, 2018 .
  510. Web site: March 19, 2013. Passion for College Football Remains Robust. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075223/https://www.footballfoundation.org/tabid/567/Article/53380/Passion-for-College-Football-Remains-Robust.aspx. April 7, 2014. April 1, 2014. National Football Foundation.
  511. Rosandich. Thomas. Collegiate Sports Programs: A Comparative Analysis. 471. Education. 2002. 122. 3. Project Innovation Austin LLC..
  512. Book: Schaus. Gerald P.. Wenn. Stephen R.. Onward to the Olympics: Historical Perspectives on the Olympic Games. February 9, 2007. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 224. 978-0-88920-505-5.
  513. Web site: Greatest Sporting Nation. greatestsportingnation.com.
  514. News: 1,000 times gold – The thousand medals of Team USA – Washington Post. The Washington Post.
  515. News: The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings. Chris. Chase. February 7, 2014. USA Today. February 28, 2014. News: With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals. February 6, 2014. Dan. Loumena. Los Angeles Times. February 28, 2014.
  516. Web site: Carlisle. Jeff. April 6, 2020. MLS Year One, 25 seasons ago: The Wild West of training, travel, hockey shootouts and American soccer. May 5, 2021. ESPN.
  517. News: Wamsley . Laurel . June 16, 2022 . The U.S. cities hosting the 2026 World Cup are announced . . April 16, 2023.
  518. News: Gerson . Aria . July 10, 2020 . Impact of 1999 Women's World Cup went far beyond Brandi Chastain's iconic goal . USA Today . February 14, 2024.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "United States".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.