United States Patent and Trademark Office explained

Seal:	Seal of the United States Patent and Trademark Office.svg
Formed:	^[1] ^[2] Washington, D.C., U.S.
Headquarters:	Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.
Coordinates:	38.8015°N -77.0638°W
Employees:	13,103 (as of September 30, 2022)
Chief1 Name:	Kathi Vidal
Chief1 Position:	Director
Chief2 Name:	Derrick Brent
Chief2 Position:	Deputy Director^[3]
Parent Agency:	United States Department of Commerce
Chief3 Name:	Vaishali Udupa
Chief3 Position:	Commissioner for Patents^[4]
Chief4 Name:	David S. Gooder
Chief4 Position:	Commissioner for Trademarks^[5]

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that serves as the national patent office and trademark registration authority for the United States. The USPTO's headquarters are in Alexandria, Virginia, after a 2005 move from the Crystal City area of neighboring Arlington, Virginia.

The USPTO is "unique among federal agencies because it operates solely on fees collected by its users, and not on taxpayer dollars".^[6] Its "operating structure is like a business in that it receives requests for services—applications for patents and trademark registrations—and charges fees projected to cover the cost of performing the services [it] provide[s]".^{[6] [7]}

The Office is headed by the Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, currently held by Kathi Vidal as of April 19, 2022. Andrei Iancu was the former director of the USPTO until he left office on January 20, 2021.

The USPTO cooperates with the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Japan Patent Office (JPO) as one of the Trilateral Patent Offices. The USPTO is also a Receiving Office, an International Searching Authority and an International Preliminary Examination Authority for international patent applications filed in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty.

Mission

The legal basis for the United States patent system is the Copyright Clause in Section 8 of Article I of the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the power to grant patents and copyrights on a national basis. Trademark law, on the other hand, is considered to be authorized by the Commerce Clause.^[8]

The Congress shall have Power ... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

The USPTO maintains a permanent, interdisciplinary historical record of all U.S. patent applications in order to fulfill objectives outlined in the United States Constitution.^[6] The PTO's mission is to promote "industrial and technological progress in the United States and strengthen the national economy" by:

• Administering the laws relating to patents and trademarks;
• Advising the Secretary of Commerce, the President of the United States, and the administration on patent, trademark, and copyright protection; and
• Providing advice on the trade-related aspects of intellectual property.

Structure

The USPTO is headquartered at the Alexandria Campus, consisting of 11 buildings in a city-like development surrounded by ground floor retail and high rise residential buildings between the Metro stations of King Street station (the main search building is two blocks due south of the King Street station) and Eisenhower Avenue station where the actual Alexandria Campus is located between Duke Street (on the North) to Eisenhower Avenue (on the South), and between John Carlyle Street (on the East) to Elizabeth Lane (on the West) in Alexandria, Virginia.^{[9] [10] [11]} An additional building in Arlington, Virginia, was opened in 2009.

The USPTO was expected by 2014 to open its first ever satellite offices in Detroit, Dallas, Denver, and Silicon Valley to reduce backlog and reflect regional industrial strengths.^[12] The first satellite office opened in Detroit on July 13, 2012.^{[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]} In 2013, due to the budget sequestration, the satellite office for Silicon Valley, which is home to one of the nation's top patent-producing cities, was put on hold.^[18] However, renovation and infrastructure updates continued after the sequestration, and the Silicon Valley location opened in the San Jose City Hall in 2015.^[19]

, the end of the U.S. government's fiscal year, the PTO had 9,716 employees, nearly all of whom are based at its five-building headquarters complex in Alexandria. Of those, 6,242 were patent examiners (almost all of whom were assigned to examine utility patents; only 99 were assigned to examine design patents) and 388 were trademark examining attorneys; the rest are support staff.^[20] While the agency has noticeably grown in recent years, the rate of growth was far slower in fiscal 2009 than in the recent past; this is borne out by data from fiscal 2005 to the present:^[20] As of the end of FY 2018, the USPTO was composed of 12,579 federal employees, including 8,185 patent examiners, 579 trademark examiners, and 3,815 other staff.^[21]

At end of FY	Employees	Patent examiners	Trademark examining attorneys	Patent Filings (Utility)	Trademark Filings	Patent Application Backlog
2022	13,103	8,509	718	457,510	787,798
2021	12,963	8,073	662	650,703	943,928
2020^[22]	12,928	8,434	622	653,311	738,112
2019^[23]	12,652	9,614	701	666,843	673,233
2018^[24]	12,579	8,185	579	647,572	594,107
2017^[25]	12,588	8,147	549	650,350	530,270	526,579
2016^[26]	12,725	8,351	570	650,411	530,270	537,655
2015^[27]	12,667	9,161	456	618,062	503,889	553,221
2014^[28]	12,450	9,302	429	618,457	455,017
2013^[29]	11,773	8,051	409	601,464	433,654
2012^[30]	11,531	7,935	386	565,406	415,026	608,283
2011^[31]	10,210	6,780	378	536,604	398,667
2010^[32]	9,507	6,225	378	509,367	368,939	726,331
2009^[33]	9,716	6,243	388	485,500	352,051	750,596
2008^[34]	9,518	6,055	398	495,095	401,392	750,596
2007^[35]	8,913	5,477	404	467,243	394,368
2006^[36]		4,779	413
2005		4,177	357
2004		3,681	286
2003		3,579	256
1998^[37]	5,300
1996^[38] ^[39] ^[40]				189,979	200,640
1995^[41]				221,304	175,307
1994^[42]				186,126	155,376
1993				174,553	139,735
1992				172,539	125,237
1986				120,988	69,253
1976				101,807	37,074

Patent examiners make up the bulk of the employees at USPTO. They hold degrees in various scientific disciplines, but do not necessarily hold law degrees. Unlike patent examiners, trademark examiners must be licensed attorneys.

All examiners work under a strict, "count"-based production system.^[43] For every application, "counts" are earned by composing, filing, and mailing a first Office action on the merits, and upon disposal of an application.

In 2012, the Commissioner for Patents oversaw three main bodies, headed by the former Deputy Commissioner for Patent Operations, Peggy Focarino,^[44] the Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy, which was held by Andrew Hirshfeld up until 2015,^[45] and finally the Commissioner for Patent Resources and Planning, which was vacant at that time.^[46] The Patent Operations of the office is divided into nine different technology centers that deal with various arts.^[47]

Prior to 2012, decisions of patent examiners could be appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, an administrative law body of the USPTO. Decisions of the BPAI could further be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, or a civil suit could be brought against the Commissioner of Patents in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.^[48] The United States Supreme Court may ultimately decide on a patent case. Under the America Invents Act, the BPAI was converted to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board or "PTAB".^[49]

Similarly, decisions of trademark examiners may be appealed to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, with subsequent appeals directed to the Federal Circuit, or a civil action may also be brought.

In recent years, the USPTO has seen increasing delays between when a patent application is filed and when it issues. To address its workload challenges, the USPTO has undertaken an aggressive program of hiring and recruitment. The USPTO hired 1,193 new patent examiners in Fiscal Year 2006 (year ending September 30, 2006),^[50] 1,215 new examiners in fiscal 2007,^[51] and 1,211 in fiscal year 2008.^[52] The USPTO expected to continue hiring patent examiners at a rate of approximately 1,200 per year through 2012; however, due to a slowdown in new application filings since the onset of the late-2000s economic crisis,^[53] and projections of substantial declines in maintenance fees in coming years,^[54] the agency imposed a hiring freeze in early March 2009.^[55]

In 2006, USPTO instituted a new training program for patent examiners called the "Patent Training Academy". It is an eight-month program designed to teach new patent examiners the fundamentals of patent law, practice and examination procedure in a college-style environment.^[56] Because of the impending USPTO budget crisis previously alluded to, it had been rumored that the academy would be closed by the end of 2009.^[54] Focarino, then Acting Commissioner for Patents, denied in a May 2009 interview that the academy was being shut down, but stated that it would be cut back because the hiring goal for new examiners in fiscal 2009 was reduced to 600.^[57] Ultimately, 588 new patent examiners were hired in fiscal year 2009.^[58]

In 2016,^[59] the USPTO partnered with the Girl Scouts of the USA to create an "Intellectual Property Patch" merit badge, which is awarded to Girl Scouts at four different levels.^[60]

Management

In October 2021, President Joe Biden nominated attorney Kathi Vidal to serve as the USPTO director.^[61] She was sworn in on April 13, 2022.^[62] On December 16, 2022, Kathi Vidal announced that Vaishali Udupa,^[63] an intellectual property attorney, engineer, and currently a top executive from Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE), will join the 13,000-person Department of Commerce agency as the new Commissioner for Patents effective January 17, 2023.^[64]

Fee diversion

For many years, Congress has "diverted" about 10% of the fees that the USPTO collected into the general treasury of the United States. In effect, this took money collected from the patent system to use for the general budget. This fee diversion has been generally opposed by patent practitioners (e.g., patent attorneys and patent agents), inventors, the USPTO,^[65] as well as former federal judge Paul R. Michel.^[66] These stakeholders would rather use the funds to improve the patent office and patent system, such as by implementing the USPTO's 21st Century Strategic Plan.^[67] The last six annual budgets of the George W. Bush administration did not propose to divert any USPTO fees, and the first budget of the Barack Obama administration continued this practice,^[68] as well as the second budget of the Trump administration;^[69] however, stakeholders continue to press for a permanent end to fee diversion.^[70]

The discussion of which party can appropriate the fees is more than a financial question. Patent fees represent a policy lever that influences both the number of applications submitted to the office as well as their quality.^{[71] [72]}

Patents

• On July 31, 1790, the first U.S. patent was issued to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process". This patent was signed by then-President George Washington.
• The X-Patents (the first 9,957 (approximately),^[73] issued between 1790 and 1836) were destroyed by a fire; fewer than 3,000 of those have been recovered and re-issued with numbers that include an "X". The X generally appears at the end of the numbers hand-written on full-page patent images; however, in patent collections and for search purposes, the X is considered to be the patent type – analogous to the "D" of design patents – and appears at the beginning of the number. The X distinguishes the patents from those issued after the fire, which began again with patent number 1.
• Each year, the PTO issues over 150,000 patents to companies and individuals worldwide., the PTO had granted 8,743,423 patents and received 16,020,302 applications.^[74]
• On June 19, 2018, the 10 millionth U.S. patent was issued to Joseph Marron for invention of a "Coherent LADAR [System] Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection" to improve laser detection and ranging (LADAR).^[75] The patent was the first to receive the newly redesigned patent cover. It was signed by then-President Donald Trump during a special ceremony at the Oval Office.^[76]
• In February 2024, the USPTO issued a new guideline relating to obtaining a patent as per earlier recommendation by Biden's administration. The guideline states that; to obtain a patent, a real person, not AI, must have made a “significant contribution” to the invention and that only a human being can be named as an inventor on a patent.^[77]

List of millionth US Patents

Patents issued under revised numbering scheme of the Patent Act of 1836

Patent Number	Patent Title	Issue Date	Days Since Last Millionth Issue
1^[78]	Traction Wheels	July 13, 1836
1,000,000^[79]	Vehicle Tire	August 8, 1911
2,000,000^[80]	Vehicle Wheel Construction	May 12, 1932
3,000,000^[81]	Automatic Reading System	May 6, 1955
4,000,000^[82]	Process for Recycling Asphalt-Aggregate Compositions	December 28, 1976
5,000,000^[83]	Ethanol Production by Escherichia Coli Strains	March 19, 1991
6,000,000^[84]	Extendible Method and Apparatus for Synchronizing Multiple Files on Two Different Computer Systems	December 7, 1999
7,000,000^[85]	Polysaccharide Fibers	February 14, 2006
8,000,000^[86]	Visual Prosthesis	August 16, 2011
9,000,000^[87]	Windshield Washer Conditioner	April 7, 2015
10,000,000^[88]	Coherent Ladar Using Intra-Pixel Quadrature Detection	June 19, 2018
11,000,000^[89]	Repositioning Wires and Methods for Repositioning Prosthetic Heart Valve Devices within a Heart Chamber	May 11, 2021
12,000,000^[90]	Labeled Nucleotide Analogs, Reaction Mixtures, and Methods and System for Sequencing	June 4, 2024

Bar chart

Trademarks

The USPTO examines applications for trademark registration, which can be filed under five different filing bases: use in commerce, intent to use, foreign application, foreign registration, or international registration.^[91] If approved, the trademarks are registered on either the Principal Register or the Supplemental Register, depending upon whether the mark meets the appropriate distinctiveness criteria. This federal system governs goods and services distributed via interstate commerce, and operates alongside state level trademark registration systems.^{[92] [93] [94]}

Trademark applications have grown substantially in recent years, jumping from 296,490 new applications in 2000,^[95] to 345,000 new applications in 2014, to 458,103 new applications in 2018.^[96] Recent growth has been driven partially by growing numbers of trademark applications originating in China; trademark applications from China have grown more than 12-fold since 2013, and in 2017, one in every nine trademark applications reviewed by the U.S. Trademark Office originated in China.^[97]

Since 2008, the Trademark Office has hosted a National Trademark Expo every two years, billing it as "a free, family-friendly event designed to educate the public about trademarks and their importance in the global marketplace."^[98] The Expo features celebrity speakers such as Anson Williams (of the television show Happy Days)^[99] and basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar^[100] and has numerous trademark-holding companies as exhibitors. Before the 2009 National Trademark Expo, the Trademark Office designed and launched a kid-friendly trademark mascot known as T. Markey, who appears as an anthropomorphized registered trademark symbol.^[101] T. Markey is featured prominently on the Kids section of the USPTO website, alongside fellow IP mascots Ms. Pat Pending (with her robot cat GeaRS) and Mark Trademan.^[102]

In 2020, trademark applications marked the sharpest declines and inclines in American history. During the spring, COVID-19 lockdowns led to reduced filings, which then increased in July 2020 to exceed the previous year. August 2020 was subsequently the highest month of trademark filings in the history of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.^[103]

Representation

The USPTO only allows certain qualified persons to practice before the USPTO. Practice includes filing of patent and trademark applications on behalf of individuals and companies, prosecuting the patent and trademark applications, and participating in administrative appeals and other proceedings before the PTO examiners, examining attorneys and boards. The USPTO sets its own standards for who may practice. Any person who practices patent law before the USPTO must become a registered patent attorney or agent. A patent agent is a person who has passed the USPTO registration examination (the "patent bar") but has not passed any state bar exam to become a licensed attorney; a patent attorney is a person who has passed both a state bar and the patent bar and is in good standing as an attorney.^[104] A patent agent can only act in a representative capacity in patent matters presented to the USPTO, and may not represent a patent holder or applicant in a court of law. To be eligible for taking the patent bar exam, a candidate must possess a degree in "engineering or physical science or the equivalent of such a degree".^[104] Any person who practices trademark law before the USPTO must be an active member in good standing of the highest court of any state.^[105]

The United States allows any citizen from any country to sit for the patent bar (if he/she has the requisite technical background).^[106] Only Canada has a reciprocity agreement with the United States that confers upon a patent agent similar rights.^[107]

An unrepresented inventor may file a patent application and prosecute it on his or her own behalf (pro se). If it appears to a patent examiner that an inventor filing a pro se application is not familiar with the proper procedures of the Patent Office, the examiner may suggest that the filing party obtain representation by a registered patent attorney or patent agent.^[108] The patent examiner cannot recommend a specific attorney or agent, but the Patent Office does post a list of those who are registered.^[109]

While the inventor of a relatively simple-to-describe invention may well be able to produce an adequate specification and detailed drawings, there remains language complexity in what is claimed, either in the particular claim language of a utility application, or in the manner in which drawings are presented in a design application. There is also skill required when searching for prior art that is used to support the application and to prevent applying for a patent for something that may be unpatentable. A patent examiner will make special efforts to help pro se inventors understand the process but the failure to adequately understand or respond to an Office action from the USPTO can endanger the inventor's rights, and may lead to abandonment of the application.

Electronic filing system

The USPTO accepts patent applications filed in electronic form. Inventors or their patent agents/attorneys can file applications as Adobe PDF documents. Filing fees can be paid by credit card or by a USPTO "deposit account".

Patent search tools

The USPTO web site provides free electronic copies of issued patents and patent applications as multiple-page TIFF (graphic) documents. The site also provides Boolean search and analysis tools.^[110]

The USPTO's free distribution service only distributes the patent documents as a set of TIFF files.^[111] Numerous free and commercial services provide patent documents in other formats, such as Adobe PDF and CPC.

Criticisms

The USPTO has been criticized for granting patents for impossible or absurd, already known, or arguably obvious inventions.^[112] Economists have documented that, although the USPTO makes mistakes when granting patents, these mistakes might be less prominent than some might believe.^[113]

Controversial patents

• , "Method of exercising a cat", covers having a cat chase the beam from a laser pointer. The patent has been criticized as being obvious.^{[114] [115]}
• , "Sealed crustless sandwich", issued in 1999, covers the design of a sandwich with crimped edges.^{[114] [116]} However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.^[117]
• , "Hyper-light-speed antenna", an antenna that sends signals faster than the speed of light.^[112] According to the description in the patent, "The present invention takes a transmission of energy, and instead of sending it through normal time and space, it pokes a small hole into another dimension, thus, sending the energy through a place which allows transmission of energy to exceed the speed of light."^[118]
• , "Method of swinging on a swing", issued April 9, 2002,^{[119] [120]} was granted to a seven-year-old boy, whose father, a patent attorney, wanted to demonstrate how the patent system worked to his son who was five years old at the time of the application. The PTO initially rejected it due to prior art, but eventually issued the patent.^[119] However, all claims of the patent were subsequently canceled by the PTO upon reexamination.^[121]
• , "Space vehicle propelled by the pressure of inflationary vacuum state", describes an anti-gravity device. In November 2005, the USPTO was criticized by physicists for granting it. The journal Nature first highlighted this patent issued for a device that presumably amounts to a perpetual motion machine, defying the laws of physics.^{[122] [123] [124] [125]} The device comprises a particular electrically superconducting shield and electromagnetic generating device. The examiner allowed the claims because the design of the shield and device was novel and not obvious.^[126] In situations such as this where a substantial question of patentability is raised after a patent is issued, the Commissioner of the Patent Office can order a reexamination of the patent.

Controversial trademarks

• , "Cloud Computing" for Dell, covering "custom manufacture of computer hardware for use in data centers and mega-scale computing environments for others", was allowed by a trademark attorney on July 8, 2008. Cloud computing is a generic term that could define technology infrastructure for years to come, which had been in general use at the time of the application.^[127] The application was rejected on August 12, 2008, as descriptive and generic.^[128]
• , "Netbook" for Psion, covering "laptop computers" was registered on November 21, 2000. Although the company discontinued the netBook line in November 2003 and allowed the trademark to become genericized through use by journalists and vendors (products marketed as 'netbooks' include the Dell Inspiron Mini Series, Asus eeePC, HP Mini 1000, MSI Wind Netbook and others), USPTO subsequently rejected a number of trademarks citing a "likelihood of confusion" under section 2(d), including 'G NETBOOK' (rejected October 31, 2008), MSI's 'WIND NETBOOK' and Coby Electronics' 'COBY NETBOOK' rejected January 13, 2009. Psion also delivered a batch of cease-and-desist letters on December 23, 2008, relating to the genericized trademark.^[129]

Slow patent examination and backlog

See main article: Backlog of unexamined patent applications.

The USPTO has been criticized for taking an inordinate amount of time in examining patent applications. This is particularly true in the fast-growing area of business method patents. As of 2005, patent examiners in the business method area were still examining patent applications filed in 2001.

The delay was attributed by spokesmen for the Patent Office to a combination of a sudden increase in business method patent filings after the 1998 State Street Bank decision, the unfamiliarity of patent examiners with the business and financial arts (e.g., banking, insurance, stock trading etc.), and the issuance of a number of controversial patents (e.g., "Amazon one click patent") in the business method area.

Effective August 2006, the USPTO introduced an accelerated patent examination procedure in an effort to allow inventors a speedy evaluation of an application with a final disposition within twelve months. The procedure requires additional information to be submitted with the application and also includes an interview with the examiner.^[130] The first accelerated patent was granted on March 15, 2007, with a six-month issuance time.^[131]

As of the end of 2008, there were 1,208,076 patent applications pending at the Patent Office. At the end of 1997, the number of applications pending was 275,295. Therefore, over those eleven years there was a 439% increase in the number of pending applications.^[132]

December 2012 data showed that there was 597,579 unexamined patent applications in the backlog.^[133] During the four years since 2009, more than a 50% reduction was achieved. First action pendency was reported as 19.2 months.

Fraud by remote working employees

In 2012, the USPTO initiated an internal investigation into allegations of fraud by employees taking advantage of its remote work policies. Investigators discovered that some patent examiners had lied about the hours they had worked, but high level officials prevented access to computer records, thus limiting the number of employees who could be punished.^[134]

See also

Directors of the USPTO
1. List of people who have headed the United States Patent Office
...
r. Bruce Lehman (1993–1998)
s. Q. Todd Dickinson (1998–2001)
t. James E. Rogan (December 2001 – 2004)
u. Jon Dudas (2004 – January 2009)
v. John J. Doll (January 2009 – August 2009) (acting)
w. David J. Kappos (August 2009 – February 2013)
x. Teresa Stanek Rea (February 2013 – November 21, 2013) (acting)
y. Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino (November 21, 2013 – January 12, 2014) (by delegation)
z. Michelle K. Lee (January 13, 2014 – June 6, 2017)
aa. Joseph Matal (June 7, 2017 – February 8, 2018) (acting)^[135]
bb. Andrei Iancu (February 8, 2018 – January 20, 2021)^[136]
cc. Kathi Vidal (2022–present)

• Confederate Patent Office
• Criticism of the United States government § Criticism of agencies
• Electronic Filing System (USPTO)
• Ex Parte Quayle
• Google Patents
• John Ruggles
• Invention Secrecy Act
• NASA spinoff
• National Inventors Hall of Fame
• Office of Independent Inventor Programs (1999)
• Old Patent Office Building
• Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR)
• Patent model
• Patent Office Professional Association (POPA)
• Science and technology in the United States
• Technological history of the United States
• Timeline of United States discoveries
• Timeline of United States inventions
• Yankee ingenuity
• 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire
• 1877 U.S. Patent Office fire

Further reading

• Book: The Patent Office Pony: A History of the Early Patent Office . Kenneth W. . Dobyns . November 1994 . 249 . Sergeant Kirkland's Museum and Historical Society . Fredericksburg, Virginia . 1st . 0-9632137-4-1. .
• Web site: Schacht . Wendy H. . U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Appropriations Process: A Brief Explanation . Congressional Research Service . April 22, 2011 . January 6, 2011.

External links

• • USPTO in the Federal Register
• Searches (USPTO)
• Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval (TARR) search by trademark serial number or registration number (USPTO)
• Office of Enrollment & Discipline (OED)
• Patent and Trademark Depository Library Program
• Stopfakes.gov Small Business Resources
• Patent Full-Text and Full-Page Image Databases (USPTO)

Notes and References

1. Web site: Records of the Patent and Trademark office . . August 15, 2016 .
2. An act to promote the progress of the useful arts, and to repeal all acts and parts of acts heretofore made for that purpose, ch. 356, (1836)
3. Web site: Derrick Brent . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . September 13, 2022.
4. Web site: Vaishali Udupa . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . February 8, 2023.
5. Web site: David S. Gooder . U.S. Patent & Trademark Office . February 8, 2023.
6. News: Bohle . Shannon . A Four Part Series on Open Notebook Science (Part 4) . https://web.archive.org/web/20140219191548/http://www.scilogs.com/scientific_and_medical_libraries/a-four-part-series-on-open-notebook-science-part-4/ . February 19, 2014. Nature.com . February 2014 . February 19, 2014 .
7. Web site: USPTO 2014–2018 Strategic Plan . https://web.archive.org/web/20140122065152/http://www.uspto.gov/about/stratplan/DRAFT_USPTO_2014-2018_Strategic_Plan.pdf . January 22, 2014. United States Patent and Trademark Office . February 2014 . February 19, 2014 .
8. News: The United States Constitution . https://web.archive.org/web/20140125111307/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html . January 25, 2014. The U.S. National Archives . January 2014 . February 19, 2014 .
9. Web site: USPTO Campus. usptocareers.gov. May 6, 2018. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121014021642/http://www.usptocareers.gov/Pages/NewEmployee/Campus.aspx. October 14, 2012.
10. Web site: Visiting the USPTO – Map – Alexandria Headquarters . Public Information Services Group . September 27, 2009 . USPTO. May 6, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150108121523/http://www.uspto.gov/about/contacts/locations/map_alex.jsp. January 8, 2015.
11. Web site: USPTO Alexandria Campus . USPTO. May 6, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429162122/https://www.uspto.gov/image/campus_map.jpg. April 29, 2017.
12. Web site: Silicon Valley wins in securing U.S. patent office. July 4, 2012. SFGate. May 6, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171113211718/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/editorials/article/Silicon-Valley-wins-in-securing-U-S-patent-office-3682845.php. November 13, 2017.
13. Web site: Patent Reform Act of 2011 Amendment . Congressional Record 112th Congress (2011–2012) . pdf . March 5, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121106140855/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2011-03-01/pdf/CREC-2011-03-01-pt1-PgS1071.pdf#page=3 . November 6, 2012 .
14. USPTO to Open First Ever Satellite Office in Detroit. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. pdf. December 16, 2010. July 14, 2012. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120630044451/http://www.uspto.gov/news/pr/2010/10_65.jsp. June 30, 2012.
15. Web site: Detroit beats Silicon Valley in opening first-ever patent office outside Washington, D.C. . Melissa . Anders . July 13, 2012 . MLive.com . July 13, 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120719102121/http://www.mlive.com/business/index.ssf/2012/07/detroit_beats_silicon_valley_i.html . July 19, 2012 .
16. News: What Does a Patent Office Mean For Detroit? . Eric . Markowitz . Inc.com . March 1, 2012 . July 10, 2012 . May 22, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120522185649/http://www.inc.com/hot-spots-detroit/eric-markowitz/what-does-a-patent-office-mean-for-detroit.html . live .
17. News: Patent office prepares to open Detroit location . July 11, 2012 . Associated Press . . Detroit, Michigan . July 11, 2012 .
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