| United States Mission to the United Nations | |
| Location: | New York City, United States |
| Address: | 799 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 |
| Opened: | 1947 |
| Permanent Representative: | Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Ambassador |
The United States Mission to the United Nations (USUN) serves as the United States delegation to the United Nations.[1] USUN is responsible for carrying out the nation's participation in the world body. In 1947, the United States Mission was created by an act of Congress to assist the President and the Department of State in conducting United States policy at the United Nations. Since that time, USUN has served a vital role as the Department of State's UN branch. Today, USUN has approximately 150 people on staff who serve to represent the United States’ political, economic social, legal, military, public diplomacy, and management interests at the United Nations.
USUN is divided into the following sections: Executive; Washington; Political; Management and Reform; Economic and Social; Legal; Military Staff; Public Affairs; Host Country; Management; and Security.
The United States Mission to the United Nations is located at 799 United Nations Plaza (between East 44th and 45th streets on First Avenue) across the street from United Nations Headquarters.
There are several major leadership roles in the U.S. Mission.[2] The primary role, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, is the leader of the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is more formally known by the exact title:Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations.The position is also known as simply the U.S. Permanent Representative, or "Perm Rep", to the United Nations.
The U.S. permanent representative, currently Linda Thomas-Greenfield, is charged with representing the United States on the UN Security Council and during almost all plenary meetings of the General Assembly, except in the rare situation in which a more senior officer of the United States (such as the U.S. Secretary of State or the President of the United States) is present. Like all United States ambassadors, the U.S. Permanent Representative must be nominated by the U.S. president and confirmed by the Senate.
Many prominent U.S. politicians and diplomats have held the post, including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Adlai Stevenson, George H. W. Bush, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Dr. Jeane Kirkpatrick, Richard Holbrooke, Dr. Madeleine Albright, Bill Richardson and John Danforth.
It was a cabinet-level position under the Clinton administration and the Obama administration, but no longer held that status under the Trump administration. It was returned to this position under the Biden Administration. It was not a cabinet-level position under George W. Bush administration (from 2001 to 2009).[3] [4]
Additionally, there are four additional Representatives appointed by the President of the United States to serve on the United Nations General Assembly, two acting as Congressional Representatives to the United Nations and two Non-Congressional members. The Biden Administration has named Tom Carnahan and Sim Farar as Representatives of the United States to the General Assembly of the United Nations who are not members of Congress.[5]
The other leadership roles are also known as UN ambassadors, but with specific titles related to which offices of the UN they handle.
The U.S. president also appoints two members of Congress. Members are selected by the United States House of Representatives and/or United States Senate – one Democrat and one Republican from each chamber – as Congressional Representatives to the United Nations General Assembly. The position is regulated by Section 2(a) of the United Nations Participation Act (UNPA), which stipulates that the President can appoint no more than five members of Congress to the General Assembly with the advice and consent of the Senate and that members appointed to the Assembly can not be compensated for their service in the Assembly. The duties of Congressional Representatives are not specified by the UNPA, but they generally act as observers in the committee proceedings and formal gatherings of UN General Assembly members and heads of state.As outlined in UNPA, the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, may designate congressional representatives.
Both the House Foreign Affairs Committee (HFAC) and Senate Foreign Relations Committee (SFRC), have at different times, documented procedures for selecting congressional representatives. In practice, the process appears to be informal and has varied over time depending on the priorities and preferences of committee leadership.
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has developed a policy of not holding hearings for temporary or part-time positions, including General Assembly representatives. Instead, both the HFAC and SFRC have annually provided the President with their choices, who are then nominated by the President and confirmed by the vote of the full Senate.[6]
The current Congressional Representatives to the Seventy-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly are Congresswoman Barbara Lee (D-CA) and Congressman French Hill (R-AR)[5]
The Ronald H. Brown United States Mission to the United Nations Building, located at First Avenue and East 45th Street in Turtle Bay, Manhattan, was dedicated on March 29, 2011.[7] [8] The lead architect was Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects' Charles Gwathmey, who died in 2009, approximately two years before the structure was completed. Former U.S. Permanent Representative Susan Rice thanked Gwathmey in her remarks at the dedication ceremony.[9] Gwathmey's firm said that they wanted to design "an iconic tower that would transcend strict programmatic and technical constraints, and become a compelling and representative landmark for architecture and democracy".[10]
Although the mission's building was designed before the September 11 attacks, security concerns were prioritized in the building's design due to the earlier 1998 United States embassy bombings and USS Cole bombing.[11] The United States post-9/11 era only amplified those concerns.[10] For example, the building was built with 30inches thick walls and was intended to be able to withstand an explosion from a car bomb. In that scenario, the windowless bottom six floors would help prevent injury from flying glass shards.
The New York Times architecture critic Herbert Muschamp positively reviewed the building, which he called "essentially a high-rise bomb shelter":
Conversely, the New York Magazines equivalent critic Justin Davidson criticized the building's "stark, medieval look", adding that "Gwathmey's bunker may function perfectly [if attacked], but as an icon of democracy, it can only fail."[12]
The building replaced a 1960s Modernist building with a honeycombed concrete exterior. Its design was acclaimed for its time, but by the early 2000s The Washington Post noted that it was widely derided, including being described by Germany's ambassador to the UN as "ugly".[13]