Army National Guard Explained
The Army National Guard (ARNG) is an organized militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States Army. It is simultaneously part of two different organizations: the Militia of the United States (consisting of the ARNG of each state, most territories, and the District of Columbia), as well as the federal ARNG, as part of the National Guard as a whole (which includes the Air National Guard). It is divided into subordinate units stationed in each state or insular area, responsible to their respective governors or other head-of-government.[2]
The Guard's origins are usually traced to the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1636. That year a regiment of militia drilled for the first time to defend a multi-community area within what is now the United States.[3]
Activation
The ARNG operates under Title 10 of the United States Code when under federal control, and Title 32 of the United States Code and applicable state laws when under state control. It may be called up for active duty by the state or territorial governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, as well as civil disorder. The District of Columbia Army National Guard is a federal militia, controlled by the President of the United States with authority delegated to the Secretary of Defense, and through him to the Secretary of the Army.[4]
Members or units of the ARNG may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, into United States service.[5] [6] If mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the U.S. ARNG, which is a reserve component of the U.S. Army.[7] [8] [9] Individuals volunteering for active federal service may do so subject to the consent of their governors.[10] Largely on the basis of a 1990 U.S. Supreme Court decision, governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, either for training or national emergency.[11]
The President may also call up members and units of the ARNG, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws.[12] The Army National Guard is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard. The Director of the ARNG is the head of the organization, and reports to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. Because the ARNG is both the militia of the several states and a federal reserve component of the Army, neither the Chief of the National Guard Bureau nor the Director of the ARNG "commands" it. This operational command authority is performed in each state or territory by the State Adjutant General, and in the District of Columbia by the Commanding General of the D.C. National Guard when a unit is in its militia status. While under federal activation, the operational command authority is transferred to the commanders of the unified combatant commands, who command all U.S. forces within their area of responsibility. The Chief of the National Guard Bureau and the Director of the ARNG serve as the channel of communications between the Department of the Army and the ARNG in each state and territory, and administer federal programs, policies, and resources for the National Guard.[13]
The ARNG's portion of the president's proposed federal budget for Fiscal Year 2018 is approximately $16.2 billion to support an end strength of 343,000, including appropriations for personnel pay and allowance, facilities maintenance, construction, equipment maintenance and other activities.[14]
History
See main article: History of the United States Army National Guard.
See main article: Militia (United States).
Units and formations
Deployable Army units are organized as Table of organization and equipment (TOE) organizations or modified table of organization and equipment (MTOE) organizations. Non-deployable units, such as a state's joint force headquarters or regional training institutes are administered as Table of distribution and allowance (TDA) units.[15]
Commands
Divisions
In addition to many deployable units which are non-divisional, the Army National Guard's deployable units include eight infantry divisions.[16] These divisions, their subordinate brigades or brigades with which the divisions have a training oversight relationship, and the states represented by the largest units include:[17]
Army Aviation Magazine wrote on 31 March 2021 that "The ARNG is pressing forward with the Division Alignment for Training (DIV AFT) effort. The DIV AFT intent is to enhance leader development and training readiness through codified relationships across echelons and states to develop combat capable division formations for large scale combat operations. The Director, ARNG.. recently convened a DIV AFT Initial Planning Conference to clarify unit alignments for all eight ARNG Division Headquarters and synchronize activities that will facilitate unity of effort between Division Headquarters and aligned for training States."[18]
Multifunctional Support Brigades
The Army National Guard fields 37 multifunctional support brigades.
Maneuver Enhancement Brigades
Field Artillery Brigades
Sustainment Brigades
Military Intelligence Brigades
Functional Support Brigades and Groups
Engineer Brigades
Air Defense Artillery Brigades
Theater Tactical Signal Brigades
Military Police Brigades
Theater and Combat Aviation Brigades
Other brigades
Other Groups
Regular Army – Army National Guard Partnership
In 2016, the Army and the Army National Guard began a training and readiness initiative that aligned some Army brigades with National Guard division headquarters, and some National Guard brigades with Army division headquarters. Among others, this program included the National Guard's 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team becoming affiliated with the Army's 10th Mountain Division[20] and the National Guard's 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment affiliating with the Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team.[21] In addition, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division began an affiliation with the National Guard's 36th Infantry Division.[22]
- 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (GA ARNG), associated with 3rd Infantry Division
- 1st Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry Regiment (TX ARNG), associated with 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team
- 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment (IN ARNG), associated with 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division
- 840th Engineer Company (TX ARNG), associated with 36th Engineer Brigade
- 249th Transportation Company (TX ARNG), associated with 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade
- 1176th Transportation Company (TN ARNG), associated with 101st Sustainment Brigade
- 1245th Transportation Company (OK ARNG), associated with 1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade
- 2123rd Transportation Company (KY ARNG), associated with 101st Sustainment Brigade
Army units partnering with Army National Guard headquarters include:
By state
See main article: State Adjutant General.
The Army and Air National Guard in each state are headed by the State Adjutant General. The Adjutant General (TAG) is the de facto commander of a state's military forces, and reports to the state governor.[23]
Legacy units and formations
Several units have been affected by Army National Guard reorganizations. Some have been renamed or inactivated. Some have had subordinate units reallocated to other commands. A partial list of inactivated major units includes:
- 26th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 September 1993.[24]
- 27th Infantry Division, reorganized as 27th Armored Division, 1 February 1955. (See below.)[25]
- 27th Armored Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.[26]
- 30th Armored Division, inactivated 1 December 1973. (See below.)[27]
- 30th Infantry Division, inactivated 4 January 1974.[28]
- 31st Infantry Division, inactivated 14 January 1968. Units allocated to 30th Armored Division.[29]
- 32nd Infantry Division, inactivated 1 December 1967.[30]
- 33rd Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.[31]
- 37th Infantry Division, inactivated 15 February 1968.[32]
- 39th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 December 1967.[33]
- 40th Armored Division, inactivated 29 January 1968.[34]
- 41st Infantry Division, inactivated 1 January 1968.[35] [36]
- 43rd Infantry Division, inactivated 16 December 1967.[37]
- 44th Infantry Division, inactivated 10 October 1954.[38]
- 45th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.[39]
- 46th Infantry Division, inactivated 1 February 1968.[40]
- 47th Infantry Division, inactivated 10 February 1991.[41]
- 48th Armored Division, inactivated 29 January 1968.[42]
- 49th Armored Division, inactivated 1 May 2004; reflagged as the 36th Infantry Division.[43] [44]
- 50th Armored Division, inactivated 1 September 1993.[45]
Leadership
Upon the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947, the National Guard Bureau was organized into two divisions; Army National Guard and Air National Guard. Each were headed by a major general who reported to the chief of the National Guard Bureau. The head of the Army National Guard was originally established as the chief of the Army Division at the National Guard Bureau. The position was downgraded to brigadier general in 1962 due to force reduction. It was renamed to Director of the Army National Guard and elevated back to major general in 1970. The position was later elevated to the rank of lieutenant general in 2001. The Army National Guard is also authorized a deputy director which was originally established as a brigadier general office in 1970. It was elevated to the rank of major general in 2006.
The director of the Army National Guard oversees a staff which aids in planning and day-to-day organization and management. In addition to a chief of staff, the Director's staff includes several special staff members, including a chaplain and protocol and awards specialists. It also includes a primary staff, which is organized as directorates, divisions, and branches. The directorates of the Army National Guard staff are arranged along the lines of a typical American military staff: G-1 for personnel; G-2 for intelligence; G-3 for plans, operations and training; G-4 for logistics; G-5 for strategic plans, policy and communications; G-6 for communications; and G-8 for budgets and financial management.
List of chiefs and directors
Prominent members
See main article: Prominent members of the US Army National Guard.
U.S. presidents
See main article: List of presidents of the United States by military service. Of the 45 individuals to serve as President of the United States, 33 had military experience. Of those 33, 21 served in the militia or ARNG.
- George Washington, commissioned a Major in the Virginia Militia in 1753. He attained the rank of colonel before resigning his commission at the end of the French and Indian War.[46] [47]
- Thomas Jefferson, colonel and commander of the Albemarle County Militia at the start of the American Revolution[48]
- James Madison, colonel in the Orange County Militia at the start of the American Revolution and aide to his father, James Madison, Sr., who was the commander.[49]
- James Monroe, served in the militia while attending the College of William and Mary. After being wounded at the Battle of Trenton while serving in the Continental Army, he returned to Virginia to recruit and lead a regiment as a militia lieutenant colonel, but the regiment was never raised. In 1780 the British invaded Richmond, Virginia, and Jefferson commissioned Monroe as a colonel to command the militia raised in response and act as liaison to the Continental Army in North Carolina.[50] [51]
- Andrew Jackson, commander of the Tennessee Militia as a major general prior to the War of 1812.[52] [53]
- William Henry Harrison, commander of Indiana Territory's militia and Major General of the Kentucky Militia at the start of the War of 1812.[54] [55]
- John Tyler, commanded a company called the Charles City Rifles, part of Virginia's 52nd Regiment, in the War of 1812.[56]
- James Polk, joined the Tennessee Militia as a captain in a cavalry regiment in 1821. He was subsequently appointed a colonel on the staff of Governor William Carroll.[57] [58] [59] [60]
- Millard Fillmore, served as inspector of New York's 47th Brigade with the rank of major.[61] Commanded the Union Continentals, a militia unit raised to perform local service in Buffalo, New York, during the American Civil War.[62]
- Franklin Pierce, appointed aide de camp to Governor Samuel Dinsmoor in 1831. He remained in the militia until 1847 and attained the rank of colonel before becoming a brigadier general in the Army during the Mexican–American War.[63]
- James Buchanan, a member of the Pennsylvania Militia. His dragoon unit took part in the defense of Baltimore, Maryland, during the War of 1812.[64] [65]
- Abraham Lincoln, served in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. He commanded a company in the 4th Illinois Regiment with the rank of captain from April to May 1832. He was a private in Captain Alexander White's Company from May to June 1832. He served as a private in Captain Jacob Earley's company from June to July 1832.[66]
- Andrew Johnson, served in the Tennessee Militia in the 1830s, and attained the rank of colonel.[67] [68] During the American Civil War he remained loyal to the Union and was appointed Military Governor of Tennessee with the rank of brigadier general.[69] [70] [71]
- Ulysses S. Grant, having left the Army as a captain, at the start of the Civil War he served in the Illinois Militia as aide de camp and mustering officer for Governor Richard Yates.[72] [73] He held these positions until being appointed commander of the 21st Illinois Infantry, which set him on the path to becoming a general and commander of all Union armies.[74]
- Rutherford B. Hayes, joined a militia company in 1846 intending to fight in the Mexican–American War, but resigned because of ill health.[75] Enlisted as a private in a Cincinnati militia company at the start of the Civil War in 1861, and was elected commander with the rank of captain. He was subsequently appointed a major in the 23rd Ohio Infantry, and ended the war as a brigade commander and brevet Major General.[76]
- James A. Garfield, commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Ohio Militia in 1861, he took part in recruiting and training the 42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, which he commanded as a colonel.[77] He later served as Chief of Staff for the Army of the Cumberland and received promotion to Major General.[78]
- Chester A. Arthur, became a member of the New York Militia soon after becoming a lawyer. During the Civil War he served on the staff of Governor Edwin D. Morgan as Quartermaster General with the rank of brigadier general. He later served as Morgan's inspector general, responsible for visiting New York's front line units, assessing conditions and recommending improvements.[79]
- Benjamin Harrison, commissioned in the Indiana Militia by Governor Oliver P. Morton to recruit a regiment during the Civil War, he was subsequently appointed a second lieutenant and captain in and then colonel and commander of the 70th Indiana Infantry Regiment. He received the brevet of brigadier general as a commendation of his service, and later commanded a brigade.[80] [81] [82] He also enrolled in the militia again during labor unrest in Indianapolis in 1877.[83]
- William McKinley, joined a volunteer militia company called the Poland Guards at the start of the Civil War. The company was subsequently mustered in as part of the 23rd Ohio Infantry, the same regiment in which President Hayes served. McKinley ended the war as a major and chief of staff for division commander Samuel S. Carroll.[84] [85]
- Theodore Roosevelt, commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 8th New York Infantry Regiment in 1884, he served until 1888 and attained the rank of captain. During the Spanish–American War he was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, which he later commanded as a colonel. In 2001 a review of his war record led to a posthumous award of the Medal of Honor.[86] [87]
- Harry S. Truman, served in the Missouri Army National Guard from 1905 to 1911, rising to the rank of corporal. During World War I he rejoined and was commissioned a first lieutenant in the 2nd Missouri Field Artillery. This regiment was federalized as the 129th Field Artillery, and Truman commanded Battery D as a captain. He continued to serve in the Army Reserve, retiring as a colonel in 1953.[88] [89] [90]
(Note: President George W. Bush served in the National Guard in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and he was the first Air National Guard member to attain the presidency.)[91]
See also
Comparable organizations
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: FY20Senate National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) . Office of Legislative Affairs . 13 June 2019 . National Guard.mil . National Guard Bureau . Arlington, VA . 1.
- Web site: Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority . 14 August 2008 . 12 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160512223558/http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/guardandreserve/a/reservecallup.htm . dead .
- News: Associated Press . 19 August 2010 . Salem, Mass., declared National Guard's birthplace . Boston Globe . Boston, MA . 14 May 2018.
- National Archives and Records Administration, Executive Order 11485—Supervision and control of the National Guard of the District of Columbia, 1 October 1969
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12211- 10 USC 12211. Officers: Army National Guard of the United States
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12107- 10 USC 12107. Army National Guard of United States; Air National Guard of the United States: enlistment in
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/101- 32 USC 101. Definitions (NATIONAL GUARD)
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12401- 10 USC 12401. Army and Air National Guard of the United States: status
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10105- 10 USC 10105. Army National Guard of the United States: composition
- North Atlantic Treaty organization, Fact Sheet, National Reserve Forces Status: United States of America, 2006, p. 1
- National Guard Bureau, Today in Guard History (June), 11 June 1990, 2013
- https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12406- 10 USC 12406. National Guard in Federal service: call
- Cornell University, legal Information Institute, 10 USC § 10503 – Functions of National Guard Bureau: Charter, accessed 20 June 2013
- News: Matthews . William . 1 July 2017 . Busting The Caps . National Guard . Arlington, VA.
- U.S. Army Center of Military History, History of Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDA) Units, 30 May 1995, updated 20 May 2011.
- Richard Goldenberg, U.S. Army, National Guard Division Leaders Gather to Face Challenges for Missions at Home, Overseas, 9 June 2010.
- University of North Texas, U.S. Army National Guard, 17 January 2013
- Web site: BG David L. Hall. Army National Guard Aviation-Continuing to Change, Adapt and Modernize.
- Cotton Puryear (29 September 2017). "91st Cyber Brigade activated as Army National Guard's first cyber brigade". army.mil. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- News: Dwyer . Brian . 17 October 2016 . Patching Ceremony Unites 10th Mountain Division and Vermont Army National Guard Unit . TCW News . Watertown, NY.
- News: Tan . Michelle . 19 August 2016 . Army units change patches as part of active, Guard and Reserve pilot program . Army Times . Springfield, VA.
- News: Block . Gordon . 20 October 2016 . Programs link Fort Drum soldiers with Army Guard, Reserve personnel . Watertown Daily Times . Watertown, NY.
- Bowling Green Daily News, Guard's Command Structure Unique in the Armed Forces, 27 June 1999
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 26th Infantry Division, 2011
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 27th Infantry Division, 2011
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 27th Armored Division, 2011
- News: 28 October 1973 . Ceremonies Today for 30th Armored . The Tennessean . Nashville, TV . 11 . The 30th Armored Division of the Tennessee National Guard will be retired today... . subscription .
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 30th Infantry Division, 2011
- Tuscaloosa News, 31st Dixie Division Turning to Armor, 19 January 1968.
- Wisconsin Historical Society, Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Red Arrow Division, accessed 19 June 2013
- New York Times, Illinois Commander of Guard Replaced, 4 March 1968
- Al Goldberg, Toledo Blade, Taps Sounds for Ohio Guard's Famed 37th, 18 February 1968
- National Guard Education Foundation, 39th Infantry Division, 2011
- California State Military Museum, Lineages and Honors of the California National Guard: 40th Armored Brigade Headquarters and Headquarters Company, accessed 19 June 2013
- Tri-City Herald, Taps for the 41st, 8 June 1967
- Washington Army National Guard, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 81st Brigade Combat Team, 2007
- Associated Press, The Telegraph, Yankee Infantry Division is Facing Reorganization, 30 November 1967
- Eugene Register-Standard, Army Disbands 44th Division, 18 September 1954
- National Guard Education Foundation, 45th Infantry Division, 2011
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 46th Infantry Division, 2011
- Minnesota Military Museum, The 47th "Viking" Infantry Division, 1991
- National Guard Educational Foundation, 48th Armored Division, 2011
- Texas Army National Guard, History of the 36th Infantry Division, accessed 19 June 2013
- Texas Military Forces Museum, 36th Infantry Division, The "Texas" Division, accessed 19 June 2013
- U.S. House Appropriations Committee, Hearing Record, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1995, Volume 1, 1994, p. 296
- Book: Mark Lardas. George Washington. 2011. Bloomsbury Publishing. 978-1-84908-881-7. 14.
- Book: Aaron Bancroft. The Life of George Washington .... 1855. Phillips, Sampson. 39.
- Book: Fawn McKay Brodie. Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History. registration. 1974. W.W. Norton & Company. 978-0-393-31752-7. 112.
- Book: Ralph Louis Ketcham. James Madison: A Biography. registration. 1990. University of Virginia Press. 978-0-8139-1265-3. 64.
- Book: Michael Teitelbaum. James Monroe. 2002. Capstone. 978-0-7565-0253-9. 14.
- Book: Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Cathal J. Nolan. U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present. 2007. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-85109-790-6. 45.
- Book: H. W. Brands. Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. 2006. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 978-0-307-27854-8. 90.
- Book: Samuel Putnam Waldo. Memoirs of Andrew Jackson: Major-general in the Army of the United States; and Commander in Chief of the Division of the South. 1819. J. & W. Russell. 41–42.
- Book: Spencer Tucker. James R. Arnold. Roberta Wiener. Paul G. Pierpaoli. John C. Fredriksen. The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History. 2012. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-85109-956-6. 331.
- Book: James Hall. A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison, of Ohio. 1836. Key & Biddle. 310.
- Book: Stuart L. Butler. Defending the Old Dominion: Virginia and Its Militia in the War of 1812. 2012. University Press of America. 978-0-7618-6040-2. 282.
- Book: Louise A. Mayo. President James K. Polk: The Dark Horse President. 2006. Nova Publishers. 978-1-59454-718-8. 14.
- Book: Soldiers. 1980. Department of the Army. 4.
- Book: Barbara Bennett Peterson. Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of Tennessee and Washington. 2002. Nova Publishers. 978-1-59033-145-3. 5.
- Book: John Seigenthaler. John Seigenthaler. James K. Polk: The American Presidents Series: The 11th President, 1845-1849. 2004. Henry Holt and Company. 978-0-8050-6942-6. 34.
- Book: Roger Sherman Skinner. The New-York State Register for 1830–1831. 1830. 361. New York .
- Book: Buffalo Historical Society. Buffalo Historical Society (Buffalo, N.Y.). Publications. 1907. The Society.. xxxii.
- Book: John Farmer. G. Parker Lyon. The New-Hampshire Annual Register, and United States Calendar. 1832. 53.
- Book: Ralph E. Eshelman. A Travel Guide to the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake: Eighteen Tours in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. registration. 2011. JHU Press. 978-0-8018-9837-2. 114.
- Book: Philip Shriver Klein. President James Buchanan, a biography. 1962. Pennsylvania State University Press. 18.
- Book: Illinois Adjutant General's Office. Record of the Services of Illinois Soldiers in the Black Hawk War, 1831–32, and in the Mexican War, 1846-8. 1882. H. W. Rokker, state printer. 100, 176, 183.
- Book: Hans L. Trefousse. Andrew Johnson: A Biography. 1997. W. W. Norton, Incorporated. 978-0-393-31742-8. 14.
- Book: James Knox Polk. Wayne Cutler. Herbert Weaver. Correspondence of James K. Polk. 7. 1989. Univ. of Tennessee Press. 978-0-8265-1225-3. 439.
- Book: Kate Havelin. Andrew Johnson. 2004. Twenty-First Century Books. 978-0-8225-1000-0. 21.
- Book: Gary L. Donhardt. In the Shadow of the Great Rebellion: The Life of Andrew Johnson, Seventeenth President of the United States (1808-1875). 2007. Nova Publishers. 978-1-60021-086-0. 6.
- Book: Clifton R. Hall. Andrew Johnson: Military Governor of Tennessee. 1916. 19.
- Book: James S. Brisbin. The campaign lives of Ulysses S Grant and Schuyler Colfax. Gale Cengage Learning. 1868. 58–59.
- Book: Ulysses Simpson Grant. The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: April to September, 1861. 1969. SIU Press. 978-0-8093-0366-3. 29.
- Book: William Farina. Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness. 2007. McFarland. 978-0-7864-8051-7. 22.
- Book: William Dean Howells. Rutherford Birchard Hayes. Sketch of the life and character of Rutherford B. Hayes. Also a biographical sketch of William A. Wheeler. Hurd and Houghton. 1876. 29.
- Hardesty's Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia, Military and Personal Sketches of Ohio's Rank and File from Sandusky County in the War of the Rebellion, 1885, republished on the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center web site
- Book: John Clark Ridpath. The Life and Work of James A. Garfield ...: Embracing an Account of the Scenes and Incidents of His Boyhood. 1881. Jones brothers. 91–92.
- Book: James T. Wall. Wall Street and the Fruited Plain: Money, Expansion, and Politics in the Gilded Age. 2008. University Press of America. 978-0-7618-4124-1. 82.
- Book: Emma Rogers. Chester A. Arthur: Man and President. 1921. University of Wisconsin—Madison. 7–9.
- Book: Lew Wallace. Murat Halstead. Life and Public Services of Hon. Benjamin Harrison, President of the U.S.: With a Concise Biographical Sketch of Hon. Whitelaw Reid. 1892. Edgewood Publishing Company. 178–181.
- Newburgh Daily Journal, "Death of General Harrison", 14 March 1901
- Muncie Free Press, Daniels adds President Benjamin Harrison to Hoosier Heritage Portrait Collection, 20 March 2009
- Book: Eric Foner. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. 2002. HarperCollins. 978-0-06-093716-4. 584.
- Book: John W. Tyler. The Life of William McKinley. 1901. P. W. Ziegler & Company. 37.
- Book: Kevin Phillips. William McKinley: The American Presidents Series: The 25th President, 1897–1901. 2003. Henry Holt and Company. 978-0-8050-6953-2. 23.
- Book: William Montgomery Clemens. The Ancestry of Theodore Roosevelt. 1914. W.M. Clemens. 11.
- Bill Bleyer, Long Island Newsday, "Roosevelt's Medal of Honor Coming to LI", 21 February 2001
- Book: Gabriele Arnold. Harry S. Truman – his foreign policy. 2006. GRIN Verlag. 978-3-638-51025-7. 4.
- Book: Michael J. Devine. Harry S. Truman, the State of Israel, and the Quest for Peace in the Middle East. 2009. Truman State Univ Press. 978-1-935503-80-4. 93.
- Book: Truman, Harry S.. Harry S. Truman . Ferrell. Robert H.. Robert Hugh Ferrell. . 1983. Norton. 978-0-8262-1203-0. 9440945. 306.
- Book: Clarke Rountree. George W. Bush: A Biography. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-38500-1. xviii–xix.
