United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers explained

Unit Name:	U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers
Dates:	1838–1863
Country:	. United States of America
Allegiance:	United States Army
Branch:	Regular Army
Notable Commanders:	John James Abert (1838–61) Stephen Harriman Long (1861–63)

The U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was a branch of the United States Army authorized on 4 July 1838. It consisted only of officers who were handpicked from West Point^[1] and was used for mapping and the design and construction of federal civil works such as lighthouses and other coastal fortifications and navigational routes. Members included such officers as George Meade, John C. Frémont, Thomas J. Cram and Stephen Long. It was merged with the United States Army Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey for the Great Lakes.^[2] In the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers' officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U.S. Naval officers.

In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey. The Survey, based in Detroit, Mich., was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852.^[3]

Significance

William Goetzmann has written:

Major expeditions prior to the Corps' creation

In all, there were six major expeditions into the Louisiana Purchase, the first being the best known Corps of Discovery led by Lewis and Clark in 1804–1806. A second expedition in 1804 included astronomer and naturalist John Dunbar and prominent Philadelphia chemist William Hunter. This expedition attempted to follow the Red River to its source in Texas, then controlled by Spain, but turned back after three months.

In April 1806 a second Red River Expedition was led by Captain Richard Sparks and included astronomer and surveyor Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis, a University of Pennsylvania medical student who served as the expedition's botanist. The group of 24 traveled 615 miles up the Red River before being turned back by Spanish authorities. President Thomas Jefferson hoped that this expedition would be nearly as important as the one led by Lewis and Clark, but the interruption by Spanish authorities prevented this hope from being realized.

In 1805–1806, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike was ordered by General James Wilkinson, Governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory, to find the source of the Mississippi River.

In 1806–1807, President Jefferson ordered Lieutenant Pike, on another expedition, to find the headwaters of the Arkansas River and Red River. This is better known as the Pike Expedition. Spanish forces arrested Pike and confiscated his papers, but assigned a translator and cartographer to translate Pike's documents.

In 1817 Major Stephen H. Long explored the upper Mississippi River, selecting sites for Fort Smith on the Arkansas River and Fort St. Anthony at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi.

In 1819, President James Monroe and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun ordered General Henry Atkinson to lead what became known as the Yellowstone Expedition. One objective was to eliminate British influence among the Native American tribes in the region. Nearly 1,000 soldiers were transported by five steamboats up the Missouri River to the Mandan villages at the mouth of the Yellowstone, where they built a fort. This was the first known use of steam propulsion in the west.

Major expeditions by the Corps

• Joseph Nicolas Nicollet, assisted by Second Lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers, John Charles Fremont, conducted a reconnaissance of the region of the Upper Mississippi River and Missouri Rivers in 1838 and 1839.
• Boundary survey of the border between Wisconsin Territory and Michigan (1840–1841) conducted by Captain Thomas J. Cram.^[4]
• Boundary survey of the border with Republic of Texas (1841–42) by Maj. James Duncan Graham.^{[5] [6]} Later discovered lunar tides in the Great Lakes in 1858–59.
• Fremont conducted expeditions over the Oregon trail to the Columbia River and to California during 1842–1846. During his third expedition, Fremont detached Lieutenants James W. Abert and William G. Peck^{[7] [8]} in August, 1845, at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River to survey Purgatory Creek and the Canadian and False Washita Rivers.^[9]
• Boundary survey of the Canada–US border (1844–46) led by William H. Emory.
• Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California, Including Part Of The Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. By Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, made in 1846-7, With the Advanced Guard of the "Army of the West" led by Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny.^[10]
• Boundary survey of the borders with Mexico; United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (1848–1855) led by William H. Emory.^[11]
• Lorenzo Sitgreaves led the first topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.^{[12] [13]}
• Lt. Col. J. D. Graham was on the first resurvey of the Mason–Dixon line, from 1849 to 1850. At some point, Graham was to replace the Delaware-Maryland-Pennsylvania Tri-State Marker, but misplaced it.
• Pacific Railroad Surveys, which consisted of five surveys to find potential transcontinental railroad routes. These survey reports were compiled into twelve volumes, Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4. Volumes I-XII, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1855–61.^[14]
  • The Northern Pacific survey followed between the 47th parallel north and 49th parallel north from St. Paul, Minnesota to the Puget Sound and was led by the newly appointed governor of the Washington Territory, Isaac Stevens. Accompanying Stevens were Captain George B. McClellan with Lt. Sylvester Mowry out of the Columbia Barracks from the west and Lt. Rufus Saxton with Lt. Richard Arnold out of St. Marysville from the east.^[15]
  • There were two Central Pacific surveys. One followed between the 37th parallel north and 39th parallel north from St. Louis, Missouri to San Francisco, California. This survey was led by Lt. John W. Gunnison until his death at the hands of a band of Pahvants in Utah. Lt. Edward Griffin Beckwith then took command. Also participating in this survey was Frederick W. von Egloffstein, George Stoneman and Lt. Gouverneur K. Warren.^[16] Beckwith, subsequently explored the second Central Pacific route near the 41st parallel. This was the route subsequently closely followed by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific to complete the first transcontinental railroad.^[17]
  • There were two Southern Pacific surveys. One along the 35th parallel north from Oklahoma to Los Angeles, California, a route similar to the western part of the later Santa Fe Railroad and to Interstate 40, which was led by Lt. Amiel Weeks Whipple.^[18] Joseph Christmas Ives, Whipple's assistant, led the expedition that explored and mapped the Colorado River to the mouth of Las Vegas Wash.^[19] The southernmost Southern Pacific survey went across Texas to San Diego, California, a route which was later followed by the Southern Pacific Railroad which completed the second transcontinental railway in 1881. This survey was led by Lt. John Grubb Parke^{[20] [21]} and John Pope.^[22]
  • The fifth survey was along the Pacific coast from San Diego to Seattle, Washington conducted by Lt. Robert S. Williamson and John G. Parke.^{[23] [24] [25]}
• Exploration of the Colorado River of the West by Lt. Joseph Christmas Ives, 1858–59^[26]
• Boundary survey of the borders with Canada, The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61)^[27]

See also

Army Geospatial Center

Further reading

• Book: Schubert, Frank N.. Frank N. Schubert. The Nation Builders: A Sesquicentennial History of the Corps of Topographical Engineers 1838–1863. University Press of the Pacific. 2004. 978-1410218728.
• Web site: A History of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, (1818–1863) part 1 . U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers website, quoting from Beers, Henry P. "A History of the U.S. Topographical Engineers, 1813–1863." 2 pts. The Military Engineer 34 (Jun 1942): pp.287-91 & (Jul 1942): pp.348-52. . 2011-08-06.

References

Attribution

External links

• U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers - a living history group website on this topic

Notes and References

1. Web site: Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. Trimble. Marshall. 2016-04-18. True West Magazine. en-US. 2019-07-23.
2. Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake Survey, Arthur M. Woodford, 1991
3. http://www.greatlakesmaps.org/Default.aspx?tabid=55|US Lake Survey
4. Web site: General Map to Accompany the Report of Capt T.J. Cram on the Boundary Between Michigan and Wiskonsin [sic] ]. www.americanhistory.si.edu . National Museum of American History . 28 January 2021.
5. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/165*.html James D. Graham
6. Web site: James Duncan Graham. U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers. https://web.archive.org/web/20170419052032/http://www.topogs.org/b_graham.htm. April 19, 2017.
7. http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs18920218-01.2.21&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------# Columbia Daily Spectator, Volume XXX, Number 1, 18 February 1892, p5.4-5 Professor William G. Peck
8. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1206*.html William Guy Peck, Cullums_Register 1206 Class of 1844
9. https://books.google.com/books?id=N89OAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22Purgatory+Creek%22%2C+William+G.+Peck&pg=PA52 RECONNAISSANCE BY LIEUT. JAMES W. ABERT, TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1845; Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Volume 11, BEVERLEY TUCKER, PRINTER, WASHINGTON, 1855, p.52
10. https://books.google.com/books?id=ggFZAAAAMAAJ Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth in Missouri to San Diego in California, Including Part Of The Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. By Lieut. Col. W. H. Emory, made in 1846-7, With the Advanced Guard of the "Army of the West", Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Washington, 1848
11. United States Department of the Interior (1857–59). Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by William H. Emory Washington, D.C.: C. Wendell, printer. Three volumes, bound in two.
12. Book: Byrd H. Granger. Arizona Place Names. registration. 9 December 2011. 1960. University of Arizona Press. 21.
13. https://archive.org/stream/reportanexpidit00sitggoog#page/n8/mode/2up Report of an Expedition Down the Zuñi and Colorado Rivers, Captain L. Sitgreaves, Corps Topographical Engineers, Robert Armstrong, Public Printer, Washington, 1853
14. http://cprr.org/Museum/Pacific_RR_Surveys/ Pacific Railroad Survey
15. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0012.001/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad near the 47th and 49th Parallels of North Latitude, from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Puget Sound, Vol. XII, Book 1, Thomas H. Ford, printer, Washington, 1860
16. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/afk4383.0002.001/5?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4. Volume II, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1855. Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad, by Captain J. W. Gunnison, Corps Topographical Engineers, near The Thirty-Eighth and Thirty-Ninth Parallels of Latitude, from The Mouth of the Kansas River, Mo., To The Seiver Lake, In The Great Basin, Report, by Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith, Third Artillery
17. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0002.002/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4. Volume II, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1855. Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad, On The Line Of The Forty-First Parallel Of North Latitude, by Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith, Third Artillery, upon the Route near the Forty-First Parallel, 1854.
18. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/afk4383.0003.001/1?view=image&size=100 Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume III, Washington; Government Printing Office: 1856, Report. Explorations for a Railway Route, near the Thirty-Fifth Parallel of North Latitude, from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean: By Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Corps Of Topographical Engineers Assisted by Lieutenant J. C. Ives, Corps of Topographical Engineers.
19. https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ Joseph C. Ives, Report upon the Colorado river of the West, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1861.
20. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/afk4383.0007.002/5?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Vol. VII, Part 1. Report of Explorations for Railroad Routes San Francisco Bay to Los Angeles, West of the Coast Range, and from the Pimas Villages on the Gila to the Rio Grande, near the 32d Parallel of North Latitude, Lieutenant John G. Parke, Corps of Topographical Engineers, Assisted by Albert H. Campbell, Civil Engineer.
21. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/afk4383.0007.002/5?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume II, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1855. Report of Lieutenant John G. Parke, Corps Topographical Engineers, upon the Portion of the Route near the Thirty-Second Parallel, Lying Between the Rio Grande and Pimas Village, on the Gila.
22. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0002.004/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume II, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1855. Report of Explorations for a Route for the Pacific Railroad, Near The Thirty-Second Parallel Of North Latitude, From the Red River to The Rio Grande, by Brevet Captain John Pope, Corps Topographical Engineers, 1854
23. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0005.001/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume V, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1856; . Report. Explorations In California for Railroad Routes, to Connect with the Routes near the 35th and 32nd Parallels of North Latitude by Lieutenant R. S. Williamson, Corps of Topographical Engineers.
24. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0006.001/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume VI, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1857; Report of Lieut. Henry L. Abbot, Corps of Topographical Engineers upon Explorations for a Railroad Route, the Sacramento Valley to the Columbia River, Made by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Corps of Topographical Engineers, Assisted by Lieut. Henry L. Abbot, Corps of Topographical Engineers.
25. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFK4383.0007.002/1?rgn=full+text;view=image Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-4, Volume VII, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1857; . Report of Explorations for Railroad Routes San Francisco Bay to Los Angeles, West of the Coast Range, and from the Pimas Villages on the Gila to the Rio Grande, near the 32d Parallel of North Latitude, Lieutenant John G. Parke, Corps of Topographical Engineers, Assisted by Albert H. Campbell, Civil Engineer.
26. https://books.google.com/books?id=1xIOAAAAQAAJ Joseph C. Ives, REPORT UPON THE COLORADO RIVER OF THE WEST, EXPLORED IN 1857 AND 1858 BY LIEUTENANT JOSEPH C. IVES, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, UNDER THE DIRECTION OP THE OFFICE OF EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS, A. A. HUMPHREYS, CAPTAIN TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, IN CHARGE. BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, 1861; PART I. GENERAL REPORT.
27. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0174/report.pdf Marcus Baker, Survey of the Northwest Border of the United States 1857–1861, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1900.