USS Vicksburg (PG-11) explained
USS Vicksburg was a United States Navy gunboat laid down in March 1896 at Bath, Maine, launched on 5 December 1896 from the Bath Iron Works yard,[1] [2] and commissioned on 23 October 1897. The vessel was sponsored by Addie Trowbridge, and named after the town of Vicksburg, where her father was mayor at the time.[3]
Service history
Spanish–American War, 1898–1899
Vicksburg left Newport, Rhode Island on 16 January 1898, sailing for Saint Thomas in the Caribbean.[4] On 26 April, at the start of the Spanish–American War, she sailed south to join in the blockade of Cuba.[5] For the next three months, Vicksburg patrolled the Cuban coast near Havana, returning to Key West, Florida periodically for fuel and provisions. During her tour of duty in Cuban waters, she captured three blockade runners. In May, she took Oriente,[6] Fernandito,[7] and Bernardico[8] on the 5th, 7th, and 9th, respectively. The Oriente and Fernandito were small unarmed sailing ships bound from the Gulf of Campeche to Havana with cargoes of fish. Vicksburg took each to Key West where they were condemned by a prize court.[9] [10] Her fourth and final capture came more than a month later on 24 June when she encountered Ampala, a 150lk=inNaNlk=in sailing vessel, bound from Havana to Trujillo.[11] Though Ampala carried no cargo save provisions for her passengers, Vicksburg took her to Key West where she, too, was duly condemned.[12] [13] On 7 May, Vicksburg came under the fire of the Santa Clara Battery shore battery near Havana, and again on 14 August.[14] By then, hostilities in Cuba were ending, and the need for blockading ships diminished.[15] [16] Vicksburg departed Cuban waters on the 14th and, after a three-day stop at Key West,[17] continued north to Newport where she arrived on 23 August.[18] During the remaining months of 1898 and the first five months of 1899, she operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean.[19] [20] [21] [22] On 24 May 1899, Vicksburg was placed out of commission at Boston.[23] [24]
Asiatic Station, 1900–1904
Almost a year later, on 15 May 1900, the gunboat was recommissioned at Newport, R.I.[25] After six months of operations in the Atlantic, Vicksburg stood out of Boston on 9 November for duty on the Asiatic Station.[26] She sailed via the Mediterranean Sea and the Suez Canal and arrived at Cavite—on the island of Luzon in the Philippines—on 2 February 1901.[27] During the first of her three years in the Far East, Vicksburg joined other Navy units in supporting the Army's campaign in the Philippine–American War which followed Spain's ceding the islands to the U.S.[28] Vicksburg herself contributed significantly to the success of those operations when she assisted Army forces in capturing the Philippine president, Emilio Aguinaldo, at Palanan, Isabela in March 1901.[29] She also cooperated with the Army again in June during the occupation of Puerto Princesa and Cuyo, the two major cities on the island.
In 1902, the warship moved north and, for the remaining two years of her tour, cruised the waters off the coasts of China, Japan, and Korea.[30] She spent the entire first quarter of 1904 at Chemulpo, Korea, protecting American interests during the initial stages of the Russo-Japanese War. On 9 June 1904, Vicksburg took leave of Asia when she stood out of Yokohama, Japan, and shaped a course for home. She reached Bremerton, Washington, on 29 June but later moved south to the Mare Island Navy Yard near San Francisco, California. There, she was placed out of commission, in reserve, on 15 July 1904.[31]
Central America, 1909–1912
After almost five years of inactivity, Vicksburg was placed back in commission at Mare Island on 17 May 1909.[32] The gunboat departed San Francisco on 16 June and headed south to the coast of Mexico and the Isthmus of Panama.[33] [34] During the next four years, she cruised the western coast of Central America in an effort to support American diplomatic moves to maintain peace in the revolution-prone nations in the area.[35] [36] [37] [38] For that purpose, she made calls at ports in Mexico,[39] Honduras,[40] El Salvador,[41] Guatemala, and Panama.[42] Conditions in Nicaragua were especially volatile during those years, and Vicksburg returned to Corinto and other Nicaraguan ports time and time again.[43] [44]
During the early summer of 1912, she began operating primarily along the California coast.[45] In late August, she cruised south for an extended courtesy visit to Guaymas, Mexico.[46] While there, Vicksburg was sent to assist the steam freighter Pleiades, which had reported running aground on the coast of lower California on August 16.[47] Vicksburg sustained a hull puncture from a broken propeller while en route to provide aid,[48] [49] and the cruiser Cleveland was sent to escort Vicksburg back to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard.[50] The damage was found to not be as severe as initially thought, and Vicksburg was instead led back to Guaymas, where she briefly remained for repairs before returning to duty on 2 September.[51] The gunboat later returned to the U.S. at San Diego on 3 November.
Training ship, 1912–1917
Following repairs at the Mare Island and the Puget Sound Navy Yards, she began duty with the Washington Naval Militia on 18 June.[52] That service occupied her almost completely until the U.S. entered World War I in the spring of 1917.[53] [54] [55] The only exception came in May–June 1914, when she was placed back in full commission for a brief cruise to Mexico. Upon her return to Puget Sound, she reverted to reserve status and resumed training duty with the Washington Naval Militia.
World War I, 1917–1921
On 6 April 1917, the U.S. associated herself with the Allied Powers in World War I by declaring war on the German Empire.[56] [57] A week later, on 13 April, Vicksburg was placed back in full commission at Puget Sound. The gunboat patrolled the western coasts of the United States and Mexico through the end of the war.[58] That German influence was particularly strong in Mexico during the war is evidenced by the fact that Germany started reasonably serious negotiations to persuade Mexico to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers.[59] The infamous Zimmermann Telegram—which offered Mexico the opportunity to recoup her losses in the American Southwest—contributed greatly to the United States' decision to go to war against Germany.[60] [61] Thus, the Navy had to flex its muscles convincingly to dissuade Mexico from assisting the Central Powers. Vicksburg and the other ships which patrolled the Mexican coasts helped provide the influence necessary to keep that nation out of the enemy camp.[62] [63]
As a result of her mildly pro-German attitude, Mexico became a center for German activity in the western hemisphere, particularly after the U.S. entered the war. Incidents involving German nationals occurred frequently. One such incident provided Vicksburg with the single concrete reward for her vigilance. On 17 March 1918, she anchored off the harbor at Viejo Bay, Mexico, in response to information that a ship carrying German nationals would attempt to leave the port. At 12:25, she sighted the schooner Alexander Agassiz standing out to sea under the American flag and immediately got underway to intercept her. The schooner tried to make a dash for it, but a shot across her bow forced the Alexander Agassiz to heave to and submit to a search.
Vicksburgs boarding party made some interesting discoveries. The schooner carried 14 people, of whom five were German and six were Mexican. Two others were women, one of whom was purportedly the vessel's owner. The remaining passenger was an American, probably the informant upon whose advice the capture was made since he is listed in Vicksburgs war diary as "...one American spy..." The motorized sailing vessel also carried some small arms and a quantity of ammunition as well as a "German flag". The people were taken on board Vicksburg, and the five Germans were put in irons.
Vicksburg justified the capture on the fact that the schooner carried enemy nationals and that she possessed no proper ship's papers. In a three-hour discussion held that afternoon with the Captain of the Port, the British Vice Consul, and commanding officers of other American ships in the area, Vicksburgs commanding officer supported his action further with the fact that the passengers were seen to throw articles overboard just before the boarding party arrived and with the suggestion that the Alexander Agassiz had been fitted out as a raider. That shaky proposition was later repudiated by an American prize court which ordered that restitution be made to the owner of the schooner. It now seems likely that the five Germans were simply making a desperate attempt to return home.
Later that month, Vicksburg delivered her prize to San Diego and the prisoners to Los Angeles. She then resumed her patrols off California and remained so occupied through the remaining months of the war. The gunboat continued her active service for almost a year after hostilities stopped in November 1918. On 16 October 1919, she was finally decommissioned for the last time at Puget Sound; and, four days later, she was transferred to the Washington State Nautical School. Vicksburg served as a training ship with the school until 1921. During this period, she received the designation PG-11 on 17 July 1920, when the Navy adopted the alphanumeric system of hull designations.
Coast Guard, 1921–1944
On 2 May 1921, Vicksburg was transferred once more—this time to the Coast Guard—and her name was struck from the Navy List. She was renamed Alexander Hamilton on 18 August 1922 and served as a training ship at the Coast Guard Academy until 1930. The Coast Guard decommissioned her on 7 June 1930, stripped her, and towed her to the depot at Curtis Bay, Maryland, where she was permanently assigned as station ship. Sometime between 1 July 1935 and 1 July 1936, she was renamed Beta and, by 1 July 1940, she had been reassigned to New London, Connecticut, as a station ship.
In 1942, she was towed back to Curtis Bay where she served as a training platform for machinist's mates and water tenders. That duty lasted until 30 December 1944, when she was finally placed out of service completely. On 28 March 1946, the hulk was turned over to the War Shipping Administration for final disposition. Presumably, she was scrapped.
Vicksburg was one of a very few American ships to see active service in the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II.
Awards
External links
Notes and References
- Book: Benham . Edith Wallace . Ships of the United States Navy and Their Sponsors, 1797-1913 . Hall . Anne Martin . Plimpton Press . 1913 . 9781498046435 . Norwood, MA, USA . 187 . en.
- Web site: May 4, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1897-1899 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210612225040/https://naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1897-99.htm . June 12, 2021 . May 4, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: December 6, 1896 . LAUNCHED AT BATH - Uncle Sam's Two New Gunboats, Vicksburg and Newport . 2 . . April 19, 2022.
- News: January 17, 1898 . Training Ship's Winter Cruise . 1 . . April 19, 2022.
- News: April 28, 1898 . WAR A STERN REALITY - North Atlantic Squadron Ordered to Blockade Havana . 7 . Turner County Herald . April 20, 2022.
- News: May 7, 1898 . TWO LITTLE PRIZES YESTERDAY. . 4 . . April 20, 2022.
- News: May 13, 1898 . TWO MORE PRIZES. . 5 . Vermont Phoenix . April 20, 2022.
- News: May 26, 1898 . PRIZES CAPTURED. List of Spanish Vessels Taken Into Custody by the American Fleet. . 4 . . April 20, 2022.
- News: May 11, 1898 . SEIZED A NORWEGIAN STEAMER. Vessel Believed to Have Landed Cattle in Cuba. . 5 . The Morning News . April 20, 2022.
- News: May 13, 1898 . THE WORLD AT LARGE. Summary of the Daily News. . 2 . The Kinsley Graphic . April 20, 2022.
- News: June 26, 1898 . TRIED TO RUN THE BLOCKADE - Capture of a Vessel That Left Havana. . 3 . . April 20, 2022.
- News: June 26, 1898 . ANOTHER PRIZE. . 8 . . April 20, 2022.
- News: June 27, 1898 . INTO QUARANTINE. The Vicksburg's Prize is Sent to the Tortugas. . 8 . . April 20, 2022.
- News: September 15, 1898 . Lieut. J.C. Cresap. Among the Crew of the Vicksburg. - Clipping From the Newport News of August 23. . 3 . The Ohio Democrat . April 24, 2022.
- News: August 13, 1898 . BLOCKADE UP. Armor Clad Vessels Ordered Home. . 1 . . April 23, 2022.
- News: August 14, 1898 . THE WAR IS OVER. The Peace Protocol Signed - All Naval and Military Commanders to Suspend Hostilities - The Blockade Raised. . 1 . . April 23, 2022.
- News: August 16, 1898 . Movements of Warships. . 5 . . April 23, 2022.
- News: THE VICKSBURG AT NEWPORT. She Will Be Refitted and Her Crew Will Get Some Sleep . 1 . . April 23, 2022.
- News: September 16, 1898 . AN OVATION AT NEWPORT. The Ships' Officers and Crews Will Be Entertained Tomorrow. . 3 . . April 24, 2022.
- News: September 21, 1898 . THE BROOKLYN TO BE DOCKED. Fifteen Thousand People Visit the Cruiser at Newport. . 1 . . April 24, 2022.
- News: December 27, 1898 . FROM THE BARBADOES - Ensign Barnes Writes of the Colonial Britisher . 2 . . April 24, 2022.
- News: March 16, 1899 . PITH OF THE NEWS - Digest of the News from All Parts of the World . 6 . . April 24, 2022.
- News: May 26, 1899 . Vicksburg Out of Commission. . 1 . The Penn's Grove Record . April 25, 2022.
- News: May 26, 1899 . Movements of Naval Vessels. . 12 . . April 25, 2022.
- News: May 18, 1900 . Movements of Naval Vessels. . 1 . . April 25, 2022.
- News: November 14, 1900 . A WEEK'S RECORD - All News of the Past Seven Days Condensed. . 6 . The Watertown Republican . April 26, 2022.
- Web site: May 2, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1900-1902 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220429103342/https://www.naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1900-02.htm . April 29, 2022 . May 2, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- Book: MacArthur, Arthur . Annual Report of Major General Arthur MacArthur, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding, Division of the Philippines, Military Governor in the Philippine Islands: Volume 1 . 1901 . 60–75 . en.
- News: March 28, 1901 . AGUINALDO CAPTURED. The Fleet Filipino Leader now In the Hands of Americans. . 1 . . April 25, 2022.
- Web site: May 2, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1902-1904 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20211210121420/http://www.naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1902-04.htm . December 10, 2021 . May 2, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: July 19, 1904 . KOREA COMES IN FROM THE COAST . 7 . . May 2, 2022.
- Web site: May 8, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1909-1910 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220502111729/http://www.naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1909-10.htm . May 2, 2022 . May 8, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: June 17, 1909 . Naval Movements. . 3 . . May 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220508093437/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1909-06-17/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=6%2F16%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F19%2F1909&ortext=&proxtext=vicksburg+gunboat&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 8 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: June 17, 1909 . The Chautaugua - Starts Around the Horn . 4 . The Paducah Evening Sun . May 8, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220508093438/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85052114/1909-06-17/ed-1/seq-4/#date1=6%2F16%2F1909&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F19%2F1909&ortext=&proxtext=vicksburg+gunboat&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 8 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: December 6, 1909 . GUNS TRAINED ON THE CITY - American Warship in Control at Corinto. . 1 . The Madison Daily Leader . May 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220514094151/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99062034/1909-12-06/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=8%2F1%2F1909&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 14 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: July 16, 1910 . GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT AMERICANS IN NICARAGUA - Gunboat Vicksburg Ordered to Scene of Trouble . 1 . Coeur d'Alene Evening Press . May 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220514094151/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88056094/1910-07-16/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=8%2F1%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 14 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: June 20, 1911 . VICKSBURG RUSHED SOUTH TO FIND OUT CAUSE . 1 . Tonopah Daily Bonanza . May 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220514094150/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86076142/1911-06-20/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=8%2F1%2F1909&index=19&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 14 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: April 23, 1912 . DISPATCH BATTLESHIP. Administration Takes Steps to Protect American Citizens in Mexico . 6 . The Fergus County Democrat . May 14, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094933/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036220/1912-04-23/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=8%2F1%2F1909&sort=relevance&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&index=14&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&rows=20&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=2 . 16 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: January 5, 1910 . Gunboat Goes for Olivares . . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094932/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1910-01-05/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=6%2F1%2F1909&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Mexico+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 16 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: June 21, 1911 . RECRUITS TO BE SOUGHT IN NORTH - Navy Is 600 Below Its Normal Enlisted Strength in Time of Peace . 11 . . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094930/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1911-06-21/ed-1/seq-12/#date1=6%2F1%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboats+Honduras+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+honduras&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 16 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: October 23, 1909 . SHAP AT OWN RISK TO NICARAGUA PORTS. Government Stands Squarely on Marcy Doctrine. . 2 . . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094931/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1909-10-23/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=6%2F1%2F1909&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Salvador+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+Salvador&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 16 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: April 23, 1912 . DISPATCH BATTLESHIP. Administration Takes Steps to Protect American Citizens in Mexico. . 6 . The Fergus County Democrat . May 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516094933/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84036220/1912-04-23/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=6%2F1%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Panama+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+panama&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 16 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: November 23, 1909 . WARSHIPS MAKE READY - Closing in on Both Coasts of Nicaragua . . May 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220509112708/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1909-11-23/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=6%2F16%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Guatemala+gunboat+Honduras+Mexico+Panama+Salvador+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=6%2F16%2F1912&ortext=mexico+honduras+salvador+guatemala+panama&proxtext=vicksburg+gunboat&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 9 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: July 19, 1909 . CENTRAL AMERICA CALMED AT LAST - Cruiser Albany Returns from Corinto with Record of Heroism of Men . 1 . . May 11, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220511103502/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1909-07-19/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=7%2F1%2F1909&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=eng&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=8%2F1%2F1909&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 11 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- Web site: May 20, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1911-1912 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613001434/https://www.naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1911-12.htm . June 13, 2021 . May 20, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: August 23, 1912 . AMERICAN GUNBOAT IS ORDERED TO GUAYMAS . 1 . . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114735/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88084272/1912-08-23/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=8%2F15%2F1912&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Mexico+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=8%2F25%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: August 16, 1912 . PLEIADES ASHORE; AID ON WAY TO HER . 2 . . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114733/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88084272/1912-08-16/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=8%2F15%2F1912&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=freighter+Pleiades&proxdistance=5&date2=8%2F25%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=freighter+pleiades&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: August 26, 1912 . U.S. GUNBOAT IS BADLY DAMAGED - VICKSBURG PUTS IN AT MAGDALENA BAY WITH HOLE STOVE IN HULL FROM A BROKEN PROPELLER . 8 . . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114735/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020630/1912-08-26/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=8%2F15%2F1912&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Mexico+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=8%2F27%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: August 29, 1912 . VICKSBURG NOT DAMAGED. Gunboat Has Arrived Safely at Guyamas, Mexico . 2 . . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114736/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1912-08-29/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=8%2F28%2F1912&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Gunboat+Mexico+VICKSBURG&proxdistance=10&date2=9%2F1%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: August 27, 1912 . GUNBOAT VICKSBURG PUNCTURES HER HULL - Cruiser Cleveland Will Tow Her to Mare Island Navy Yard for Repairs . 1 . The Hawaiian Gazette . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114734/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1912-08-27/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=8%2F15%2F1912&index=0&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+gunboat-Vicksburg+Mexico+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=8%2F27%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: September 2, 1912 . Gunboat Vicksburg Sails for Corinto . 8 . . May 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220520114737/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1912-09-02/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=9%2F1%2F1912&index=2&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+Gunboat+Vicksburg&proxdistance=10&date2=9%2F31%2F1912&ortext=&proxtext=gunboat+vicksburg&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 20 May 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: December 27, 1915 . OREGON FOR MILITIA . 3 . . June 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220612095718/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88085187/1915-12-27/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=6%2F18%2F1912&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=gunboat+MILITIA+Vicksburg&proxdistance=5&date2=4%2F6%2F1917&ortext=&proxtext=vicksburg+gunboat+militia&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 12 June 2022 . bot: unknown .
- Web site: June 18, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1913-1914 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210616205853/https://www.naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1913-14.htm . June 16, 2021 . June 18, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- Web site: June 18, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1915-1916 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210613000438/https://naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1915-16.htm . June 13, 2021 . June 18, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- Web site: June 18, 2022 . USS Vicksburg 1917-1918 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210612235706/https://naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1917-18.htm . June 12, 2021 . June 18, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: April 6, 1917 . CONGRESS AFFIRMS STATE OF WAR AS EXISTING WITH GERMAN EMPIRE . 1 . . June 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623115717/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92053934/1917-04-06/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=4%2F6%2F1917&index=3&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=war+WAR+War&proxdistance=5&date2=4%2F7%2F1917&ortext=&proxtext=war&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 23 June 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: April 6, 1917 . AMERICA NOW IN WORLD WAR . 1 . . June 23, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220623115718/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86090369/1917-04-06/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=4%2F6%2F1917&index=10&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=war+WAR+War+warring&proxdistance=5&date2=4%2F7%2F1917&ortext=&proxtext=war&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 23 June 2022 . bot: unknown .
- Web site: USS Vicksburg 1919 Log Books . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210616211325/https://naval-history.net/OW-US/Vicksburg/USS_Vicksburg-1919.htm . June 16, 2021 . June 28, 2022 . Naval-History.net.
- News: Ackerman . Carl . September 17, 1917 . GERMANY: The Next Republic? . 18 . . July 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706114122/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045211/1917-09-17/ed-1/seq-18/#date1=1%2F1%2F1917&index=4&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Mexico+navy+Navy&proxdistance=5&date2=1%2F1%2F1918&ortext=&proxtext=navy+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 6 July 2022 . bot: unknown .
- Book: Andrew, Christopher . For The President's Eyes Only . Harper Collins . 1996 . 0-00-638071-9 . 42 . Andrew.
- News: . February 28, 1917 . Washington Exposes Plot . The Associated Press . Washington . January 11, 2020.
- News: April 23, 1917 . Mexican Neutrality. . 3 . . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715110859/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91066782/1917-04-23/ed-1/seq-3/#date1=4%2F13%2F1917&index=1&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Mexico+patrol&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1917&ortext=&proxtext=patrol+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 15 July 2022 . bot: unknown .
- News: April 13, 1917 . FLORIDA COAST INCLUDED IN U-BOAT ZONE - Florida Infantry Has Been Ordered Into Federal Service . 1 . . July 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220715110858/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87062268/1917-04-13/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=4%2F13%2F1917&index=5&rows=20&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&words=Mexico+Patrol&proxdistance=10&date2=6%2F1%2F1917&ortext=&proxtext=patrol+mexico&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=range&page=1 . 15 July 2022 . bot: unknown .