The contract to build Silversides was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut, on 25 June 1968 and her keel was laid down on 13 October 1969. She was launched on 4 June 1971, sponsored by Mrs. John H. Chafee, wife of then-Secretary of the Navy John H. Chafee (1922–1999), and commissioned on 5 May 1972.
Following shakedown in the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean, Silversides began operations in the Atlantic with her home port at Naval Station Charleston at Charleston, South Carolina.
Silversides went into drydock at Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, in January 1977, at which time her home port was changed from Charleston to Naval Station Norfolk at Norfolk, Virginia.
On 11 October 1981, "Silversides" surfaced at the North Pole for the first time.
In the autumn of 1984, Silversides left Norfolk for a scheduled refueling overhaul at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, entering drydock there in late November 1984. The refueling overhaul was completed in August 1986, and later in 1986 she returned to Norfolk.
In the autumn of 1989, Silversides departed Norfolk and voyaged north into the Arctic, surfaced at the North Pole for the second time, proceeded out of the Arctic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean, participated in United States Pacific Fleet exercises, made port calls in Hawaii and California, and returned to Norfolk via the Panama Canal, becoming only the second submarine to circumnavigate North America.
In Jan 1994, Silversides home port was changed from Norfolk to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in anticipation of her decommissioning there.
Silversides was decommissioned at Pearl Harbor on 21 July 1994 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard began on 1 October 2000 and was completed on 1 October 2001.