UKUSA Agreement explained

The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA,)[1] is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as the Five Eyes.[2] [3] [4] In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY, with the individual countries being abbreviated as AUS, CAN, NZL, GBR, and USA, respectively.

Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the secret treaty was renewed with the passage of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement, before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to encompass Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Other countries, known as "third parties", such as West Germany, the Philippines, and several Nordic countries, also joined the UKUSA community in associate capacities, although they are not part of the mechanism for automatic sharing of intelligence that exists between the Five Eyes.[5]

Much of the sharing of information is performed via the ultra-sensitive STONEGHOST network, which has been claimed to contain "some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets".[6] Besides laying down rules for intelligence sharing, the agreement formalized and cemented the "Special Relationship" between the UK and the US.[7]

Due to its status as a secret treaty, its existence was not known to the Prime Minister of Australia until 1973,[8] and it was not disclosed to the public until 2005. On 25 June 2010, for the first time in history, the full text of the agreement was publicly released by the United Kingdom and the United States, and can now be viewed online.[9] Shortly after its release, the seven-page UKUSA Agreement was recognized by Time magazine as one of the Cold War's most important documents, with immense historical significance.[10]

The global surveillance disclosure by Edward Snowden has shown that the intelligence-sharing activities between the First World allies of the Cold War are rapidly shifting into the digital realm of the Internet.[11] [12]

History

Origins (1940s–1950s)

The agreement originated from a ten-page 1943 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement, BRUSA.[13] The UKUSA Agreement connected the signal intercept networks of the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the US National Security Agency (NSA) at the beginning of the Cold War.[14] The document was signed on 5 March 1946 by Colonel Patrick Marr-Johnson for the UK's London Signals Intelligence Board and Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg for the US State–Army–Navy Communication Intelligence Board. Although the original agreement states that the exchange would not be "prejudicial to national interests", the United States often blocked information sharing from Commonwealth countries. The full text of the agreement was released to the public on 25 June 2010.[15]

The "Five Eyes" term has its origins as a shorthand for a "AUS/CAN/NZ/UK/US EYES ONLY" classification level.

Onset of the Cold War (1950s–1960s)

Under the agreement, the GCHQ and the NSA shared intelligence on the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and several Eastern Bloc countries (known as Exotics).[16] The network was expanded in the 1960s into the Echelon collection and analysis network.

The treaty was extended to include Canada (1948), Australia (1956) and New Zealand (1956). In 1955, the agreement was updated to designate Canada, Australia and New Zealand as "UKUSA-collaborating Commonwealth countries". Other countries that joined as "third parties" were Norway (1952), Denmark (1954) and West Germany (1955).

Investigations (1970–90s)

In the aftermath of the 1973 Murphy raids on the headquarters of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), the existence of the UKUSA Agreement was revealed to Australia's Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. After learning about the agreement, Whitlam discovered that Pine Gap, a secret surveillance station close to Alice Springs, Northern Territory, had been operated by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[17] [18] [19] [20]

At the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the use and control of Pine Gap by the CIA was strongly opposed by Whitlam, who fired the chief of the ASIO before being dismissed as prime minister.[21]

The existence of several intelligence agencies of the Five Eyes was not revealed until the following years:

1974: In Canada, an investigative television report on CBC News's newsmagazine program The Fifth Estate revealed the existence of the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC).[22] [23]
  • 1975: In the United States, the Church Committee of the Senate revealed the existence of the National Security Agency (NSA).[24] [25]
  • 1976: In Britain, an investigative article in Time Out magazine revealed the existence of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).[26]
  • 1977: In Australia, the Hope Commission revealed the existence of Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) and the Defence Signals Directorate (DSD).[27]
  • 1980: In New Zealand, the existence of the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) was officially disclosed on a "limited basis".[28]

    • In 1999, the Australian government acknowledged that it "does co-operate with counterpart signals intelligence organisations overseas under the UKUSA relationship."[29] [30]

    The existence of the UKUSA Agreement, however, was not publicly revealed until 2005. The contents of the agreement were officially disclosed to the public on 25 June 2010. Four days later, the agreement was described by Time magazine as one of the "most important documents in the history of the Cold War."

    Recent media leaks

    In July 2013, as part of the 2013 Edward Snowden revelations, it emerged that the NSA is paying GCHQ for its services, with at least £100 million of payments made between 2010 and 2013.[31]

    On 11 September 2013, The Guardian released a leaked document provided by Edward Snowden which reveals a similar agreement between the NSA and Israel's Unit 8200.[32]

    According to The Sydney Morning Herald, Australia operates clandestine surveillance facilities at its embassies "without the knowledge of most Australian diplomats". These facilities are part of an international espionage program known as STATEROOM.[33]

    Security and intelligence agencies

    Although the UKUSA alliance is often associated with the ECHELON system, processed intelligence is reliant on multiple sources of information and the intelligence shared is not restricted to signals intelligence. The following table provides an overview of the government agencies involved and their respective responsibilities within the "Five Eyes" community:

    CountrySignals intelligenceDefence intelligenceSecurity intelligenceHuman intelligence
    Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)Defence Intelligence (DI)Security Service
    MI5    		Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
    a.k.a. MI6
    National Security Agency (NSA)Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
    Australian Signals Directorate (ASD)Defence Intelligence Organisation (DIO)Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO)Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS)
    Communications Security Establishment (CSE)Canadian Forces Intelligence Command (CFINTCOM)Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)
    Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB)Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security (DDIS)New Zealand Security Intelligence Service (NZSIS)

    Global coverage

    See main article: Global surveillance.

    Although precise assignments are classified, it is generally known that each member of the UKUSA alliance takes lead responsibility for intelligence collection and analysis in different parts of the globe.

    Five Eyes

    See main article: Five Eyes. The Five Eyes (often abbreviated as FVEY) are an intelligence alliance comprising Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries are bound by the multilateral UKUSA Agreement, a treaty for joint cooperation in signals intelligence.[34] [35]

    Australia

    Australia monitors South Asia and East Asia.[34]

    Canada

    Canada's geographical proximity to the Soviet Union provided considerable eavesdropping advantages during the Cold War. Canada continues to monitor the Russian and Chinese interior while managing intelligence assets in Latin America.[34]

    New Zealand

    In addition to Southeast Asia, New Zealand is responsible for the western Pacific[34] and maintains listening posts in the South Island at Waihopai Valley just south-west of Blenheim, and on the North Island at Tangimoana.

    United Kingdom

    Europe, European Russia, Middle East, and Hong Kong.

    United States

    The US is focused on the Middle East, Russia, and China, in addition to the Caribbean and Africa.

    9 Eyes, 14 Eyes, and other "third parties"

    The "Five Eyes" community is part of an extensive alliance of Western countries sharing signals intelligence with each other. These allied countries include NATO members, other European countries such as Sweden, and allies in the Pacific, in particular Singapore and South Korea.[34]

    In the 1950s several Nordic countries joined the community as "third party" participants. They were soon followed by Denmark (1954) and West Germany (1955).[36]

    According to Edward Snowden, the NSA has a "massive body" called the Foreign Affairs Directorate that is responsible for partnering with other Western allies such as Israel.[37]

    Unlike the "second party" members (that is, the Five Eyes themselves), "third party" partners are not automatically exempt from intelligence targeting. According to an internal NSA document leaked by Snowden, "We (the NSA) can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners."[38]

    The Five Eyes are cooperating with various 3rd Party countries in at least two groups:

    Germany is reportedly interested in moving closer to the inner circle: an internal GCHQ document from 2009 said that the "Germans were a little grumpy at not being invited to join the 9-Eyes group." Germany may even wish to join Five Eyes.[41] Referring to Five Eyes, former French President François Hollande has said that his country is "not within that framework and we don't intend to join."[42] According to a former top US official, "Germany joining would be a possibility, but not France – France itself spies on the US far too aggressively for that."[43]

    Controversy

    During the 2013 NSA leaks Internet spying scandal, the surveillance agencies of the "Five Eyes" have been accused of intentionally spying on one another's citizens and willingly sharing the collected information with each other, allegedly circumventing laws preventing each agency from spying on its own citizens.[44] [45] [46]

    The 2013 NSA leaks are not entirely new, but rather, they are a confirmation of earlier disclosures about the UK-US espionage alliance. For example, the British newspaper The Independent reported back in 1996 that the US National Security Agency "taps UK phones" at the request of the British intelligence agency MI5, thus allowing British agents to evade restrictive limitations on domestic telephone tapping.[47]

    The mutual surveillance and sharing of information between allies of the UK and US resurfaced again during the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures. As described by the news magazine Der Spiegel, this was done to circumvent domestic surveillance regulations:

    Britain's GCHQ intelligence agency can spy on anyone but British nationals, the NSA can conduct surveillance on anyone but Americans, and Germany's BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst) foreign intelligence agency can spy on anyone but Germans. That's how a matrix is created of boundless surveillance in which each partner aids in a division of roles.

    They exchanged information. And they worked together extensively. That applies to the British and the Americans, but also to the BND, which assists the NSA in its Internet surveillance.[48]

    In 2013, Canadian federal judge Richard Mosley strongly rebuked the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) for outsourcing its surveillance of Canadians to overseas partner agencies. A 51-page ruling says that the CSIS and other Canadian federal agencies are illegally enlisting US and British allies in global surveillance dragnets, while keeping domestic federal courts in the dark.[49]

    Gallery

    Officially released

    The following documents were jointly released by the NSA and the GCHQ in 2010:

    Disclosed by Edward Snowden

    The following documents were leaked by Edward Snowden during the course of the 2013 Global surveillance disclosure:

    See also

    Further reading

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Declassified UKUSA Signals Intelligence Agreement Documents Available . . 24 June 2010 . 25 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130716140847/http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/press_room/2010/ukusa.shtml . 16 July 2013 . dead .
    2. News: Farrell . Paul . History of 5-Eyes – explainer . . 28 December 2013 . 2 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170525202529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/02/history-of-5-eyes-explainer . 25 May 2017 . live .
    3. News: McGregor . Richard . Global Insight: US spying risks clouding 'five eyes' vision . . 30 August 2013 .
    4. News: Grubb . Ben . Mission almost impossible: keeping a step ahead of prying 'Five Eyes' . . 21 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140418021049/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/mission-almost-impossible-keeping-a-step-ahead-of-prying-five-eyes-20131015-2vky7.html . 18 April 2014 . live .
    5. Web site: Gallagher . Ryan . How Secret Partners Expand NSA's Surveillance Dragnet . The Intercept . 2014-06-19 . 2014-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140816010303/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/06/18/nsa-surveillance-secret-cable-partners-revealed-rampart-a . 16 August 2014 . live .
    6. News: Gordon . Rob . Navy spy probe kept military in dark: documents . . 20 October 2013 . The military's fears were well-founded, given Delisle had access to terabytes of some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets. He operated a computer system called Stone Ghost, which links the intelligence services of the Five Eyes: the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130919050247/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/navy-spy-probe-kept-military-in-dark-documents-1.1856151 . 19 September 2013 . live .
    7. News: Gardham . Duncan . Document that formalised 'special relationship' with the US . . 29 October 2013 . 24 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140103023543/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/7852136/Document-that-formalised-special-relationship-with-the-US.html . 3 January 2014 . live .
    8. Web site: Jordan . Chittley . Kevin . Newman . amp . Canada's role in secret intelligence alliance Five Eyes . . 20 October 2013 .
    9. Web site: Newly released GCHQ files: UKUSA Agreement . . June 2010 . The files contain details of the recently avowed UKUSA Agreement – the top secret, post-war arrangement for sharing intelligence between the United States and the UK. Signed by representatives of the London Signals Intelligence Board and its American counterpart in March 1946, the UKUSA Agreement is without parallel in the Western intelligence world and formed the basis for co-operation between the two countries throughout the Cold War. . 25 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100626070034/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukusa/ . 26 June 2010 . live .
    10. White. Adam . How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War . . 29 June 2010 . 20 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022214957/http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2000262,00.html . 22 October 2013 . live .
    11. News: Eddy . Melissa . For Western Allies, a Long History of Swapping Intelligence . . 20 October 2013 . 9 July 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130913022926/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/world/europe/for-western-allies-a-long-history-of-swapping-intelligence.html . 13 September 2013 . live .
    12. News: Smith . Nathan . The world of signals intelligence and GCSB in context . . 20 October 2013 . A partnership with various telecommunications industries has secured access to the internet for the UKUSA signals agencies. All traffic on the internet and via emails is reportedly captured and stored. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130703122837/http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/world-signals-intelligence-and-gcsb-context-ns-129503 . 3 July 2013 . live .
    13. News: 2016-02-08 . How the British and Americans started listening in . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-04-02.
    14. News: 2021-03-05 . Diary reveals birth of secret UK-US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-04-02.
    15. News: Norton-Taylor. Richard. Not so secret: deal at the heart of UK-US intelligence. The Guardian. 25 June 2010. 25 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20131205003607/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/25/intelligence-deal-uk-us-released. 5 December 2013. live.
    16. News: Aldrich. Richard. Allied code-breakers co-operate – but not always. The Guardian. 24 June 2010. 25 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130915014503/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/24/intelligence-sharing-codebreakers-agreement-ukusa. 15 September 2013. live.
    17. News: Ley. Jenny. Australia and America: a 50-year affair. The Age. 30 January 2014. 1 February 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20140428060637/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/31/1043804523405.html. 28 April 2014. live.
    18. Book: Gill, Peter. Policing Politics: Security Intelligence and the Liberal Democratic State. 1994. Cass. London u.a.. 0-7146-3490-5. 198. 1. publ..
    19. Web site: Leslie. Tim. Explained: Australia's involvement with the NSA, the US spy agency at heart of global scandal. 8 November 2013. Its existence was allegedly so secret that prime ministers were unaware of the agreement until 1973 – the same year the Commonwealth raided ASIO. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140208194738/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-08/australian-nsa-involvement-explained/5079786. 8 February 2014. live.
    20. Book: Pugh, Michael C.. The ANZUS Crisis, Nuclear Visiting and Deterrence. 1989. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 0-521-34355-0. 46. 1. publ..
    21. Web site: Campbell. Duncan. Australia first to admit "we're part of global surveillance system". Heise Online. 30 January 2014. 28 May 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/20140203141401/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/2/2889/1.html. 3 February 2014. live.
    22. Web site: Freeze . Colin . How CSEC became an electronic spying giant . . 2 February 2014 . 30 November 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131222174815/http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/how-csec-became-an-electronic-spying-giant/article15699694/?service=mobile . 22 December 2013 . live .
    23. Web site: Hildebrandt. Amber. 21 May 2015. How CSE's existence was first revealed by CBC TV. 20 April 2021. CBC News.
    24. Web site: Schorr. Daniel. A Brief History of the NSA. NPR. 2 February 2014. 29 January 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20140219065607/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5176847. 19 February 2014. live.
    25. Web site: Ewen MacAskill, Julian Borger. Glenn Greenwald. amp. The National Security Agency: surveillance giant with eyes on America. The Guardian. 2 February 2014. 6 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20140126124414/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/national-security-agency-surveillance. 26 January 2014. live.
    26. News: Surveillance secrecy: the legacy of GCHQ's years under cover . The Guardian . 21 August 2013 . 30 November 2013 . Norton-Taylor, Richard . GCHQ's cover was first blown in 1976 by an article, The Eavesdroppers, published by the London magazine, Time Out. . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121357/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/21/surveillance-secrecy-gchq . 3 December 2013 . live .
    27. Web site: Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security. National Archives of Australia. 2 February 2014. But Justice Hope also investigated the Joint Intelligence Organisation (JIO), the Defence Signals Division (DSD) and the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) whose existence was not officially confirmed until 1977.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140211225939/http://www.naa.gov.au/about-us/media/images/rcis/index.aspx. 11 February 2014. dead.
    28. Web site: History of the GCSB. Government Communications Security Bureau. 2 February 2014. In 1977, the then Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, approved the formation of the GCSB, but its functions and activities were kept secret. In 1980 it was decided that the existence of the GCSB could be disclosed on a limited basis, leading to the first briefings of the Cabinet and the Leader of the Opposition.. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130817045611/http://www.gcsb.govt.nz/about-us/history.html. 17 August 2013.
    29. Web site: Duncan Campbell. Mark Honigsbaum. amp. Britain and US spy on world. The Observer. 19 December 2013. 23 May 1999. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219063144/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/may/23/duncancampbell.markhonigsbaum. 19 December 2013. live.
    30. Web site: NZ role with global spying alliance. The New Zealand Herald. 30 January 2014. 30 June 2000. https://web.archive.org/web/20160322045707/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=7168. 22 March 2016. live.
    31. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/aug/01/nsa-paid-gchq-spying-edward-snowden NSA pays £100m in secret funding for GCHQ
    32. News: Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras . Ewen MacAskill . amp . NSA shares raw intelligence including Americans' data with Israel . The Guardian . 2014-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020648/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/11/nsa-americans-personal-data-israel-documents . 13 September 2013 . live .
    33. News: Philip Dorling. Exposed: Australia's Asia spy network. 22 December 2013. The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131221134748/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/exposed-australias-asia-spy-network-20131030-2whia.html. 21 December 2013. live.
    34. Web site: Cox. James. Canada and the Five Eyes Intelligence Community. Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute. December 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140205220700/http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/Canada%20and%20the%20Five%20Eyes%20Intelligence%20Community.pdf. 5 February 2014.
    35. Web site: PKI Interoperability with FVEY Partner Nations on the NIPRNet. United States Department of the Navy. 18 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140201113535/http://www.doncio.navy.mil/ContentView.aspx?ID=3978. 1 February 2014. dead.
    36. Web site: Duncan Campbell. Inside Echelon. Heinz Heise. 25 July 2000. 20 October 2013. The system was established under a secret 1947 "UKUSA Agreement," which brought together the British and American systems, personnel and stations. To this was soon joined the networks of three British commonwealth countries, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Later, other countries including Norway, Denmark, Germany and Turkey signed secret sigint agreements with the United States and became "third parties" participants in the UKUSA network.. https://web.archive.org/web/20140126151528/http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/6/6929/1.html. 26 January 2014. live.
    37. Edward Snowden Interview: The NSA and Its Willing Helpers . . 20 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140706080155/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html . 6 July 2014 . live .
    38. News: Laura Poitras . Marcel Rosenbach . Holger Stark . amp . Ally and Target: US Intelligence Watches Germany Closely . . 12 August 2013 . 29 August 2013 . The NSA classifies about 30 other countries as "3rd parties," with whom it cooperates, though with reservations. Germany is one of them. "We can, and often do, target the signals of most 3rd party foreign partners," the secret NSA document reads. . https://web.archive.org/web/20130820142333/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/germany-is-a-both-a-partner-to-and-a-target-of-nsa-surveillance-a-916029.html . 20 August 2013 . live .
    39. News: Denmark is one of the NSA's '9-Eyes'. 10 April 2016. The Copenhagen Post. 4 November 2013. da. https://web.archive.org/web/20150609140301/http://cphpost.dk/news14/international-news14/denmark-is-one-of-the-nsas-9-eyes.html. 9 June 2015. dead.
    40. Ewen MacAskill and James Ball (2 November 2013), Portrait of the NSA: no detail too small in quest for total surveillance The Guardian
    41. David Sanger and Mark Mazzetti (24 October 2013), Allegation of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads The New York Times
    42. Bruno Waterfield (25 October 2013), EU leaders warn US 'spying' could harm fight against terror The Daily Telegraph
    43. Gregor Peter Schmitz (28 October 2013), Appearances and Reality: Merkel Balks at EU Privacy Push Der Spiegel
    44. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications
    45. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/jun/10/nsa-offers-intelligence-british-counterparts-blunkett NSA 'offers intelligence to British counterparts to skirt UK law'
    46. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2013/jun/10/cameron-speech-gchq-nsa-hague-live GCHQ-NSA revelations – Hague responds: politics blog
    47. News: Chris Blackhurst. John Gilbert. amp. US spy base 'taps UK phones for MI5'. The Independent. 22 September 1996. 17 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055253/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/us-spy-base-taps-uk-phones-for-mi5-1364399.html. 4 March 2018. live.
    48. Laura Poitras. Marcel Rosenbach. Fidelius Schmid. Holger Stark . Jonathan Stock. Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe. Der Spiegel. 20 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131024145055/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/secret-documents-nsa-targeted-germany-and-eu-buildings-a-908609.html. 24 October 2013. live.
    49. News: Colin Freeze. Canada's spy agencies chastised for duping courts. 27 December 2013. The Globe and Mail. 20 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131225223400/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canadas-spy-agencies-chastised-for-duping-courts/article16081238/. 25 December 2013. live.

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