U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic explained

State, territorial, tribal, and local governments responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States with various declarations of emergency, closure of schools and public meeting places, lockdowns, and other restrictions intended to slow the progression of the virus.

Multiple groups of states formed compacts in an attempt to coordinate some of their responses. On the West coast: California, Oregon, and Washington state; in the Northeast: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island; and in the Midwest: Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky.[1] [2] [3]

There was a link between public health outcomes and partisanship between states. At the beginning of the pandemic to early June 2020, Democratic-led states had higher case rates than Republican-led states, while in the second half of 2020, Republican-led states saw higher case and death rates than states led by Democrats. As of mid-2021, states with tougher policies generally had fewer COVID cases and deaths.[4] [5] Thousands of US counties also initiated their own policy responses to the pandemic, resulting in significant variability even within states.[6]

State-level regulations

Initial pandemic responses, including full lockdowns

This is a list of regulations that were imposed at the state level, restricting activities and closing facilities as a result of the pandemic. Many counties and municipal jurisdictions have imposed more stringent regulations. A Columbia University model estimated 54,000 deaths would have been prevented if states had enacted restrictions starting a few weeks earlier, on March 1.[7]

State/territoryState of emergency declaredStay at home orderedStay at home order lifted[8] Face coverings required in public[9] Gatherings bannedOut-of-state travel restrictionsClosures orderedSources
Schools Daycares Bars & sit-down restaurants Non-essential retail
AlabamaNo10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
AlaskaNo10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[17] [18]
American SamoaNoN/aNo10 or moreTravel suspendedYes (remainder of term)YesNoNo[19] [20] [21]
ArizonaNo50 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[22] [23]
ArkansasNoN/aYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesRegional[24] [25]
California (government response)NoYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[26] [27]
ColoradoYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)RestrictedYesYes[28]
ConnecticutYesRecommended quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[29]
DelawareYesMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[30] [31] [32]
District of ColumbiaYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[33] [34]
FloridaNo10 or moreLimited quarantine / ScreenedYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[35]
GeorgiaNo10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)NoYesYes
GuamNoN/aNoNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[36]
HawaiiYes11 or more, and public gathering in public placesMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[37] [38]
IdahoNoMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesRestricted[39] [40] [41]
IllinoisYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[42] [43]
IndianaYes outside, and 11 or more inside a householdNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[44] [45] [46]
IowaNoN/aNo10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[47] [48]
KansasYes10 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)NoYesYes[49]
Kentucky (advisory)No (advisory)Yes10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[50] [51]
LouisianaYes11 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[52] [53] [54]
MaineYes10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesRestricted
MarylandYes10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[55] [56]
Massachusetts (advisory) (advisory)Yes11 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[57] [58]
MichiganYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[59] [60]
MinnesotaYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[61]
MississippiNoNoYes (remainder of term)NoYesYes[62] [63]
MissouriNo10 or moreRegionalYes (remainder of term)NoYesYes[64]
MontanaNo10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (districts' choice)YesYesYes[65]
NebraskaNoN/aNo10 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)RestrictedRestrictedNo
NevadaYes10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[66]
New HampshireNo50 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[67]
New JerseyNoYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[68] [69]
New MexicoYes6 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[70] [71]
New York (government response)YesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[72] [73]
North CarolinaYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[74] [75]
North DakotaNoN/aNo50 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes
N. Mariana IslandsNoN/aNo10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesNoNo[76]
OhioYes11 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)RestrictedYesYes[77]
Oklahoma (partial advisory)N/aNo11 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[78] [79]
OregonNoYesNoYes (remainder of term) YesYesRestricted[80] [81] [82]
PennsylvaniaNo10 or more (recommended)Limited quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[83] [84]
Puerto RicoNoScreenedYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[85]
Rhode IslandYes25 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[86]
South CarolinaNo50 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[87]
South DakotaRegionalN/aNo50 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesNoNo[88] [89]
TennesseeVaries by county10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[90] [91]
Texas (government response)Yes10 or moreLimited quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[92] [93]
UtahRegionalN/aYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesRegional[94]
U.S. Virgin IslandsNoNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[95]
VermontNo10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[96] [97] [98]
VirginiaYes10 or moreNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesRestricted[99] [100] [101]
WashingtonYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[102] [103]
West VirginiaYesNoYes (remainder of term)YesYesYes[104] [105]
Wisconsin (declared unconstitutional on May 13) (declared unconstitutional on May 13)YesMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)RestrictedYesYes[106] [107] [108]
WyomingRegionalN/aNo10 or moreMandatory quarantineYes (remainder of term)YesYesNo[109] [110]

In Michigan, Puerto Rico, Texas, and Vermont, retailers who sold a mix of essential and non-essential items were only allowed to sell essential items.[111]

Regions that formerly had a stay-at-home order or advisory[112] [113]
StateDate enactedDate lifted
AlabamaApril 4, 2020April 30, 2020
ColoradoMarch 26, 2020April 26, 2020
FloridaApril 3, 2020May 4, 2020
GeorgiaApril 3, 2020April 30, 2020
IdahoMarch 25, 2020April 30, 2020
IllinoisMarch 21, 2020May 30, 2020
IndianaMarch 25, 2020May 1, 2020
KansasMarch 30, 2020May 4, 2020
LouisianaMarch 30, 2020May 15, 2020
MaineApril 2, 2020April 30, 2020
MarylandMarch 30, 2020May 15, 2020
MassachusettsMarch 24, 2020May 18, 2020
MichiganMarch 24, 2020June 2, 2020
MinnesotaMarch 27, 2020May 18, 2020
MississippiApril 3, 2020April 27, 2020
MissouriApril 6, 2020May 3, 2020
MontanaMarch 28, 2020April 26, 2020
New HampshireMarch 27, 2020June 11, 2020
New JerseyMarch 21, 2020June 9, 2020
South CarolinaApril 7, 2020May 4, 2020
TennesseeMarch 31, 2020April 30, 2020
TexasApril 2, 2020April 30, 2020
West VirginiaMarch 23, 2020May 4, 2020
WisconsinMarch 25, 2020May 13, 2020[114] [115]

Fully reopening for states that chose to shut down

September 2020

Florida nearly fully reopened on September 25, 2020. All businesses were allowed to reopen at 100% except bars which were allowed to be restricted to 50% capacity by local governments. The governor, after initially leaving mask mandates up to local governments, overrode all local mandates and announced that no Florida government could fine someone for failing to social distance or wear a mask.[116]

February 2021

On February 5, Iowa announced that all mandates would be repealed by February 8. This caught some by surprise since Iowa was struggling (compared to other states) to distribute coronavirus vaccines in early February.[117]

On February 26, Arkansas fully repealed all mandates except for a mask mandate, which the governor said would likely be repealed at the end of March. Arkansas continues to make recommendations.[118]

March 2021

Mississippi announced on March 2, 2021, that it would fully reopen on March 3. The state would continue to make recommendations, but would repeal all mandates.[119] Texas also announced on March 2 that it would be fully reopened on March 10, 2021, with no mask requirements; the state would continue to issue recommendations.[120]

Wyoming announced on March 8, 2021, that it will fully reopen March 16. That reopening would include ending its mask mandate. Additionally, by March 11, 2021, Connecticut and West Virginia had fully reopened except for mask mandates, and Arizona had fully reopened except for mask and social distancing mandates.[121]

Indian Reservations

On March 19, the Wiyot Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order on the Table Bluff Reservation effective March 20 to April 7.[122]

The Navajo Nation imposed a stay-at-home order on the entire reservation, the largest reservation in the country, on March 20.[123] The Navajo Nation reissued this order on March 24.[124]

The Northern Cheyenne and Crow Indian reservations in Montana imposed curfews.[123]

On March 21, the Makah Reservation in northwestern Washington State issued a shelter-in-place order.[125] On March 22, the Lummi Nation also announced a shelter in place order after five cases in the area were confirmed, including two members of the tribe.[126]

On March 23, the Red Lake Indian Reservation in northwestern Minnesota issued a shelter-in-place order and curfew for 30 days.[127] The Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southwestern Colorado issued a stay-at-home advisory.[128] On March 26, the reservation closed its borders and replaced its stay-at-home advisory with a mandatory order.[129]

On March 23, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes issued a joint stay-at-home directive for the Wind River Indian Reservation.[130] The Quinault Indian Nation issued a shelter-in-place order for the Quinault Reservation until further notice.[131]

On March 24, the Nooksack Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order effective March 24 until April 7.[132] The Swinomish Tribe issued a stay-at-home order for the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community effective March 25 through April 6.[133]

On March 26, the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation issued a stay-at-home order effective March 27 until further notice.[134] The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes issued a shelter-in-place order for the Flathead Indian Reservation effective March 26.[135]

On March 27, the Crow Tribe of Montana and Northern Cheyenne Tribe issued stay-at-home orders for the Crow and Northern Cheyenne Indian reservations, respectively, effective March 28 through April 10.[136] The Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho issued a stay-at-home order effective until further notice.[137] The Shoshone-Bannock tribes issued a stay-at-home order for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation effective until April 17.[138] The Coeur d'Alene Reservation issued a stay-at-home order.[139] The Rosebud Sioux Tribe issued a shelter-in-place order for the Rosebud Indian Reservation (which is coterminous with Todd County, South Dakota).[140]

All 22 tribes in Arizona, including the Ak-Chin Indian Community, Gila River Indian Community, Hualapai Tribe, Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community, and Tohono Oʼodham Nation, have declared states of emergency, closed facilities and casinos, and limited governmental business to essential functions, among other measures.[141]

CARES Act and tribal nations

On March 25, Congress announced that $8 billion of the CARES Act would be allocated to help native tribes fight COVID-19. More than $600 million was redistributed to the Navajo Nation.[142] On 22 April 2020, 10 tribal nations (including Alaska's Akiak Native Community, Asaʼcararmiut Tribe, Aleut Community of St. Paul Island, and the Navajo Nation) began procedures to sue the U.S. Treasury and Interior department secretaries over the allocation of funds to Alaska Native corporations.[143] [144] In May 2020, the Department of Treasury stated that the funding for Alaska Native corporations would be held back while the lawsuit awaited a decision.[145]

See also

Further reading

References

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  66. Web site: Sisolak declares state of emergency over COVID-19 outbreak . Solis . Jacob . Snyder . Riley . 2020-03-12 . 2020-03-14 . March 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200316032523/https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/sisolak-declares-state-of-emergency-over-covid-19-outbreak . live .
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  76. Web site: BREAKING NEWS: State of emergency declared for NMI . Maurin . Iva . Saipan Tribune . 2020-01-29 . 2020-03-14 . February 28, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200228160446/https://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/breaking-news-state-of-emergency-declared-for-nmi/ . live .
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  78. Web site: Coronavirus in Oklahoma: Stitt announces 'safer-at-home' policy. 2020-03-24. 2020-03-25. March 25, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325224659/https://oklahoman.com/article/5658491/stitt-to-implement-safer-at-home-policy. live.
  79. Web site: Seventh amended executive order 2020-07. Office of the Governor, State of Oklahoma. 2020-04-01. 2020-04-05. May 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200514122908/https://www.sos.ok.gov/documents/executive/1926.pdf. live.
  80. Web site: Executive Order No. 20-03 Declaration of Emergency due to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak in Oregon. 2020-03-08. 2020-03-13. September 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200911134328/https://www.oregon.gov/oem/Documents/EO_20_03.pdf. live.
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  88. Web site: State of South Dakota Executive Order 2020-04 . 2020-03-13 . 2021-01-15 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121200048/https://covid.sd.gov/docs/2020-04.pdf . live .
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  90. Web site: State of Tennessee Executive Order by the Governor No. 14 An Order Suspending Provisions of Certain Statutes and Rules in Order to Facilitate the Treatment and Containment of COVID-19. 2020-03-12. 2020-03-13. May 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200508202139/https://publications.tnsosfiles.com/pub/execorders/exec-orders-lee14.pdf. live.
  91. Web site: Gov. Bill Lee Signs Executive Order Mandating Alternative Business Models for Restaurants and Gyms, Lifts Alcohol Regulations . 2020-03-22 . 2020-03-22 . March 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322171733/https://www.tn.gov/governor/news/2020/3/22/gov--bill-lee-signs-executive-order-mandating-alternative-business-models-for-restaurants-and-gyms--lifts-alcohol-regulations.html . live .
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  97. Web site: Schools dismissed through end of school year. Lola. Duffort. Elizabeth. Hewitt. VTDigger. 2020-03-26. 2020-03-29. March 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200327185214/https://vtdigger.org/2020/03/26/schools-dismissed-through-end-of-school-year/. live.
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  99. Web site: Governor Northam Orders Statewide Closure of Certain Non-Essential Businesses, K-12 Schools . 2020-03-12 . 2020-03-13 . March 26, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200326232345/https://www.governor.virginia.gov/newsroom/all-releases/2020/march/headline-855292-en.html . live .
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  105. Web site: West Virginia governor orders face masks required in indoor public spaces . . 2020-07-06 . 2020-07-16 . July 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713024801/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/west-virginia-governor-orders-face-masks-required-in-indoor-public-spaces-87099973988 . live .
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  114. Struck down by the Wisconsin Supreme Court
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  117. Web site: Iowa governor lifts mask mandate without public health input. David. Pitt. . February 8, 2021. March 12, 2021. March 17, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210317172225/https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-public-health-iowa-health-coronavirus-pandemic-2662c418b50f38e8900ee95f68f5483f. live.
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  125. News: Makah Tribe orders Neah Bay residents to shelter in place. Peninsula Daily News. Port Angeles, Washington. 2020-03-21. 2020-03-22. March 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200323050822/https://www.peninsuladailynews.com/news/makah-tribe-orders-neah-bay-residents-to-shelter-in-place/. live.
  126. News: Mapes . Lynda V. . 2020-03-22 . Lummi Nation shelters in place to slow spread of coronavirus . The Seattle Times . 2020-03-22 . March 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200323025745/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/lummi-nation-shelters-in-place-to-slow-spread-of-coronavirus/ . live .
  127. News: Northern Minnesota tribe issues 'shelter-in-place' order, curfew for at least 30 days. Hannah. Olson. Grand Forks Herald. 2020-03-25. 2020-03-25. March 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200327072404/https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/government-and-politics/5015410-Northern-Minnesota-tribe-issues-shelter-in-place-order-curfew-for-at-least-30-days. live.
  128. News: Southern Ute Indian Tribe issues "Stay at Home" advisory because of coronavirus. Kieran. Nicholson. The Denver Post. 2020-03-23. 2020-03-24. March 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200324220405/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/03/23/southern-ute-indian-tribe-issues-stay-at-home-advisory-because-of-coronavirus/. live.
  129. News: Southern Ute Tribal Council closes border, issues 'stay-at-home' order. Shannon. Mullane. The Durango Herald. 2020-03-26. 2020-03-26. March 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200327005341/https://durangoherald.com/articles/319458-southern-ute-tribal-council-closes-border-issues-stayathome-order. live.
  130. News: COVID-19 Reaches Wind River, Tribes Issue "Stay-At-Home" Directive. Savannah. Maher. Tribal News. Wyoming Public Media. 2020-03-24. 2020-03-28. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329003643/https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/post/covid-19-reaches-wind-river-tribes-issue-stay-home-directive. live.
  131. QIN Covid-19 Information. Quinault Indian Nation. 2020-03-24. 2020-03-29. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329213415/http://www.quinaultindiannation.com/qincovid19.htm. live.
  132. Web site: Shelter In-Place Order. Jade. Nooksack Indian Tribe. 2020-03-24. 2020-03-28. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329004257/https://nooksacktribe.org/tribal-council/2020/shelter-in-place-order/. live.
  133. Web site: A Resolution Amending Resolution Nos. 2020-03-42, 2020-03-70 and 2020-03-71 and Declaring a Stay Home Order for all Swinomish Indian Tribal Community Residents. Swinomish Indian Tribal Community. 2020-03-24. 2020-03-28. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329005330/http://www.swinomish-nsn.gov/media/89668/20200323_sitcres_appstayhomeorder.pdf. live.
  134. News: Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe issues stay at home order. Brainerd Dispatch. 2020-03-26. 2020-03-26. March 27, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200327013443/https://www.brainerddispatch.com/news/government-and-politics/5018334-Mille-Lacs-Band-of-Ojibwe-issues-stay-at-home-order. live.
  135. News: CSKT declares shelter in place order. KECI-TV. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-27. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328000919/https://nbcmontana.com/news/coronavirus/cskt-declares-shelter-in-place-order. live.
  136. News: Crow and Northern Cheyenne tribes issue stay-at-home orders. Mari. Hall. Billings Gazette. 2020-03-28. 2020-03-28. March 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153042/https://billingsgazette.com/news/local/crow-and-northern-cheyenne-tribes-issue-stay-at-home-orders/article_f62cbd84-eb4b-55f2-9f13-b65d2e38f331.html. live.
  137. News: Nez Perce Tribe issues 'Stay At Home' order for reservation. Idaho County Free Press. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-28. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328225540/https://www.idahocountyfreepress.com/news/covid-19/nez-perce-tribe-issues-stay-at-home-order-for-reservation/article_0a1d46f8-704c-11ea-808c-835d6ec5ecee.html. live.
  138. Shoshone-Bannock Tribes issue stay-at-home order for For Hall Reservation residents. Shoshone-Bannock Tribes. Idaho State Journal. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-28. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328233216/https://www.idahostatejournal.com/coronavirus/shoshone-bannock-tribes-issue-stay-at-home-order-for-fort/article_bd6ca399-6fd6-5bd1-94f3-f405b2ebff50.html. live.
  139. News: Coeur d'Alene Tribe issues stay-at-home order. Coeur d'Alene Press. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-28. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328233637/https://cdapress.com/news/2020/mar/27/coeur-dalene-tribe-issues-stay-at-home-order-5/. live.
  140. News: Rosebud Sioux Tribe reports its first COVID-19 case. KEVN-LD. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-28. March 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200328234340/https://www.kotatv.com/content/news/Rosebud-Sioux-Tribe-reports-its-first-COVID-19-case-569158701.html. live.
  141. Web site: Several tribes declare a state of emergency; many shut down gaming. AZCentral.com. 2020-03-27. 2020-03-31.
  142. Web site: Tribe receives $600 million in CARES funding. 2020-06-03. Navajo-Hopi Observer News. May 11, 2020 . June 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603072508/https://www.nhonews.com/news/2020/may/11/tribe-receives-600-million-cares-funding/. live.
  143. Web site: Crouse. Tripp. 2020-04-17. Three Alaska tribes have joined lawsuit against the Treasury over $8B in Tribal funding. 2020-06-03. KTOO. June 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603072510/https://www.ktoo.org/2020/04/17/three-alaska-tribes-have-joined-lawsuit-against-the-treasury-over-8b-in-tribal-funding/. live.
  144. Web site: Becenti. Arlyssa. President. Office of the. Táchiiʼnii. Vice President Her clans are Nátʼoh dineʼé. Bitʼahnii. Łichiiʼnii. Kin. Defiance. Kiyaaʼáanii She’s originally from Fort. 2020-05-07. CARES Act funding received by tribe, official says. 2020-06-03. Navajo Times. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805125521/https://navajotimes.com/coronavirus-updates/cares-act-funding-received-by-tribe-official-says/. live.
  145. Web site: Crouse. Tripp J.. 2020-05-08. Injunction holds up $8B CARES Act Tribal allocation for Alaska Native corporations. 2020-06-03. Alaska Public Media. June 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603072506/https://www.alaskapublic.org/2020/05/07/injunction-holds-up-8b-cares-act-tribal-allocation-for-alaska-native-corporations/. live.

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