U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state explained

The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. In colonial America, generally speaking, there were no purchase ages, and alcohol consumption by young teenagers was common, even in taverns.[1] In post-Revolutionary America, such freedom gradually reduced due to religious sentiments (as embodied in the temperance movement) and a growing recognition in the medical community about the dangers of alcohol. The more modern history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' purchase ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the passing into law of the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum purchase age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[2] [3] [4] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities. In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current purchase age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the purchase ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the Tenth Amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their purchase age,[5] while Guam raised its purchase age to 21 in July 2010.[6]

State Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919) 		Post-Prohibition
(after 1933) 		1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971) 		1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984 		21st century
AlabamaPre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[7] 		21 1975:
Lowered to 19[8] 		1986:
Raised to 21[9] 		21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
AlaskaN/A 21 1970:
Lowered to 19[10] 		1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[11] [12] 		21 (unless the underage person is not on a licensed premises and the alcoholic beverage is provided by a parent, legal guardian, or spouse over the age of 21) [13]
ArizonaN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 19[14] 		1985:
Raised to 21 		21 [15]
ArkansasPre 1925:
None
1925:
21 		21 21[16] 21 21
CaliforniaPre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[17] [18] [19]
1891:
18 (statewide)[20] 		1933:
21 		21 21 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
ColoradoNone (Dec) 1945:
18: for 3.2% near-beer
21: for wine and liquor 		18 for 3.2% beer; 21 for wine and liquor [21] Raised to 21 on Jul 31 1987 (with grandfather clause) 21
Connecticut21[22] 21 1972:
Lowered to 18[23] 		1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[24] 		21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[25]
DelawareN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 20 		1984:
Raised to 21 		21
District of ColumbiaN/A 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[26] [27] 		18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 		1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[28] [29] 		21
FloridaN/A 21 1976:Lowered to 181980:
19[30] 		1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 		21[31]
GeorgiaN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 18 		1982:
Raised to 19
1985:
Raised to 20
1986:
Raised to 21 		21
HawaiiN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 18 		1986:
Raised to 21 		21 [32]
IdahoN/A 20: for beer[33] [34]
21: for wine and liquor[35] 		1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[36] 		1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[37] 		21
Illinois1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[38] 		pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[39] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[40] 		1980:
Raised to 21[41] 		21
IndianaN/A Post-1934:
21 		21 21 21
IowaN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[42] 		1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause. 		21
KansasN/A 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor 		18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more
21: for liquor 		1985:
Raised to 21 		21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
KentuckyN/A 1938:
21 		21 21 21
LouisianaNone 18[43] 18 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[44]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[45]
Other exceptions still remain.[46] 		21 (Exceptions to state law include):[47]
  • For an established religious purpose;
  • When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
  • For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
  • In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
  • The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.
MaineN/A 21
1969:
Lowered to 20 		1972:
Lowered to 18
1977:
Raised to 20[48] 		1985:
Raised to 21 		21 (however minors can drink at home with parental supervision) [49]
MarylandN/A 21 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[50] [51] 		1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964, or earlier[52] [53] 		21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
MassachusettsN/A 21 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[54] [55] [56] 		Raised to 21 in 1985 (with grandfather clause)21
MichiganN/A 21 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[57] 		1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[58] [59]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 		21
MinnesotaN/A 21 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[60]
First state to raise age after lowering.		1986:
Raised to 21[61] 		21
Mississippi? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 		21 Raised to 21 in 1986 21
Missouri? 1945:
21 		21 21 21
Montana? 21 1971:
Lowered to 19[62]
1973:
Lowered to 18[63] [64]
1979:
Raised to 19 		1987:
Raised to 21[65] 		21
Nebraska? 21[66]
1969:
Lowered to 20 		1972:
Lowered to 19 		1980:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21 		21
Nevada? 1933:
21 		21 21 21
New Hampshire? 21 1973:
Lowered to 18[67]
1979:
Raised to 20 		1985:
Raised to 21 		21
New JerseyBefore 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[68] [69] [70] 		21 1973:
Lowered to 18 		1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[71] 		21 (As of February 22, 2021, there are no longer any penalties for underage drinking besides warnings.)
New Mexico? 1934:
21 		21 21 21
New York18 (16 before 1896)Initially 21 immediately after Prohibition, then reduced to 18 four months later.[72] [73] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[74] [75] 		21(Any Age with Parental Consent)
North Carolina? 18 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 		1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1) 		21
North Dakota? 1936:
21 		21 21[76] 21
Ohio? 1933: 16 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[77] 		18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 		1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[78]
1988:
21 		21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[79] 		1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[80]
Last state to lower the purchase age. 		1983:
Raised to 21[81] 		21
Oregon? 1933:
21 		21 21 21
Pennsylvania? 1935:
21 		21 21 21
Rhode Island? 21 1970:
Lowered to 18[82] 		1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21 		21
South Carolina21[83] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 		18
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1985:
Raised to 20
1986:
Raised to 21 		21
South Dakota? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[84] 		1972:
18: for 3.2% beer;
21: for wine and liquor 		1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1988:
Raised to 21 		21
TennesseePre 1881:
None
1881:
21[85] 		21
1964:
Lowered to 18 		1979:
Raised to 19 		1984:
Raised to 21 		21
TexasPre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[86] [87] 		21 1973:
Lowered to 18[88] 		1981:
Raised to 19[89]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1) 		Parent consent
Utah? 1935:
21 		21 21 21
Vermont? 21 1971:
Lowered to 18[90] [91] 		1986:
Raised to 21 		21
Virginia? 21[92] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)		1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21 		21
WashingtonAge of majority
since 1877[93] 		21[94] 21 21 21
West Virginia? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 		1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[95] 		1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)
1986:
Raised to 21 		21
Wisconsin1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[96] 		18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[97]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises). 		1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.		1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986) 		21 (however anyone can drink when a parent, guardian or spouse over 21 is present)[98]
WyomingN/A 21 1973:
Lowered to 19 		1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[99] [100]
Last state to raise de jure purchase age to 21 		21
American SamoaN/A N/A N/A 21 21[101]
Northern Mariana Islands– – N/A 21 21[102]
Puerto RicoN/A 18 18 Kept at 18
despite highway funding
penalty under the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. 		18[103]
Virgin IslandsN/A N/A N/A 18 18[104]
GuamN/A 21 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010

Additional notes

Notes and References

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  5. News: Keen . Judy . States weigh lowering drinking age . Usatoday.com . 2008-04-01 . 2009-09-06.
  6. Web site: Ramon Someros Oberiano Act. 8 July 2010. Guamlegislature.com. 2 August 2019.
  7. Web site: Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama . 1881 . en . Bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . October 31, 2015.
  8. Web site: A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age . ntl.bts.gov . April 1987 . 2014-11-17.
  9. Web site: MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA . Nhtsa.dot.gov . 2009-09-06.
  10. 304765 . The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982 . SSRN . 2004-07-07 . McCornac . Dennis C. .
  11. Web site: Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE . October 19, 1983 . en . Petersburg Public Library . November 1, 2015.
  12. Miron . Jeffrey A. . Elina . Tetelbaum . 2009 . Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives? . . 47 . 2 . 317–336 . 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x . 1048320 .
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  16. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/occpapers/occ28.pdf MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS
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  100. News: New York Times, March 10, 1987 . Drinking age is fiery issue in West . Thomas J. . Knudson . 10 March 1987 .
  101. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/samoa/3037020157.html Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's
  102. http://www.mymarianas.com/html/display.cfm?sid=1022 Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials
  103. http://www.viequestravelguide.com/vieques-island-puerto-rico-facts-travel.html Vieques Travel Guide
  104. http://www.virginislandsmap.com/touristtips/index.htm Virgin Islands Vacation Tips

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