| US Open | |
| Last: | 2023 US Open (tennis) |
| Last Alias: | 2023 US Open |
| Logo Size: | 250px |
| Bar Color: |
|
| Founded: | 1881, |
| Editions: | 144 (2024) |
| City: | New York City |
| Country: | United States |
| Venue: | USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center (since 1978) |
| Surface: | Hard – outdoors (since 1978) Clay – outdoors (1975–1977) Grass – outdoors (1881–1974) |
| Prize Money: | (2023)[1] |
| Men Draw: | (128) / 64 (16) |
| Men Current: | Novak Djokovic (singles) Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury (doubles) |
| Men Most S: | 7 Bill Tilden |
| Men Most D: | 6 Mike Bryan |
| Women Draw: | (128) / 64 (16) |
| Women Current: | Coco Gauff (singles) Gabriela Dabrowski Erin Routliffe (doubles) |
| Women Most S: | 8 Molla Mallory |
| Women Most D: | 13 Margaret Osborne duPont |
| Mixed Draw: | 32 |
| Mixed Current: | Anna Danilina Harri Heliövaara |
| Mixed Most M: | 4 Bill Tilden Bill Talbert Bob Bryan |
| Mixed Most F: | 9 Margaret Osborne duPont |
| Web Site: | http://www.usopen.org/home/default.sps |
The US Open Tennis Championships, commonly called the US Open, is a hardcourt tennis tournament held annually in Queens, New York. Since 1987, the US Open has been chronologically the fourth and final Grand Slam tournament of the year (except in 2020, when the French Open was delayed to occur after the US Open due to the COVID-19 lockdowns). The other three, in chronological order, are the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. The US Open starts on the last Monday of August and continues for two weeks, with the middle weekend coinciding with the US Labor Day holiday. The tournament is one of the oldest tennis championships in the world, originally known as the U.S. National Championships, for which men's singles and men's doubles were first played in August 1881. It is the only Grand Slam that was not affected by cancellation due to World War I and World War II, nor interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. All the players participating should be at least fourteen (14) years old.
The tournament consists of five primary championships: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles. The tournament also includes events for senior, junior, and wheelchair players. Since 1978, the tournament has been played on acrylic hardcourts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens, New York City. The US Open is owned and organized by the United States Tennis Association (USTA), a non-profit organization, and the chairperson of the US Open is Patrick Galbraith. Revenue from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television contracts is used to develop tennis in the United States.
This tournament, from 1971 to 2021, employed standard tiebreakers (first to seven points, win by two) in every set of a singles match.[2] Since 2022, new tiebreak rules were initiated and standardized in the final set for all four majors, where if a match reaches six-all in the final set (the third for women and fifth for men), an extended tiebreaker (first to ten points, win by two) is played. The introduction of the extended tiebreaker in 2022 was part of a broader effort to standardize play across the Grand Slam tournaments, ensuring consistency in how matches are decided while also addressing player fatigue and match duration.[3]
The tournament was first held in August 1881 on grass courts at the Newport Casino in Newport, Rhode Island, which is now home to the International Tennis Hall of Fame. That year, only clubs that were members of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) were permitted to enter.[4] Richard Sears won the men's singles at this tournament, which was the first of his seven consecutive singles titles.[5] From 1884 through 1911, the tournament used a challenge system whereby the defending champion automatically qualified for the next year's final, where he would play the winner of the all-comers tournament.
Only men competed in the U.S. National Championships from 1881 to 1886. It had both a singles and doubles division. The first U.S. Women's National Singles Championship was held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in 1887. The winner was 17-year-old Philadelphian Ellen Hansell. In that same year, the men's doubles event was played at the Orange Lawn Tennis Club in South Orange, New Jersey.[6]
The 1888 and the 1889 men's doubles events were played at the Staten Island Cricket Club in Livingston, Staten Island, New York.[7] In the 1893 Championships, the men's doubles event was played at the St. George Cricket Club in Chicago.[8] [9] [10] In 1892, the US Mixed Doubles Championship was introduced and, in 1899, the US Women's National Doubles Championship.
In 1915, the national championships was relocated to the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. The effort to relocate it to New York City began as early as 1911 when a group of tennis players, headed by New Yorker Karl Behr, started working on it.[11]
In early 1915, a group of about 100 tennis players signed a petition in favor of moving the tournament. They argued that most tennis clubs, players, and fans were located in the New York City area and that it would therefore be beneficial for the development of the sport to host the national championships there.[12] This view was opposed by another group of players that included eight former national singles champions.[13] [14] This contentious issue was brought to a vote at the annual USNLTA meeting on February 5, 1915, with 128 votes in favor of and 119 against relocation.[15] [16] [17] In August 1915, the men's singles tournament was held at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City for the first time, while the women's tournament was held at the Philadelphia Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia (the women's singles event was not moved until 1921). From 1917 to 1933, the men's doubles event was held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. In 1934, both men's and women's doubles events were held at Longwood Cricket Club.[18]
From 1921 through 1923, the men's singles tournament was played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia.[19] It returned to the West Side Tennis Club in 1924 following the completion of the 14,000-seat Forest Hills Stadium.[20] Although many already regarded it as a major championship, the International Lawn Tennis Federation did not officially designate it as one of the world's major tournaments until 1924.[21] At the 1922 U.S. National Championships, the draw seeded players for the first time to prevent the leading players from playing each other in the early rounds.[22] [23] From 1935 to 1941 and 1946 to 1967, the men's and women's doubles were held at the Longwood Cricket Club.[24]
The Open Era began in 1968 when professional tennis players were allowed to compete for the first time at the Grand Slam tournament held at the West Side Tennis Club. The previous U.S. National Championships had been limited to amateur players. Except for mixed doubles, all events at the 1968 national tournament were open to professionals. That year, 96 men and 63 women entered, and prize money totaled $100,000. In 1970, the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to use a tiebreaker to decide a set that reached a 6–6 score in games. From 1970 through 1974, the US Open used a best-of-nine-point sudden-death tiebreaker before moving to the International Tennis Federation's (ITF) best-of-twelve points system. In 1973, the US Open became the first Grand Slam tournament to award equal prize money to men and women, with that year's singles champions, John Newcombe and Margaret Court, receiving $25,000 each. Since 1975, following complaints about the surface and its impact on the ball's bounce, the tournament has been played on clay courts instead of grass. This was also an experiment to make it more "TV friendly". The addition of floodlights allowed matches to be played at night.[25] [26]
In 1978, the tournament moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the larger and newly constructed USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, Queens, 3miles to the north. The tournament's court surface also switched from clay to hardcourt. Jimmy Connors is the only individual to have won US Open singles titles on all three surfaces (grass, clay, and hardcourt), while Chris Evert is the only woman to have won US Open singles titles on two surfaces (clay and hardcourt).
The US Open is the only Grand Slam tournament that has been played every year since its inception.[27]
During the 2006 US Open, the complex was renamed to "USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center" in honor of Billie Jean King, a four-time US Open singles champion and one of women's tennis's early pioneers.[28]
With the move to Flushing, the women's final was played between the two men's semi-finals on Saturday, creating a block that came to be known as "Super Saturday". While fan-friendly, the concept proved divisive among players because it gave them less than a day's rest between the semifinal and championship matches. A number of spectators also tended to leave after the women's final, and not stay for the second men's semifinal.[29]
This ended in 2001, when the women's final was moved to prime time to encourage television viewership, citing a major growth in popularity for women's tennis among viewers.[30] This practice was eventually discontinued, and the women's final is currently played in the late afternoon.
For five consecutive tournaments between 2008 through 2012, the men's final was postponed to Monday due to weather. In 2013 and 2014, the USTA intentionally scheduled the men's final on a Monday—a move praised for allowing the men's players an extra day's rest following the semifinals, but drew the ire of the ATP for further deviating from the structure of the other Grand Slams.[31] [32]
In 2015, the US Open returned to a format similar to the other Grand Slams, with women's and men's finals on Saturday and Sunday, and players having an extra day of rest. However, weather delays forced both sets of semifinals to be held on Friday of that year.[33]
In 2018, the tournament was the first Grand Slam tournament that introduced the shot clock to keep a check on the time consumed by players between points. The reason for this change was to increase the pace of play.[34] The clock is placed in a position visible to players, the chair umpire and fans.[35] Since 2020, all Grand Slams, ATP, and WTA tournaments apply this technology.[36]
In 2020, the event was held without spectators due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the Western & Southern Open was also re-located from Cincinnati in order to create a bio-secure bubble for both events due to their proximity.[37] An announcement that the wheelchair tennis competition would not be held caused controversy, because the USTA did not consult with athletes prior to it, as it had with the players' organizations for the able-bodied competitions. After accusations of discrimination, the USTA was forced to backtrack, admitting that it should have discussed the decision with the wheelchair competitors and offering them either $150,000 to be split between them (compared with $3.3m to be split between the players affected by the cancellation of each of the men's and women's qualifying competition and reductions in the mixed-doubles pool), a competition as part of the Open with 95% of the 2019 prize fund, or a competition to be held at the USTA base in Florida.[38]
The grounds of the US Open have 22 outdoor courts (plus 12 practice courts just outside the East Gate) consisting of four "show courts" (Arthur Ashe Stadium, Louis Armstrong Stadium, the Grandstand, and Court 17), 13 field courts, and 5 practice courts.
The main court is the 23,771-seat[39] Arthur Ashe Stadium, which opened in 1997. A US$180 million retractable roof was added in 2016. The stadium is named after Arthur Ashe, who won the men's singles title at the inaugural US Open in 1968, and was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1985. The next largest court is the 14,061-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium, which cost US$200 million to build and opened in 2018.[40] The 6,400-seat lower tier of this stadium is separately ticketed, reserved seating while the 7,661-seat upper tier is general admission and not separately ticketed.[41] The third largest court is the 8,125-seat Grandstand in the southwest corner of the grounds, which opened in 2016.[42] Court 17 in the southeast corner of the grounds is the fourth largest stadium. It opened with temporary seating in 2011 and received its permanent seating the following year. It has a seating capacity of 2,800, all of which is general admission and not separately ticketed.[43] It is nicknamed "The Pit", partly because the playing surface is sunk 8 feet into the ground.[44] The total seating capacity for practice courts P1-P5 is 672 and for competition Courts 4–16 is 12,656, itemized as follows:[45]
All the courts used by the US Open are illuminated, allowing matches and television coverage to extend into the evening.
From 1978 to 2019, the US Open was played on a hardcourt surface called Pro DecoTurf. It is a multi-layer cushioned surface and classified by the International Tennis Federation as medium-fast.[46] Each August before the start of the tournament, the courts are resurfaced.[47] In March 2020, the USTA announced that Laykold would become the new court surface supplier beginning with the 2020 tournament.[48]
Since 2005, all US Open and US Open Series tennis courts have been painted a shade of blue (trademarked as "US Open Blue") inside the lines to make it easier for players, spectators, and television viewers to see the ball. The area outside the lines is still painted "US Open Green".[49]
In 2006, the US Open introduced instant replay reviews of line calls, using the Hawk-Eye computer system. It was the first Grand Slam tournament to use the system.[50] The Open felt the need to implement the system because of the controversial quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open between Serena Williams and Jennifer Capriati, where a number of important line calls went against Williams. Replays on TV showed these calls were incorrect, including one critical point in the match that was incorrectly overruled by the chair umpire.[51] Instant replay was available only on the Arthur Ashe Stadium and Louis Armstrong Stadium courts through the 2008 tournament. In 2009, it became available on the Grandstand court. In 2018, all competition courts were outfitted with Hawk-Eye, and all matches in the main draws (Men's and Women's Singles and Doubles) followed the same procedure, whereby each player was allowed three incorrect challenges per set, with one more given in a tiebreak. Player challenges were eliminated in 2021, when the tournament became the second Grand Slam to fully incorporate Hawk-Eye Live, where all line calls are made electronically; the previous year's tournament had also incorporated Hawk-Eye Live on all courts except for Arthur Ashe and Louis Armstrong stadiums to reduce personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic.[52]
In 2007, JPMorgan Chase renewed its sponsorship of the US Open and, as part of the arrangement, the replay system was renamed to "Chase Review" on in-stadium video and television.[53]
Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the US Open through the years. Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event:
| Event | Q | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 | ||||||||
| Men's singles | 2000 | 1300 | 800 | 400 | 200 | 100 | 50 | 10 | 25 | 16 | 8 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's doubles | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| 1300 | 780 | 430 | 240 | 130 | 70 | 10 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 2 | ||
| 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Event | W | F | SF/3rd | QF/4th | |
| Singles | 800 | 500 | 375 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doubles | 800 | 500 | 100 | — | |
| Quad singles | 800 | 500 | 375 | 100 | |
| 800 | 100 | — | — |
| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Q | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys' singles | 1000 | 600 | 370 | 200 | 100 | 45 | 30 | 20 |
| Girls' singles | ||||||||
| Boys' doubles | 750 | 450 | 275 | 150 | 75 | |||
| Girls' doubles |
The total prize money for the 2023 US Open was $65,000,020 and is the largest package of all Grand Slams and the largest in tournament history. The package is divided as follows:[54]
| Event | W | F | SF | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 | Round of 64 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 | |
| Singles | $3,000,000 | $1,800,000 | $775,000 | $455,000 | $284,000 | $191,000 | $123,000 | $81,500 | $45,000 | $34,500 | $22,000 |
| Doubles | $700,000 | $350,000 | $180,000 | $100,000 | $58,000 | $36,800 | $22,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mixed doubles | $170,000 | $85,000 | $42,500 | $23,200 | $14,200 | $8,300 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
The men's and women's singles prize money (US$44,700,000) accounts for 68.7 percent of total player base compensation, while men's and women's doubles (US$7,133,600), men's and mixed doubles (US$679,200) account for 11.0 percent and 1.0 percent, respectively. All prize money for the doubles competitions are distributed per team. The prize money for the wheelchair draw amounts to a total of US$1,366,800, which accounts for a total of 2.1 percent of the package, and additional expenses, such as per diem and direct hotel payments of US$4,656,420 account for a total of 7.2 percent.
In 2012, the USTA agreed to increase the US Open prize money to $50,400,000 by 2017. As a result, the prize money for the 2013 tournament was US$33.6 million, a record US$8.1 million increase from 2012. The champions of the 2013 US Open Series also had the opportunity to add US$2.6 million in bonus prize money, potentially bringing the total 2013 US Open purse to more than US$36 million.[55] In 2014, the prize money was US$38.3 million.[56] In 2015, the prize money was raised to US$42.3 million.[57] In 2021, the USTA set a new record for the highest prize money and total player compensation in the tournament's history with $57,462,000, and also boosted the prize money for the qualifying tournament to $6,000,000, a 66% increase over the package in 2019.[58]
The 2023 tournament saw another record, with total prize money reaching US$65,000,020. Efforts were also undertaken to enhance support for participants across all events by implementing expanded player expense assistance measures. This iteration of the tournament introduced substantial changes in player per diem allowances, extending to all competitors. Notably, travel vouchers worth $1,000 have been newly introduced. Moreover, players can receive an additional hotel room or witness a twofold increase in their daily hotel allowance, which has been raised from $300 to $600, provided they choose alternate lodging. Additionally, an elevation in meal allowances and provision of racquet stringing services are also in effect for all participating players.
| Novak Djokovic, 2023 men's singles champion.US Open 2022 Photo 177 (52391301928) (Gauff).jpg | Coco Gauff, 2023 women's singles champion. It was her first major title.Ram RG22 (14) (52144533385).jpg | Rajeev Ram was part of the 2023 winning men's doubles team.Salisbury RG22 (1) (52144292229).jpg | Joe Salisbury was part of the 2023 winning men's doubles team.Dabrowski RG19 (48) (48199313486).jpg | Gabriela Dabrowski was part of the 2023 winning women's doubles team.Routliffe RG22 (24) (52144071693).jpg | Erin Routliffe was part of the 2023 winning women's doubles team.Anna Danilina (2023 DC Open) 01a.jpg | Anna Danilina was part of the 2023 winning mixed doubles team.Harri Heliövaara (2023 DC Open) 01.jpg | Harri Heliövaara was part of the 2023 winning mixed doubles team. |
| 2023 Event | Champion | Runner-up | Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |  Novak Djokovic | Daniil Medvedev | 6–3, 7–6(7–5), 6–3 | |
| Women's singles |  Coco Gauff | Aryna Sabalenka | 2–6, 6–3, 6–2 | |
| Men's doubles | Rajeev Ram Joe Salisbury |  Rohan Bopanna  Matthew Ebden | 2–6, 6–3, 6–4 | |
| Women's doubles |  Gabriela Dabrowski  Erin Routliffe | Laura Siegemund Vera Zvonareva | 7–611–9, 6–3 | |
| Mixed doubles |  Anna Danilina  Harri Heliövaara | Jessica Pegula Austin Krajicek | 6–3, 6–4 | |
| Wheelchair men's singles | Alfie Hewett | Gordon Reid | 6–4, 6–3 | |
| Wheelchair women's singles | Diede de Groot |  Yui Kamiji | 6–2, 6–2 | |
| Wheelchair quad singles | Sam Schröder | Niels Vink | 6–3, 7–5 | |
| Wheelchair men's doubles |  Stéphane Houdet Takashi Sanada | Takuya Miki Tokito Oda | 6–4, 6–4 | |
| Wheelchair women's doubles | Yui Kamiji Kgothatso Montjane | Diede de Groot Jiske Griffioen | Walkover | |
| Quad doubles | Sam Schröder Niels Vink | Andy Lapthorne Donald Ramphadi | 6–1, 6–2 |
| Record | Era | Player(s) | Count | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men since 1881 | ||||
| Most singles titles | Amateur Era | 7 | 1881–87 | |
| 1901–02, 1907–11 | ||||
| 1920–25, 1929 | ||||
| Open Era | 5 | 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982–83 | ||
| 1990, 1993, 1995–96, 2002 | ||||
| 2004–08 | ||||
| Most consecutive singles titles | Amateur Era | Richard Sears | 7 | 1881–87 |
| Open Era | Roger Federer | 5 | 2004–08 | |
| Most doubles titles | Amateur Era | Richard Sears | 6 | 1882–84, 1886–87 with James Dwight 1885 with Joseph Clark |
| 1899–1901 with Dwight F. Davis 1904–06 with Beals Wright | ||||
| Open Era | 6 | 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 with Bob Bryan 2018 with Jack Sock | ||
| Most consecutive doubles titles | Amateur Era | Richard Sears | 6 | 1882–87 |
| Open Era | 3 | 2021–23 | ||
| 2021–23 | ||||
| Most mixed doubles titles | Amateur Era | 4 | 1894–96 with Juliette Atkinson 1898 with Carrie Neely | |
| 1907 with May Sayers 1909, 1911, 1915 with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman | ||||
| Bill Tilden | 1913–14 with Mary Browne 1922–23 with Molla Mallory | |||
| 1943–46 with Margaret Osborne duPont | ||||
| Open Era | 1966 with Donna Floyd 1967, 1971, 1973 with Billie Jean King | |||
| 1969–70, 1972 with Margaret Court 1980 with Wendy Turnbull | ||||
| Bob Bryan | 2003 with Katarina Srebotnik 2004 with Vera Zvonareva 2006 with Martina Navratilova 2010 with Liezel Huber | |||
| Most Championships (singles, doubles & mixed doubles) | Amateur Era | Bill Tilden | 16 | 1913–29 (7 singles, 5 doubles, 4 mixed doubles) |
| Open Era | Bob Bryan | 9 | 2003–14 (5 doubles, 4 mixed doubles) | |
| Women since 1887 | ||||
| Most singles titles | Amateur Era |  / Molla Mallory | 8 | 1915–18, 1920–22, 1926 |
| Open Era | 6 | 1975–78, 1980, 1982 | ||
| 1999, 2002, 2008, 2012–14 | ||||
| Most consecutive singles titles | Amateur Era | / Molla Mallory | 4 | 1915–18 |
| 1932–35 | ||||
| Open Era | Chris Evert | 4 | 1975–78 | |
| Most doubles titles | Amateur Era | Margaret Osborne duPont | 13 | 1941 with Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1942–50, 1955–57 with Louise Brough |
| Open Era | 9 | 1977 with Betty Stöve 1978, 1980 with Billie Jean King 1983–84, 1986–87 with Pam Shriver 1989 with Hana Mandlíková 1990 with Gigi Fernández | ||
| Most consecutive doubles titles | Amateur Era | Margaret Osborne duPont | 10 | 1941 with Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1942–50 with Louise Brough |
| Open Era | 3 | 2002–04 | ||
| 2002–04 | ||||
| Most mixed doubles titles | Amateur Era | Margaret Osborne duPont | 9 | 1943–46 with Bill Talbert 1950 with Ken McGregor 1956 with Ken Rosewall 1958–60 with Neale Fraser |
| Open Era | Margaret Court | 3 | 1969–70, 1972 with Marty Riessen | |
| Billie Jean King | 1971, 1973 with Owen Davidson 1976 with Phil Dent | |||
| Martina Navratilova | 1985 with Heinz Günthardt 1987 with Emilio Sánchez 2006 with Bob Bryan | |||
| Most Championships (singles, doubles & mixed doubles) | Amateur Era | Margaret Osborne duPont | 25 | 1941–60 (3 singles, 13 doubles, 9 mixed doubles) |
| Open Era | 16 | 1977–2006 (4 singles, 9 doubles, 3 mixed doubles) | ||
| Miscellaneous | ||||
| Unseeded champions | Men | Andre Agassi | 1994 | |
| Women |  Kim Clijsters Sloane Stephens Emma Raducanu | 2009 2017 (the only Protected ranking to win a major title) 2021 (the only qualifier to win a major title) | ||
| Youngest singles champion | Men | Pete Sampras | 19 years and 1 month (1990)[59] | |
| Women | Tracy Austin | 16 years and 8 months (1979) | ||
| Oldest singles champion | Men | William Larned | 38 years and 8 months (1911) | |
| Women | / Molla Mallory | 42 years and 5 months (1926) | ||
See main article: List of US Open (tennis) broadcasters. The US Open's website allows viewing of live streaming video, but unlike other Grand Slam tournaments, does not allow watching video on demand. The site also offers live radio coverage.
ESPN took full control of televising the event in 2015. When taking over, ESPN ended 47 years of coverage produced and aired by CBS.[60] ESPN uses ESPN, ESPN2, and ABC for broadcasts, while putting outer court coverage on ESPN+.[61]
Source[66]
957,387[67]
776,120
631,134[68]
0
737,872
732,663
691,143
688,542
691,280
713,642
713,026
710,803
658,664
712,976
721,059
720,227
715,587
640,000
Sources: US Open,[69] Record Attendance 2019,[70] City University of New York (CUNY)[71] [72]