United States Capitol Police Explained

Agencyname:United States Capitol Police
Commonname:U.S. Capitol Police
Abbreviation:USCP
Patch:Patch of the United States Capitol Police.png
Patchcaption:Patch of the United States Capitol Police
Logocaption:Emblem of the United States Capitol Police
Badge:US Capitol Police badge.jpg
Badgecaption:Badge of the United States Capitol Police
Flag:Flag of the United States Capitol Police.svgborder
Flagcaption:Flag of the United States Capitol Police
Motto:"A Tradition of Service and Protection"
Formedyear:[1]
Employees:2,249
Budget:$708 million (FY2023)[2]
Country:United States
Federal:Yes
Legaljuris:1. Any area of the United States when pursuant to their special duties.2. Congressional buildings, parks, and thoroughfares. Members of Congress, Officers of Congress, and their families throughout the United States, its territories and possessions.
Governingbody:Capitol Police Board
Constitution1:United States Code, Title 2, Chapter 29
Police:Yes
Headquarters:119 D Street, NE
Washington, D.C., U.S. 20510
Sworntype:Police Officer / Special Agent (for specialized members)
Sworn:1,879
Unsworntype:Civilian
Unsworn:300
Chief1name:J. Thomas Manger
Chief1position:Chief of Police
Officetype:Unit

The United States Capitol Police (USCP) is a federal law enforcement agency in the United States with nationwide jurisdiction charged with protecting the United States Congress within the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its territories. It answers to the Capitol Police Board and is the only full-service federal law enforcement agency appointed by the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States.

The United States Capitol Police has the primary responsibility for protecting life and property, preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal acts, and enforcing traffic regulations throughout a complex of congressional buildings, parks, and thoroughfares. The Capitol Police has primary jurisdiction within buildings and grounds of the United States Capitol Complex. It also has concurrent jurisdiction with other law enforcement agencies, including the United States Park Police and the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, in an area of approximately 200 blocks around the complex. Officers also have jurisdiction throughout the District of Columbia to take enforcement action when they observe or are made aware of crimes of violence while on official duties.

Additionally, they are charged with the protection of members of Congress, officers of Congress, and their families throughout the entire United States, its territories and possessions, and the District of Columbia. While performing protective functions, the Capitol Police have jurisdiction throughout the entire United States.[3] It is informally considered as the sister agency of the United States Secret Service, which itself is responsible for the protection of the United States President and their Cabinet.

Jurisdiction and budget

In the early 1980s, the protective mandates and jurisdictions of the U.S. Capitol Police were substantially expanded to allow them to protect legislators away from their normal jurisdictions in response to the growing risk and threats faced by legislators and the growing institutionalization of Congress.[4]

U.S. Code, Title 2, Chapter 29 defines the powers and duties of the U.S. Capitol Police. The U.S. Capitol Police has the authority to enforce the laws of the United States in any area of the United States and has the power to effect warrantless arrests for any offense against the United States committed in their presence, or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States upon probable cause, in the performance of their protective duties.[5] Qualified members of the U.S. Capitol Police may also travel outside of the United States when performing security advisory and liaison functions for congressional travel.[6]

The primary jurisdiction of the United States Capitol Police centers on the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C., the adjacent congressional (House and Senate) offices, and the Library of Congress buildings. This primary jurisdiction is about 270acres, with about 58acres being the Capitol grounds themselves.[7]

The U.S. Capitol Police has also concurrent jurisdiction with the District of Columbia's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD), the U.S. Park Police, the U.S. Secret Service Uniformed Division, and others federal agencies to enforce District of Columbia laws, based upon cooperative agreements with MPD and the Police Coordination Act covering local cooperation with 32 federal law enforcement agencies.[8]

The U.S. Capitol Police also have extended jurisdiction over parts of Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest Washington D.C.[9] The USCP provides protection detail to House and Senate leaders, other congressmen and -women depending on individual risk analysis, lawmakers' state and district offices (with the help of local police), and "off-campus" events such as presidential nominating conventions.

Four congressional committees have statutory oversight.[10] The authority of the Police Chief is, in many ways, restrained. The Capitol Police chief reports to the Capitol Police Board, a three-person group composed of the Senate and House Sergeants at Arms and the Architect of the Capitol.[11] The chief is “whipsawed between partisan politicians and career professionals like the two Sergeants at Arms and congressional staff...here they literally have hundreds of people who think they're their bosses."[12] The pay for the USCP Chief is far less than many police chiefs in the US.[12]

In FY 2021, the USCP had an annual budget of more than $515million;[2] it employs more than 2,000 sworn and civilian personnel, making it one of the most well-funded and well-staffed police departments relative to the two square miles it guards.[7] USCP's budget is divided into a salaries account, used for overtime and benefits, and a general expenses account, used for equipment, vehicles, communications, training, medical services, forensic services, etc. USCP cannot transfer money between the accounts without the approval the House and Senate Appropriations Committees.[2]

In FY 2022, USCP's annual budget was $602 million.

In FY 2023, USCP's annual budget will increase to $708 million to provide resources to fulfill security recommendations as suggested by the Government Accountability Office and the Office of Inspector General after the January 6th attacks on the Capitol.[13]

Training

U.S. Capitol Police officers attend training at the Capitol Police Training Academy in Cheltenham, Maryland and is one of many agencies that sends its recruits to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), located in Glynco, Georgia, for initial training. Rarely, recruits are sent to the FLETC location in Artesia, New Mexico.

Following 12 weeks at FLETC, recruits return to FLETC's location in Cheltenham, for an additional 13 weeks of training. After the recruits' academy training, graduates are sworn in as law enforcement officers and assigned to one of four divisions to begin their careers. Once assigned, officers are assigned a Field Training Officer (FTO) for a definite period to provide additional on-the-job training. FTO's provide weekly updates on the subjects that have been learned and issue tests to the new officers.

Officers are also subject to a one-year probationary period. Initial salary at the start of training is $73,852.00, with an increase to $77,543.00 after graduation.[14] After 30 months of satisfactory performance, officers are eligible for promotion to private first class (PFC).[15]

USCP Officers and Special Agents are covered under the Federal Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) enhanced retirement provisions under the Civil Service Retirement (CSRS), which covers federal employees hired before 1984, or the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS), which covers employees hired in 1984 or later. Similar to other Federal LEOs covered under those enhanced retirement provisions (e.g., DEA, FBI, U.S. Marshals, U.S. Secret Service, ICE, Border Patrol), USCP officers and special agents are subject to mandatory retirement at age 57, or as soon as 20 years of service have been completed after age 57.[16]

Specialized Bureaus and Units

The U.S. Capitol Police is organized into Bureaus and Offices that report to each of the Executive Team Members.[17]

USCP contains several specialty units and assignments offering expert training. These specialty units are within the Uniformed Services Bureau, the Protective Services Bureau, the Operational Services Bureau, and the Mission Assurance Bureau:[18]

Uniformed Services Bureau (USB)

Protective Services Bureau (PSB)

Operational Services Bureau (OSB)

Leadership

Pursuant to 2 U.S.C. §1901, the U.S. Capitol Police is headed by a Chief who is appointed and reports to the Capitol Police Board following a highly selective process.[19]

J. Thomas Manger was sworn in as Chief of the U.S. Capitol Police on July 23, 2021. Previously, Yogananda Pittman served as the Acting Chief of Police and concurrently as the Assistant Chief of Police for Protective and Intelligence Operations from January 8, 2021, until Chief Manger was sworn in.[19]

Previous Chiefs include the following:

Capitol Police Board

The Capitol Police Board is the body that governs the United States Capitol Police. It was established in 1873,[20] and today consists of three voting members: the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives, the Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate, and the Architect of the Capitol. Additionally, the chief of the Capitol Police serves ex officio as a non-voting member.[21] The chairmanship of the board alternates annually between the House and Senate Sergeants at Arms.

The board, like Congress, is not subject to freedom of information laws, and the Inspector General of the board does not publish their findings and reports to the board who retains their employment.[22] [23]

History

The history of the United States Capitol Police dates back to 1801 when Congress moved from the city of Philadelphia to the newly constructed Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. At the time, Congress appointed one watchman to protect the building and Congressional property.

The police were formally created by Congress in 1828 following the assault on John Adams II, the son of John Quincy Adams, in the Capitol rotunda. The United States Capitol Police had as its original duty the provision of security for the United States Capitol.[24]

Its mission has expanded to provide the congressional community and its visitors with a variety of security services. These services are provided through the use of a variety of specialty support units, a network of foot and vehicular patrols, fixed posts, a full-time Containment and Emergency Response Team (CERT), K-9, a Patrol/Mobile Response Division and a full-time Hazardous Devices and Hazardous Materials Sections.[25] [26]

In 1979, the Capitol Police got a separate chief of police; the role had previously been filled by officers of the Metropolitan Police Department.[27] [28]

In 2005 Congress established the United States Capitol Police (USCP) Office of Inspector General (OIG) as a legislative agency. The Inspector General heads OIG, supervises and conducts audits, inspections, and investigations involving USCP programs, functions, systems, and operations, and reports directly to the Capitol Police Board.[29]

The Library of Congress Police were merged into the force in 2009.[30] [31]

Prior to 2021, four Capitol police officers had died in the line of duty.[32]

1998 shooting at the Capitol

See main article: 1998 United States Capitol shooting.

On July 24, 1998, a shooting occurred at a security checkpoint inside the Capitol,[33] killing one U.S. Capitol police officer. Another Capitol police officer was killed when the assailant entered Majority Whip Tom DeLay's (R-TX-22) office.

Racial discrimination

Since 2001, more than 250 Black officers have sued the Capitol Police over allegations of racism. After the 2021 storming of the Capitol by a pro-Trump mob, several Capitol police were suspended for possible complicity with the insurrectionists.[34]

Even though Washington, D.C. is 46% Black, only 32.5% of the Capitol Police is. This is in contrast to the Metropolitan Police Department (for D.C.), which is 52% Black. (However, this 32.5% is higher than both the 24.8% rate in the wider metro DC/MD/VA area and the 12.3% in the country.[35])

January 6 Capitol attack

See main article: January 6 United States Capitol attack.

At a rally in Washington on January 6, 2021, Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani called for "trial by combat".[36] Trump encouraged his supporters to "peacefully demonstrate because we are the party of law and order" and then later "fight like hell" and "take back our country", and asked his supporters to march to the US Capitol.[37] [38] Eventually the building was easily stormed with little resistance.[39] Congress was in session at the time, conducting the Electoral College vote count and debating the results of the vote.

The rioters breached barricades erected by Capitol Police around the Capitol. Ultimately, one unarmed woman, Ashli Babbitt, was fatally shot by a USCP officer when she attempted to climb through a shattered window in a barricaded door, and three other rioters died in medical emergencies.[40] [41] One USCP police officer was also injured during the attack, with another officer who responded to the attack dying off-duty days later.[42] [43] [44] More than fifty USCP and MPD officers were injured during the attack, and several USCP officers were hospitalized with serious injuries.

Federal authorities said they were not prepared for the unrest; however, far-right pro-Trump supporters had organized the unrest on pro-Trump far-right social media websites, including Gab and Parler, in advance.[45] [46] [47] [48] The ineffectiveness of Capitol Police's response to the rioting was harshly criticized, as was the contrast between it and the aggressive response of federal law enforcement to the George Floyd protests in the summer of 2020.[49] [50] [51] [52] Law enforcement was urged "to avoid the type of show of force that had inflamed tense situations in the city last year."

At the behest of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund announced his resignation the following day, effective January 16, 2021.[53] Two other officers were also suspended in January 2021.[54] Six Capitol Police officers were suspended and 29 more were being investigated in February 2021.[55] [56]

Assistant Chief Yogananda Pittman was named Acting Chief of Capitol Police following the attack. She was the first woman and first African American to lead the agency.[57] Pittman served in an acting capacity until July 22, 2021, when she was replaced by J. Thomas Manger.

April 2021 Capitol car attack

See main article: April 2021 United States Capitol car attack.

On April 2, 2021, a suspect identified as Noah Green used a car to hit two Capitol Police Officers and then hit a barricade. Officer William "Billy" Evans died and the other officer was hospitalized. Officers shot and killed the suspect. The Capitol was locked down. Green said on social media that he believed he was a victim of "mind control".[58]

Organizational structure

The agency is led by an "Executive Team"[59] with the Chief of Police at the head, who is supported by an Assistant Chief of Police for Uniformed Operations, and a Chief Administrative Officer. There are about 18 bureaus and offices,[59] and an Inspector General.[60] Due to threats and other security measures in the wake of the 2021 United States Capitol attack, the agency announced plans to open field offices in California and Florida on July 6.[61] Congress has enabled joint oversight of the Capitol Police Board[62] and given the Chief of the Capitol Police emergency powers to request national guard or other federal assistance in cases of civil disturbance.[63]

See also

External links

Capitol Police Board

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Our History – United States Capitol Police. uscp.gov. 16 June 2016. 2020-04-01. 2016-11-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230632/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/our-history. live.
  2. Appropriations Committee . June 14, 2022 . Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2023 Legislative Branch Funding Bill . . 2 . August 1, 2021 .
  3. Web site: 2 U.S. Code § 1966 – Protection of Members of Congress, officers of Congress, and members of their families . law.cornell.edu . 2017-06-27 . 2019-12-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191227153509/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/1966 . live .
  4. Web site: U.S. Capitol Police and Supreme Court Police: Expanding Their Protective Mandates and Jurisdictions Office of Justice Programs . 2022-08-30 . www.ojp.gov.
  5. Web site: 2 U.S. Code Subchapter II - POWERS AND DUTIES . 2022-08-30 . LII / Legal Information Institute . en.
  6. Web site: 2 U.S. Code § 1975 - Overseas travel . 2022-08-30 . LII / Legal Information Institute . en.
  7. News: Graff . Garrett M. . 2021-01-08 . Behind the Strategic Failure of the Capitol Police . en . . 2021-01-08 . 2021-01-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210111174235/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/01/08/capitol-police-failure-456237 . live .
  8. Web site: Cooperative Agreements mpdc . 2022-08-30 . mpdc.dc.gov.
  9. Web site: The Long Arm of the U.S. Capitol Police. August 7, 2019. First Branch Forecast. March 7, 2021. February 25, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225140635/https://firstbranchforecast.com/2019/08/07/the-long-arm-of-the-u-s-capitol-police/. live.
  10. Web site: Congressional Committees. June 17, 2016. United States Capitol Police. January 10, 2021. February 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210202213008/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/oversight/congressional-committees. live.
  11. Web site: Whitney Wild. Insurrection fallout: The hunt for a new US Capitol Police Chief. 2021-05-06. CNN. 5 May 2021 . 2021-05-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20210505225215/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/05/politics/us-capitol-police-chief-search/index.html. live.
  12. Web site: Insurrection fallout: The hunt for a new US Capitol Police Chief. 2021-05-06. www.weny.com. en. 2021-05-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20210507173422/https://www.weny.com/story/43828740/insurrection-fallout-the-hunt-for-a-new-us-capitol-police-chief. dead.
  13. Web site: 2022-06-14 . Appropriations Committee Releases Fiscal Year 2023 Legislative Branch Funding Bill . 2022-08-30 . House Committee on Appropriations . en.
  14. Web site: 2016-07-26 . Police Officer Salaries & Benefits . 2022-08-30 . United States Capitol Police . en.
  15. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions. 25 July 2016. United States Capitol Police. 11 January 2011. 28 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160728001912/http://www.uscapitolpolice.gov/faq.php. live.
  16. Web site: Retirement Benefits for Federal Law Enforcement Personnel . 2022-09-06 . www.everycrsreport.com . en.
  17. Web site: 2016-06-16 . Bureaus and Offices . 2022-08-30 . United States Capitol Police . en.
  18. Web site: 2016-07-26 . USCP Police Officer Opportunities for Professional Growth . 2022-08-30 . United States Capitol Police . en.
  19. Web site: The U.S. Capitol Police: Brief Background . Congressional Research Service . 6 September 2022.
  20. Web site: History . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230632/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/our-history . 2016-11-23 . January 19, 2020 . United States Capitol Police. 16 June 2016 .
  21. Web site: Capitol Police Board . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200318114538/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/oversight/capitol-police-board . 2020-03-18 . January 19, 2020 . United States Capitol Police.
  22. https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/office-inspector-general Office of Inspector General website
  23. Sarah D. Wire. (17 February 2022). "Watchdog says Capitol Police need training, culture shift a year after Jan. 6 attack". LA Times website Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  24. Web site: United States Capitol Police . 2007-08-19 . USA JOBS . https://web.archive.org/web/20070807145312/http://www.usajobs.opm.gov/EI51.asp . 2007-08-07 . dead.
  25. Web site: United States Capitol Police Containment & Emergency Response Team. 2007-08-19. 2012-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120204192150/http://www.specwarnet.net/taclink/Police/WA_DC_Capital_Police_CERT.htm. live.
  26. Web site: Wear the Badge, Feel the Honor. 2007-08-19. United States Capitol Police. 2009-09-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20090903101156/http://www.uscapitolpolice.gov/home.php. live.
  27. Web site: Our History. . United States Capitol Police. 16 June 2016. January 14, 2021. 23 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230632/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/our-history. live.
  28. Accusations of Bias, Racism Swirl Around Capitol Police After Mob Attack . Dozier . Kimberly . Chan . Melissa . January 8, 2021 . . January 14, 2021 . February 1, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232758/https://time.com/5928204/capitol-police-mob-attack/ . live .
  29. Web site: Office of Inspector General. June 16, 2016. United States Capitol Police. January 10, 2021. February 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219162755/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/office-inspector-general. live.
  30. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_bills&docid=f:hj2enr.txt.pdf Public Law 108-7
  31. Web site: Our History . . . United States Capitol Police . August 9, 2018 . [T]he historic merger with the Library of Congress Police in 2009 . November 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161123230632/https://www.uscp.gov/the-department/our-history . live .
  32. Web site: 2016-06-16. USCP FAST FACTS. 2021-01-09. United States Capitol Police. en. 2021-02-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226081158/https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/uscp-fast-facts. live.
  33. Web site: Linton. Caroline. 11 January 2021. Capitol Police officer who responded to attack has died. 2021-01-11. CBS News. en-US. 2021-02-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20210202133145/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/howard-liebengood-dies-capitol-police-officer-riots/. live.
  34. Web site: Sapien. Joshua Kaplan, Joaquin. "No One Took Us Seriously": Black Cops Warned About Racist Capitol Police Officers for Years. 2021-01-14. ProPublica. 14 January 2021 . en. 2021-03-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303181025/https://www.propublica.org/article/no-one-took-us-seriously-black-cops-warned-about-racist-capitol-police-officers-for-years. live.
  35. United States Capitol Police Equity & Inclusion Strategic Plan, FY23-FY26. 2023 . United States Capitol Police . 8 .
  36. Web site: Rudy Giuliani called for 'trial by combat' before Trump supporters stormed the Capitol. Business Insider. 2021-01-08. 2021-01-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110114923/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/world/news/rudy-giuliani-called-for-trial-by-combat-before-trump-supporters-stormed-the-capitol/articleshow/80154832.cms. live.
  37. Web site: McCarthy. Tom. Ho. Vivian. Greve. Joan E.. January 7, 2021. Schumer calls pro-Trump mob 'domestic terrorists' as Senate resumes election certification – live. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230506/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden. January 6, 2021. January 6, 2021. The Guardian.
  38. Web site: Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell'. dead. https://archive.today/20210107014042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/. January 7, 2021. January 7, 2021. The Boston Globe.
  39. Web site: Ted Barrett . Manu Raju . Peter Nickeas . Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106211203/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/us-capitol-lockdown/index.html. January 6, 2021. January 6, 2021. CNN. 6 January 2021 .
  40. News: Gurman. Aruna Viswanatha and Sadie. 2021-01-07. Capitol Police Weren't Prepared for Rioters, Authorities Say. en-US. Wall Street Journal. live. 2021-01-07. 2021-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020800/https://www.wsj.com/articles/capitol-police-werent-prepared-for-rioters-authorities-say-11609978798.
  41. News: U.S. Capitol Police issue statement on pro-Trump riots . . 2021-01-07 . 2021-01-07 . 2021-01-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210128185136/https://www.fox5dc.com/news/u-s-capitol-police-issue-statement-on-pro-trump-riots . live .
  42. Web site: United States Capitol Police . Loss of USCP Officer Brian D. Sicknick . United States Capitol Police . 8 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210108061821/https://www.uscp.gov/media-center/press-releases/loss-uscp-colleague-brian-d-sicknick . 8 January 2021 . 7 January 2021.
  43. Web site: Police Confirm Death Of Officer Injured During Attack On Capitol. 2021-01-08. NPR. 7 January 2021 . en. 2021-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020624/https://www.npr.org/sections/congress-electoral-college-tally-live-updates/2021/01/07/954333542/four-dead-police-injured-dozens-arrested-after-siege-at-the-u-s-capitol. live. Diaz . Jaclyn . Chappell . Bill . Moore . Elena .
  44. Web site: Capitol Police Officer Who Responded To Mob Attack Dies Off Duty . . 10 January 2021 . Sprunt . Barbara . Wise . Alana . 19 February 2021 . 4 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210304070236/https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/01/10/955461525/capitol-police-officer-who-responded-to-mob-attack-dies-off-duty . live .
  45. News: January 8, 2021. Actions by Police Before Trump Supporters Attacked Capitol Backfired Spectacularly. Wall Street Journal. live. January 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193500/https://www.wsj.com/articles/actions-by-police-before-trump-supporters-attacked-capitol-backfired-spectacularly-11610064600.
  46. News: Frenkel. Sheera. January 6, 2021. The storming of Capitol Hill was organized on social media.. en-US. The New York Times. live. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106220539/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/protesters-storm-capitol-hill-building.html. January 6, 2021.
  47. Web site: Evan Perez, Katelyn Polantz, Phil Mattingly, Vivian Salama, Priscilla Alvarez and Betsy Klein. 'No one knew what we were supposed to be doing there.' Inside the law enforcement chaos at the Capitol. 2021-01-07. CNN. 7 January 2021. 2021-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210304004824/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/06/politics/capitol-riots-what-happened/index.html. live.
  48. Web site: McSwane. Logan Jaffe, Lydia DePillis, Isaac Arnsdorf, J David. Capitol Rioters Planned for Weeks in Plain Sight. The Police Weren't Ready.. 2021-01-07. ProPublica. 7 January 2021 . en. 2021-01-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20210109151633/https://www.propublica.org/article/capitol-rioters-planned-for-weeks-in-plain-sight-the-police-werent-ready. live.
  49. News: Hosenball. Joseph Tanfani, John Shiffman, Brad Heath, Mark. 2021-01-07. How security failures enabled Trump mob to storm U.S. Capitol. en. Reuters. 2021-01-07. 2021-02-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225022809/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-capitol-security-insight-idUSKBN29C0R5. live.
  50. Web site: 7 January 2021. U.S. police officials shocked by apparent police failure at Capitol. 2021-01-07. NBC News. en. 2021-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20210304200828/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/crime-courts/law-enforcement-officials-across-u-s-shocked-police-failure-stop-n1253193. live.
  51. News: Dewan. Shaila. MacFarquhar. Neil. Eligon. John. Triebert. Christiaan. Willis. Haley. Cooper. Stella. Engelbrecht. Cora. Hill. Evan. Ray. Arielle. 2021-01-07. Capitol Breach Draws Sharp Condemnation of Law Enforcement. en-US. The New York Times. live. 2021-01-07. 2021-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020735/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/07/us/Capitol-cops-police.html.
  52. Web site: Emma. Caitlin. 6 January 2021. Capitol Police firings imminent after 'attempted coup,' top appropriator warns. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210107052540/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/06/capitol-riots-police-firings-455698. 2021-01-07. 2021-01-07. POLITICO. en.
  53. Web site: 7 January 2021. US Capitol Police chief to resign after Wednesday's riots. January 7, 2021. CNN. February 9, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210209170844/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/07/politics/capitol-police-reaction-details/index.html. live.
  54. Web site: Two Capitol police officers suspended over behavior during riot. January 12, 2021. The Guardian. January 14, 2021. March 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302080829/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/11/capitol-police-officers-suspended-riot-inauguration. live.
  55. Web site: Six Capitol police officers suspended for alleged actions during riot. NBC News. 19 February 2021 . 2021-02-19. 2021-03-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20210306212158/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/six-capitol-police-officers-suspended-alleged-actions-during-capitol-riot-n1258329. live.
  56. Web site: 6 Capitol Police Officers Suspended For Actions During Riot. Rachel. Sandler. Forbes. 2021-02-19. 2021-03-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20210301203541/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2021/02/18/6-capitol-police-officers-suspended-for-actions-during-capitol-riot/. live.
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