Tuva Explained

En Name:Republic of Tuva
Ru Name:Республика Тыва
Loc Name1:Тыва Республика
Loc Lang1:Tuvan
Loc Name2:Республика Тыва
Loc Lang2:Russian
Coordinates:51.7833°N 139°W
Image Coa:Coat of arms of Tuva.svg
Coa Caption:Coat of arms
Flag Caption:Flag
Anthem:Men – Tyva Men[1]
Political Status:Republic
Political Status Link:Republics of Russia
Federal District:Siberian
Economic Region:East Siberian
Adm Ctr Type:Capital
Adm Ctr Name:Kyzyl
Official Lang List:Tuvan
Official Lang Ref:[2]
Pop 2021Census:336651
Pop 2021Census Rank:76th
Urban Pop 2021Census:54.6%
Rural Pop 2021Census:45.4%
Pop 2021Census Ref:[3]
Area Km2:168604
Area Km2 Rank:21st
Established Date:March 31, 1992
License Plates:17
Iso:RU-TY
Gov As Of:November 2008
Leader Title:Head
Leader Title Ref:[4]
Leader Name:Vladislav Khovalyg
Leader Name Ref:[5]
Legislature:Great Khural
Legislature Ref:[6]
Date:August 2010
People:Tuvan / Tyvans
Тывалар (Tıvalar)
Тувинцы (Tuvintsy)
Language:Tuvan / Tyvan
Тыва дыл (Tyva dyl)
Country:Tuva / Tyva
Тува́ (Tuvá)
Тыва (Tıva)

Tuva (; Russian: Тува) or Tyva (Tuvinian: Тыва|Tıva), officially the Republic of Tyva, is a republic of Russia.[7] Tuva lies at the geographical center of Asia, in southern Siberia. The republic borders the Altai Republic, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, and Buryatia in Russia, and shares an international border with Mongolia to the south. Tuva has a population of 336,651 (2021 census). Its capital is the city of Kyzyl.

Historically part of Outer Mongolia as Tannu Uriankhai during the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China, Tuva broke away in 1911 as the Uryankhay Republic following the Xinhai Revolution, which created the Republic of China. It became a Russian protectorate in 1914 and was replaced by the nominally independent Tuvan People's Republic in 1921 (known officially as Tannu Tuva until 1926),[8] recognized only by its neighbors the Soviet Union and Mongolia, before being annexed into the former in 1944.[9] A majority of the population are ethnic Tuvans who speak Tuvan as their native tongue, while Russian is spoken natively by the Russian minority; both are official and widely understood in the republic. The Great Khural is the regional parliament of Tuva.

History

See main article: article and History of Tuva.

The territory of Tuva has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC93 AD) and the Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Tang dynasty (647–682), Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (7th13th century), Mongol Empire (1206–1271), Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1691), Khotgoid Khanate and Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758).[10] Medieval Mongol tribes, including Oirats and Tumeds, inhabited areas which are now part of the Tuvan Republic.[10]

From 1758 to 1911, Tuva was part of China's Qing dynasty and administered by Outer Mongolia.[11] During the Xinhai Revolution in China, Tsarist Russia formed a separatist movement among the Tuvans while there were also pro-independence and pro-Mongol groups.[12] Tsar Nicholas II agreed to the third petition by Tuva's leadership in 1912, establishing a protectorate over the then-independent state. Some Russians, such as merchants, travellers, and explorers, had already settled in Tuva at that time.[13] Tuva became nominally independent as the Uryankhay Republic before being turned into a Russian protectorate as Uryankhay Krai under Tsar Nicholas II, on 17 April 1914.[14]

A Tuvan capital was established, called Belotsarsk (Белоца́рск; literally, "(Town) of the White Tsar").[15] Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 that ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5 July 1918 to 15 July 1919 by Alexander Kolchak's White Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918, the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by Khatanbaatar Magsarjav.[16]

From July 1919 to February 1920, the communist Red Army controlled Tuva but from 19 February 1920 to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade–Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-ch'ao]). On 14 August 1921, the Bolsheviks established the Tuvan People's Republic, popularly called Tannu-Tuva. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed Kyzyl, meaning "red". The Tuvan People's Republic was de jure an independent state between the World Wars. The state's ruler, Chairman Donduk Kuular, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Soviet Union, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East.[17]

In 1930, the pro-Soviet regime discarded the state's Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists. In 1943, Cyrillic script replaced Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically curtailed.[18]

Tuva was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, with the approval of Tuva's Little Khural (parliament), but without a referendum on the issue. It became the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, after the Soviet victory in World War II.[19] Salchak Toka, leader of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party and became the de facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973.[20] The territory became the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 10 October 1961.

In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei, a philologist at the Kyzyl State Pedagogical Institute. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both in short supply), and improve the status of the Tuvan language and culture. Later in the year, there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, including sniper attacks on trucks, and attacks on outlying settlements, with 168 murdered.[21] Russian troops were eventually called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. Tuva has remained remote and difficult to access.[22]

Tuva was a signatory to the 31 March 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. On 22 October 1993, a new constitution was drawn up for the republic, creating a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a Grand Khural, which deals with local legislation.[23] The constitution was approved by 53.9% (62.2% according to another source) of Tuvans in a referendum on 12 December 1993.[24] At the same time, the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва).[25]

Geography

The Tyva Republic is situated in the far south of Siberia. Its capital city is Kyzyl, located near the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, while the western part is a drier lowland.

Rivers

There are over 8,000 rivers in the Tuvan Republic, including the upper course of the Yenisei River, the fifth longest river in the world. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei tributaries. There are also numerous mineral springs in the area.

Major rivers include:

Lakes

There are numerous lakes in Tuva, many of which are glacial and salt lakes, including Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake (100 km2) – the largest in the republic, and Uvs Lake (shared with Mongolia and a World Heritage Site).

Mountains

The Tuva Republic is made up of a mountain basin, about 600 m high, encircled by the Sayan and Tannu-Ola mountain ranges. Mountains and hills cover over 80% of its territory. Mongun-Tayga ("Silver Mountain", 3,970 m) is the highest point in the republic and is named after its glacier.

Administrative divisions

See main article: Administrative divisions of the Tuva Republic.

Demographics

Population:

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service [26]

YearsAverage population (x 1000)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)width=70pt"Fertility rates
19702336,5591,9384,62128.28.319.8
19752536,9502,3064,64427.59.118.4
19802727,1332,7484,38526.210.116.1
19852878,1102,6245,48628.39.119.1
19903098,1162,6645,45226.38.617.73.22
19913047,2712,8734,39823.99.514.52.97
19923036,5453,0063,53921.69.911.72.68
19933026,1303,4802,65020.311.58.82.50
19943036,0764,0861,99020.113.56.62.46
19953046,1724,0102,16220.313.27.12.47
19963055,7054,1101,59518.713.55.22.25
19973054,9083,95495416.112.93.11.91
19983065,2673,6311,63617.211.95.42.02
19993064,8944,14275216.013.52.51.86
20003064,8714,17070115.913.62.31.83
20013054,9924,16582716.313.62.71.85
20023055,7274,5761,15118.815.03.82.10
20033056,2764,6331,64320.615.25.42.28
20043046,1274,0902,03720.213.56.72.19
20053035,9794,3261,65319.814.35.52.11
20063025,9503,8022,14819.712.67.12.06
20073027,5683,6873,88125.112.212.92.60
20083037,8743,5264,34826.011.614.32.68
20093058,2423,6664,57627.012.015.02.97
20103078,2623,5664,69626.911.615.33.03
20113088,4783,4035,07527.511.016.53.25
20123108,2663,4714,79526.711.215.53.35
20133118,1113,3994,72826.110.915.23.42
20143137,9213,4194,50225.310.914.43.48
20153157,4893,2584,23123.810.313.53.39
20163177,4213,1124,30923.29.813.43.35
20173206,9772,7884,18921.98.713.23.19
20183236,5392,8573,68220.28.811.42.97
20193266,1582,7183,44018.68.310.32.72
20203306,5823,0243,60120.09.210.82.97
20213326,6293,0283,55820.09.110.92.94
20225,9972,8673,13017.98.69.32.51
20235,7382,9862,75216.98.88.12.44

Ethnic groups

According to the 2021 census,[27] Tuvans make up 88.7% of the population. Other groups include Russians (10.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group		1959 census1970 census1979 census1989 census2002 census2010 census2021 census1
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Tuvans97,99657.0%135,30658.6%161,88860.5%198,44864.3%235,31377.0%249,29982.0%279,78988.7%
Russians68,92440.1%88,38538.3%96,79336.2%98,83132.0%61,44220.1%49,43416.3%31,92710.1%
Khakas1,7261.0%2,1200.9%2,1930.8%2,2580.7%1,2190.4%8770.3%3590.1%
Others3,2821.9%5,0532.2%6,7252.5%9,0202.9%7,5262.5%4,4271.4%3,4831.1%
121,093 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[28]
During the period from 1959 to 2010, there was more than a doubling of ethnic Tuvans. The Russian population growth slowed by the 1980s and decreased by 70% since 1989. The official languages are Tuvan (Turkic) and Russian (Slavic).Outside Kyzyl, settlements have few if any Russian inhabitants and, in general, Tuvans use their original language as their first language. However, there is a small population of Old Believers in the Republic scattered in some of the most isolated areas. Before Soviet rule, there were a number of large ethnic Russian Old Believer villages, but as atheism spread, the believers moved deeper and deeper into the taiga in order to avoid contact with outsiders. Major Old Believer villages are Erzhei, Uzhep, Unzhei, Zhivei and Bolee Malkiye (all in the Kaa-Khemsky District). Smaller ultra-Orthodox settlements are found further upstream.[29]

Ethnic Russians make up 27.4% of the population (as of the 2021 census) in Kaa-Khemsky District, one of the most remote regions in Tuva. The population is mostly Old Believers.[30] Russians account for 18.9% of the population in Piy-Khemsky and 16.4% in Kyzyl.[31]

Religion

Two religions are widespread among the Tuvan people: Tibetan Buddhism and shamanism. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is Tenzin Gyatso, the fourteenth Dalai Lama. In September 1992, Tenzin Gyatso visited Tuva for three days.[32] On September 20, he blessed and consecrated the yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had been officially adopted three days before.[33]

The Tuvan people – along with the Yellow Uyghurs in China – are one of the only two Turkic groups who are primarily adherents to Tibetan Buddhism, which coexists with native shamanistic traditions.[34]

Tuvans were first exposed to Buddhism during the 13th and 14th centuries, when Tuva entered into the composition of the Mongol Empire. The earliest Buddhist temples uncovered by archaeologists in the territory of Tuva date to the 13th and 14th centuries.[35] During the 16th and 17th centuries, Tibetan Buddhism gained popularity in Tuva. An increasing number of new and restored temples are coming into use, and there has been an upward trend in the number of novices being trained as monks and lamas in recent years. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period, but is now flourishing.[36] [37] According to a 2012 survey, 61.8% of the population of Tuva adheres to Buddhism, 8% to Tengrism or Tuvan shamanism, 1.5% to the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or other forms of Christianity, 1% to Protestantism. In addition, 7.7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the survey. 8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 12% to be atheist.

Politics

The present flag of Tuva – yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity – was adopted on 17 September 1992. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 23 October 1993.

The head of Tuva is the chairman of the government and serves a five-year term which can be renewed. The first Chairman of the Government was Sherig-ool Oorzhak. On 3 April 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated Sholban Kara-ool, 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[38] Kara-ool's candidacy was approved by the Khural on 9 April 2007.[39] Kara-ool served from 2007 until 2021. The third and current Tuvan head of government is Vladislav Khovalyg.

Tuva's legislature, the Great Khural, has 32 seats as of 2023; each deputy is elected to serve a five-year term.

Economy

In Tuva, there are a total of approximately 7,400 unemployed, which gives a 5.9% unemployment rate [40] and is above the overall Russian unemployment rate of 4.9% [41]

Mining

Mining is a crucial element of the Tuvan economy. The Ulugh-Khem coal basin is located in Tuva.[42] It is estimated that in 2020, there were 40 million metric tonnes of coal produced in Tuva,[43] which accounts for approximately 9.4% of Russia's average annual coal production of 423 million metric tonnes.[44]

Transportation

Tuva does not have a railway, although famous postage stamps in the 1930s, designed in Moscow during the time of Tuvan independence, mistakenly depict locomotives as demonstrating Soviet-inspired progress there.[45] The Kuragino–Kyzyl railway line was scheduled to be completed in 2026.

Tuva is served by Kyzyl Airport.

Culture

Traditionally, the Tuvan people are a Central Asian yurt-dwelling nomadic culture, with distinctive traditions in music, cuisine, and folk art. Tuvan music features Tuvan throat singing (khoomei), in which the singer sings a fundamental tone and an overtone simultaneously. This type of singing can be heard during performances by the Tuvan National Orchestra, at events such as the 'International Khoomei Day' held at the National Tuvinian Theatre in Kyzyl.[46]

The Tuvan craft tradition includes carving the soft stone, agalmatolite. A frequent motif is hand-held-sized animals, such as horses.[47]

Important archaeological excavations in Tuva include Arzhaan-1 and Tunnug 1,[48] dating to the ninth century BC.[49] and Arzhaan-2, where Scythian animal art in great variety, and over 9,000 decorative gold pieces were unearthed.[50] A collection of gold jewelry from this site is on display at the National Museum Aldan-Maadyr in Kyzyl.

Festivals celebrating Tuvan traditions include the ecological film festival "The Living Path of Dersu", the Interregional Festival of National Cultures "Heart of Asia". It has become a tradition to hold the international festival of live music "Ustuu-Khuree", the International Symposium "Khoomei – the Phenomenon of the Culture of the Peoples of Central Asia", the Regional Competition-Festival of Performers on National Instruments "Dingildai", the International Felt Festival "Patterns of Life on Felt" Pop songs "Melodies of the Sayan Mountains".[51]

Religion

Tuva is one of the few places in the world where the original form of shamanism is preserved as part of the traditional culture of Tuva. Shamanism presupposes the existence of good and evil spirits inhabiting mountains, forests and water, as well as the heavens and the underworld. The mediator between man and the spirits is the shaman. It is believed that with the help of spirits the shaman is able to cure patients and predict the future.

In Tuva, shamanism peacefully coexists with Buddhism. Buddhism is associated with many folk rituals, calendar holidays, and folk medicines in Tuva. Centers of Buddhism in Tuva are Khuree – temples, temple complexes; the temple complex Tsechenling in Kyzyl is the residence of Khambo Lama, head of Buddhism in Tuva. Treasures of the old Slavonic culture in the Asian Tuva saved along with the values of other peoples – children's folklore ensemble "Oktay" from the city of Kyzyl in the course several ethnographic expeditions in the old believers ' settlements were able to collect an extensive collection of samples of ancient singing art.[46]

Music

See main article: Music in the Tuva Republic.

Sports

Bandy, a sport similar to ice hockey, is played in Tuva.[52] Mongolian-style wrestling is very popular, as are most martial arts.[53] Horse riding related sports are also predominant in the area.[54]

Miscellaneous

Notable people

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Law #96
  2. Constitution, Article 5.1
  3. Web site: Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации. Federal State Statistics Service. 1 September 2022.
  4. Constitution, Article 10.3
  5. Web site: Владислав Ховалыг вступил в должность главы Тувы - ТАСС. TACC.
  6. Constitution, Article 10.2
  7. Web site: Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of the Constitutional System | The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Constitution.ru. February 22, 2018.
  8. Toomas Alatalu. 1992. Tuva: a State Reawakens. Soviet Studies. 44. 5. 881–895. 10.1080/09668139208412051. 152275 .
  9. 152275. Tuva. A State Reawakens. Toomas. Alatalu. January 1, 1992. Soviet Studies. 44. 5. 881–95. 10.1080/09668139208412051.
  10. History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003.
  11. Shurkhuu. D.. Similarities and Differences between Mongolia and Tuva in the Evolution of Bilateral Ties. Senri Ethnological Studies. 2014. 86. 127–144. 14 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092845/http://ir.minpaku.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10502/5337/1/SES86_12.pdf. 18 May 2015. dead.
  12. L. Zhazhmsran. 1995
  13. Web site: Статья в Мегаэнциклопедии Кирилла и Мефодия . megabook.ru . 19 December 2020 . ru.
  14. Book: Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Robertson, P.. 2011. Bloomsbury Publishing. 9781608197385. 19 December 2020.
  15. Web site: Kyzyl city, Russia info, features, photos. russiatrek.org. 2015-11-03.
  16. Book: Shuldyakov, V.A. . Сибирские казаки в Урянхайском крае (1918–1919): неизвестная страница Гражданской войны . Современные научные исследования: теория, методология, практика: Сб. науч. тр. профессорско-препод. состава по итогам отчетов кафедры обществен-ных наук по НИР за 2007 г. Вып. 2. . Omsk . ANO VPO "Omsk Economic Institute" Press . 2008 . 3 . 114–132 . ru.
  17. Book: Forsyth, James . 1994 . A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 . . . 281 . 052-147-771-9.
  18. Web site: Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?. February 22, 2018.
  19. Web site: ТЫВА Tuva . hubert-herald.nl . 5 November 2020.
  20. Web site: Сын своего времени . tuva.asia . 19 December 2020 . ru.
  21. Mark R. Beissinger, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pg. 230
  22. Web site: Tuva. Geographic Bureau — Siberia and Far East/Tuva. May 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20151126095830/http://www.geographicbureau.com/russia/info/siberia/tuva. November 26, 2015. dead. mdy-all.
  23. Web site: Конституция Республики Тыва . gov.tuva.ru . ru . 9 May 2019 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809122811/http://gov.tuva.ru/content/1538/21501/ . dead .
  24. ”Tyva republic approves own constitution”, BBC Monitoring Service, December 15, 1993.
  25. Web site: Конституция Республики Тува — ОСНОВЫ КОНСТИТУЦИОННОГО СТРОЯ Статья 1. п 2. . 19 December 2020 . ru . The names Republic of Tuva and Tuva are equivalent.
  26. Web site: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312. ru:Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Gks.ru. May 8, 2010. ru. 27 May 2013. 24 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183858/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312. dead.
  27. Web site: Национальный состав населения. Federal State Statistics Service. 30 December 2022.
  28. Web site: Перепись-2010: русских становится больше. Perepis-2010.ru. November 16, 2012.
  29. Web site: ESCAPING WITHIN: LOST IN THE BOUNDARIES: A REPORT FROM THE FIELD. condor.depaul.edu . https://web.archive.org/web/20110909103142/http://condor.depaul.edu/rrotenbe/aeer/v17n2/Fridman.pdf . September 9, 2011.
  30. Web site: http://www.rodonews.ru/news_1288530624.html. ru:Староверы Республики Тыва. Фото. Rodonews.ru. November 16, 2012. ru. 13 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160313212935/http://rodonews.ru/news_1288530624.html. dead.
  31. Web site: https://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_30/8674-kan.html. ru:Этносоциальный профиль тувинцев. tuva.asia. June 2, 2016. ru.
  32. Web site: Dalai Lama. Avantart.com. November 16, 2012.
  33. The World Encyclopedia of Flags;
  34. Web site: Russia's Daily Online. Kommersant. November 16, 2012. 4 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404122833/http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=451&doc_id=-110. dead.
  35. Zhukovskaia. N. L.. 2001-04-01. Lamaism in Tuva. Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 39. 4. 48–49. 10.2753/AAE1061-1959390448. 144636457. 1061-1959.
  36. Web site: Russia – Uvs Nuur Basin. worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk . https://web.archive.org/web/20060830173444/http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-RussiaUvsNuur.htm . August 30, 2006.
  37. News: Tyvans keen to protect traditions. BBC News. September 19, 2009. November 16, 2012.
  38. Web site: Tuva-Online: New Head for Tuva Chosen by President Putin . November 16, 2012 . En.tuvaonline.ru.
  39. Web site: Tuva-Online: 40-year-old Head of Tuva Backed by Parliament . December 22, 2017 . tuvaonline.ru.
  40. Web site: The unemployment rate in Tuva has almost halved in six months .
  41. Web site: Unemployment rate of Russia (2018 - 2026, %) .
  42. Dabiev . D.F. . Ayunova . O.D. . 10 November 2021 . State and prospects of the development of the Ulug-Khem coal basin . UGOL . 10 . 45-49.
  43. Web site: The Republic of Tuva and the State of Russian Coal Exports . 14 March 2012 .
  44. Web site: Coal Production by Country - Worldometer .
  45. Web site: Tyva coal line PPP plan revised. Railway Gazette. November 16, 2012.
  46. 2016. The Republic of TUVA, travel guide. ИПК «ПЛАТИНА». 1 . 50.
  47. Web site: TUVANS | Facts and Details .
  48. Caspari. Gino. Sadykov. Timur. Blochin. Jegor . Hajdas . Irka. 2018-09-01. Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) – an early Scythian kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia. Archaeological Research in Asia. 15. 82–87. 10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.001. 135231553. 2352-2267.
  49. Book: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_24 . 10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_24 . Horse Remains from the Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Scythian Monuments . Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia . NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences . 2005 . Bourova . N. . 42 . 323–332 . 1-4020-2655-2 .
  50. Web site: FOCUS ON TUVA: Stunning treasures – and macabre slaughter – in Siberia's Valley of the Kings . Siberiantimes.com . 2022-03-19.
  51. Web site: http://gov.tuva.ru/region/culture/1322. ru:Культура Республики Тыва – Официальный портал Республики Тыва. gov.tuva.ru . ru. July 24, 2017. 29 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200729044906/http://gov.tuva.ru/region/culture/1322/. dead.
  52. Web site: http://www.bandynet.ru/v1/node/17109&sandbox=1. bandynet.ru. February 22, 2018.
  53. Web site: Archived copy . 9 May 2019 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809150412/http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/children/31187/ . dead .
  54. Web site: Archived copy . 9 May 2019 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809151029/http://gov.tuva.ru/press_center/news/konkursy/37307/ . dead .
  55. Web site: Philately's Ugliest Ducklings: Rehabilitating the 1934–36 Issues of Tannu Tuva . 2011-07-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165959/http://ttcs.netfirms.com/ducklings1.htm . July 14, 2011 . mdy-all . by James Negus at TTCS. Originally published in The Philatelic Journal, July–September 1960.
  56. Web site: "Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov. https://web.archive.org/web/20070310231205/http://macroevolution.narod.ru/zaharov_indians.htm. dead. 10 March 2007.
  57. Web site: [//www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NSRNY4kZ1g Man Vs Wild Siberia 1–5 ]. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/8NSRNY4kZ1g. 2021-12-12 . live. YouTube . November 27, 2008 . November 16, 2012 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tuva".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.