Typhoon Mangkhut Explained

Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
Formed:	September 6, 2018
Dissipated:	September 17, 2018

Winds:	110
Pressure:	905

Winds:	155
Pressure:	896
Basin:	Wpac

Year:	2018
Fatalities:	134 total
Damages:	3770000000
Areas:	Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Vietnam, Japan

Season:

2018 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Mangkhut, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ompong, was a powerful and catastrophic Category 5 tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage in Guam, the Philippines, and South China in September 2018. It was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Megi in 2010, and the strongest to make landfall anywhere in the Philippines since Meranti in 2016. Mangkhut was also the strongest typhoon to affect Hong Kong since Ellen in 1983.^[1]

Mangkhut, named for the Thai word for the mangosteen fruit, was the thirty-second tropical depression, twenty-second tropical storm, ninth typhoon, and fourth super typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season. It made landfall in the Philippine province of Baggao, Cagayan late on September 14, as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, and subsequently impacted Hong Kong and southern China.^[2] Mangkhut was also the third-strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

Over the course of its existence, Mangkhut left behind a trail of severe destruction in its wake. The storm caused a total of $3.77 billion (2018 US) in damage across multiple nations, along with at least 134 fatalities: 127 in the Philippines,^{[3] [4]} six in mainland China,^[5] and one in Taiwan.^[6]

Meteorological history

On September 5, 2018, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance near the International Date Line.^[7] Steady development ensued over the following days, and the system organized into a tropical depression on September 6, though operationally, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) did not classify the system as a tropical depression until September 7.^[8] The depression soon intensified into a tropical storm, upon which it received the name Mangkhut.^{[9] [8]} Throughout the next two days, the system underwent rapid intensification. Tight banding features wrapped around a developing eye feature. Favorable environmental conditions hastened Mangkhut's development, including low wind shear, ample outflow aloft, high sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content.^[10] Mangkhut achieved typhoon strength on September 9.^{[11] [8]} A well-defined 18km (11miles) eye became evident on satellite imagery as the typhoon approached the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 165km/h as it tracked near Rota, around 12:00 UTC on September 10.^[12] The JMA assessed the storm's ten-minute sustained winds to be 155km/h at this time.^{[13] [8]}

Substantial intensification ensued on September 11, as Mangkhut traversed the Philippine Sea. A second bout of rapid intensification took place as the storm consolidated significantly; a well-defined 39km (24miles) eye became established during this time.^[14] The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut to have reached Category 5-equivalent intensity by 06:00 UTC, an intensity it would maintain for nearly four days.^[15] The JMA assessed that the typhoon's central pressure bottomed out at 18:00 UTC, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205round=5NaNround=5 and a central minimum pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.73 inHg).^{[16] [8]} The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds of 285round=5NaNround=5.^[17] The typhoon made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan at 2:00 a.m. PST on September 15 (18:00 UTC on September 14), as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205round=5NaNround=5 and 1-minute sustained winds of 260round=5NaNround=5.^[18] This made Mangkhut the strongest storm to strike the island of Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest nationwide since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.^[19]

Traversing the mountains of Luzon weakened Mangkhut before it emerged over the South China Sea on September 15. The typhoon subsequently made landfall again on the Taishan coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China, at 5 p.m. Beijing Time (09:00 UTC) on September 16, with two-minute sustained winds of 45m/s according to China Meteorological Administration.^{[20] [21] [22] [23]} Following landfall, Mangkhut quickly weakened while moving westward. Late on September 17, Mangkhut dissipated over Guangxi, China.^[24]

Preparations

Philippines

Tropical cyclone warning signals were hoisted by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration as early as September 13. Preemptive and forced evacuations were implemented, especially in the Ilocos, Cagayan Valley and Cordillera administrative regions, the three regions widely expected to be severely affected by Mangkhut (Ompong). School class suspensions were announced as early as September 12 in preparation for the approaching typhoon.^{[25] [26] [27] [28]} Medical and emergency response teams were placed on standby, and worth of relief goods were prepared by September 13.^[29]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

PSWS#	Luzon	Visayas	Mindanao
4	Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Northern Isabela, Apayao, Kalinga, Babuyan Group of Islands	None	None
3	Batanes, Southern Isabela, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Mountain Province, Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Northern Aurora	None	None
2	Pangasinan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Southern Aurora, Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan, Northern Quezon, Polillo Island	None	None
1	Bataan, Rizal, Metro Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Rest of Quezon, Lubang Island, Marinduque, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Albay, Burias Island	None	None

Hong Kong

On September 12, as Mangkhut was forecast to severely threaten Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Government convened an inter-departmental meeting to discuss possible responses to the storm.^[30]

On September 14, the Hong Kong Government held a rare cross-department press conference over the preparation for Mangkhut, reminding Hong Kong citizens to "prepare for the worst". That night, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Standby Signal No. 1 when Mangkhut was 1110km (690miles) away from Hong Kong, the farthest distance on record.^[31]

On September 15, citizens living in Tai O and Lei Yue Mun were evacuated from these low-lying areas that have historically been very prone to storm surge.^[32] The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Wind Signal No. 3 in the afternoon.^[33]

On September 16, as Mangkhut maintained its course towards the Pearl River Estuary, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Gale or Storm Signal No. 8 during midnight.^[34] After dawn, as local winds rapidly strengthened, Hong Kong Observatory issued the Increasing Gale or Storm Signal No. 9.^[35] At 9:40 a.m., the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10, the highest level of tropical cyclone warning signals in Hong Kong.^[36] This marked only the third time that this warning has been issued for the region since 1999, the others being with Typhoon Hato in 2017 and Typhoon Vicente in 2012.^[37] The signal was held for ten hours, the second longest duration ever, only behind the eleven hours during Typhoon York in 1999.^[38] The typhoon passed 100 kilometers south of Hong Kong at its closest, the joint farthest for a Hurricane Signal No. 10, with Typhoon Vicente.^[39]

Mainland China

On September 15, the meteorological bureaus of most cities in Guangdong issued red alerts for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in Guangdong.^{[40] [41]} The Guangxi Meteorological Bureau also issued a red alert for the typhoon at 5:00 p.m. Beijing Time.^[42] On the next day, the Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality issued a red alert for rainstorm, which is the highest level of alerts in Shenzhen.^{[43] [44]}

The Fujian Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon, the second-highest alert level, on September 15.^[45]

On September 16, National Meteorological Center of CMA renewed a red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in China.^[46] On the same day, the Hainan Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon.^[47] In Guangdong's provincial capital Guangzhou, schools, public transportation, and businesses were closed across the entire city for the first time since 1978.^{[48] [49]}

Impact

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

After the center of Mangkhut passed near Guam, about 80% of the island lost electricity.^[50] The typhoon caused $4.3 million in infrastructural damage in Guam.^[51]

Philippines

After sweeping through Luzon, it left a trail of destruction. Almost all buildings in Tuguegarao, Cagayan's provincial capital experienced some sort of damage due to the typhoon.^[52] The typhoon blew away roofs, uprooted trees, destroyed buildings, and blocked roads with debris. Shards of glass was blown through the corridors in a hotel in Santa Ana. In Manila, extreme rains caused widespread flooding in urban areas.^[53] A tornado was reported in Marikina, eastern Metro Manila, at around 5:30 p.m. Philippine Standard Time on September 14, injuring two people.^[54] Over 105,000 families evacuated from their homes,^[55] and several airports in northern Luzon closed and airlines cancelled their flights until September 16.^[56]

On September 22, police confirmed that the typhoon had caused at least 127 fatalities; eighty deaths occurred in the collapse of a small mine in the town of Itogon, Benguet, where dozens of landslides buried homes.^[57] Philippine police also stated that another 111 people remained missing, as of September 22.

Francis Tolentino, a political adviser of President Rodrigo Duterte, announced that an estimated 5.7 million people nationwide had been affected by the storm.^[58] Luzon suffered extensive losses which more than doubled the expected worst-case scenario outlined by Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol.

As of October 5, the NDRRMC estimated that Mangkhut caused PHP33.9 billion (US$626.8 million) in damages in the Philippines, with assessments continuing.^[59]

Malaysia

The tail winds from Mangkhut also affected some parts of Malaysia (as well as state of Sabah).

Taiwan

A thirty-year-old female teacher visiting Fenniaolin Beach in Yilan County was swept out to sea by a wave. Her body was recovered two days later.^{[60] [61]}

Hong Kong

Mangkhut was the most intense typhoon to strike Hong Kong since Typhoon Ellen in 1983; the highest typhoon warning signal No. 10 remained in place for ten hours.^{[1] [62]} An hourly mean wind of 81km/h and gusts up to 169km/h were recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in Tsim Sha Tsui, while on Cheung Chau island these figures reached 157 (98) and 212km/h respectively. The strongest winds in Hong Kong near sea level were recorded at the remote Waglan Island, with ten-minute sustained winds of 180km/h gusting up to 220 km/h (137 mph).^[63] These winds caused the territory's many skyscrapers to sway and shattered glass windows; notably, the curtain walls of the Harbour Grand Kowloon were blown out by the winds. A construction elevator shaft on a high-rise under construction in Tai Kok Tsui collapsed onto an adjacent building, which had to be evacuated by police.^[64] Many roads were blocked by fallen trees and other debris, including major arteries such as Lockhart Road in Wan Chai and Kam Sheung Road, and service on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) was halted on all above-ground sections of track.^{[65] [66]}

Serious flooding was reported in many seaside residential areas, including Heng Fa Chuen, Tseung Kwan O South, Shek O, Lei Yue Mun, villages in Tuen Mun, and the fishing village of Tai O,^[67] due to a powerful storm surge of up to 3.38m (11.09feet). About 1,219 people sought refuge in emergency shelters opened by the Home Affairs Department.^[68] The Hong Kong International Airport cancelled and delayed a total of 889 international flights. More than 200 people were injured, but no fatalities were reported.^{[69] [70]} Due to the substantial damage and disruption caused by the typhoon, the Education Bureau announced that all schools would be closed on September 17 and 18. Insurance claims in Hong Kong amounted to HK$7.3 billion (US$930 million).^[71]

The day after the storm, massive crowds filled the territory's MTR system, which operated at a reduced level of service on some lines as some sections of the tracks had been blocked by debris.^[72] Most of the city's 600 bus routes also went out of service due to blocked roads.^[73]

Macau

A storm surge of up to affected Macau. About 21,000 homes lost power and 7,000 homes lost internet access,^[74] and forty people were injured. For the first time in history, all casinos in Macau were closed.^[75] The Macau International Airport cancelled 191 flights on Saturday and Sunday (September 15 and 16). Total damage in Macau was estimated to be 1.74 billion patacas (US$215.3 million).^[76]

Mainland China

Typhoon Mangkhut caused the evacuation of over 2.45 million people. In Shenzhen, the storm caused power failures in thirteen locations, flooded the Seafood Street, and caused 248 tree falls.^[77] Transport was shut down in Southern China,^{[78] [79]} and at least four people in Guangdong were killed in the typhoon.^{[80] [81]} In Guangzhou, markets, schools and public transport were closed or limited in the wake of the storm on Monday, September 17, and residents were requested to minimize non-essential travel. Ferry services from Zhuhai's Jiuzhougang Port to Shenzhen and Hong Kong were suspended indefinitely. The Civil Air Defense Office of Guangzhou Municipality (Municipal Civil Air Defense Office) cancelled the annual air-raid drills scheduled for September 15 to avoid causing panic as Typhoon Mangkhut approached.^[82] Schools in Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, and Nanning were closed on September 17.^{[83] [84]} The trains to Guangxi were also closed on September 17.^[85]

In total, the storm killed six people and caused CN¥13.68 billion (US$1.99 billion) in damage.^[86]

Retirement

See also: List of retired Pacific typhoon names and List of retired Philippine typhoon names. Due to its catastrophic damage and high death toll in Luzon, the PAGASA retired the name Ompong from their tropical cyclone naming lists and will never be used again as a typhoon name within the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). It was replaced with Obet in 2019 and it was first used in 2022 season.

The name Mangkhut was also officially retired during the 51st annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee from rotating typhoon lists in February 2019. In July 2020, the Typhoon Committee subsequently chose Krathon as its replacement name.^[87]

See also

• Weather of 2018
• Tropical cyclones in 2018
• Typhoons in the Philippines
• Typhoon Wanda (1962) – Strongest typhoon recorded in Hong Kong
• Typhoon Hope (Ising; 1979) – One of the strongest typhoons that made its final landfall near Hong Kong.
• Typhoon Ellen (Herming; 1983) – A powerful typhoon that took a similar track through the Philippines in September 1983, and one of the strongest typhoon in Hong Kong.
• Typhoon Gordon (Goring; 1989) - A powerful typhoon with a similar track.
• Typhoon Angela (Rosing; 1995) - Had a similar track but made landfall in the Philippines as a Category 5 equivalent typhoon.
• Typhoon Zeb (Iliang; 1998) – An extremely powerful typhoon that made landfall in the same province of the Philippines.
• Typhoon Megi (Juan; 2010) – Another powerful typhoon that made landfall in nearby Isabela province and affected South China and Taiwan.
• Typhoon Krosa (Vinta; 2013) - A moderate category 3 that had a similar track to Mangkhut, affecting the same areas.
• Typhoon Kalmaegi (Luis; 2014) – A weaker typhoon which made landfall in the same provinces that Mangkhut did, around the same time in 2014.
• Typhoon Haima (Lawin; 2016) – Similarly powerful typhoon which also made landfall in Cagayan.
• Typhoon Hato (Isang; 2017) – Most recent typhoon to affect Hong Kong and Macau prior to Mangkhut.
• Typhoon Goni (Rolly; 2020) – Most powerful tropical cyclone to ever make landfall anywhere around the world at 314km/h.
• Typhoon Doksuri (Egay; 2023) – A powerful category-4 super typhoon that had a similar track, causing widespread rains in Northern Luzon.
• Typhoon Saola (Goring; 2023) – The next typhoon to hoist storm signal no. 10 in Hong Kong 5 years later.

External links

• Web site: Typhoon Mangkhut . Typhoon 201822 . Digital Typhoon . .
• Web site: Typhoon Mangkhut . . Best track data . ja . 表は、後解析が終わり次第掲載します。[The table will be posted as soon as the post analysis is over].
• Web site: Typhoon Mangkhut . 26W Mangkhut. Imagery . .
• EMSR312: Super Typhoon Mangkhut over the Northern Philippines (damage assessment maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
• EMSR310: Tropical Cyclone MANGKHUT-18 in Northern Mariana Islands and Guam (delineation maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service

Notes and References

1. Web site: Cheung . Tony . Xinqi . Su . Typhoon Mangkhut officially Hong Kong's most intense storm since records began . South China Morning Post . September 17, 2018 . September 17, 2018.
2. News: Year's strongest storm batters Philippines. BBC News. September 15, 2018.
3. Web site: Typhoon Mangkhut death toll hits 127. Girlie Linao. PerthNow. September 22, 2018. October 8, 2018.
4. News: At least 95 dead due to Typhoon Ompong. Rappler. September 21, 2018. September 21, 2018. en.
5. 应急管理新机制助力台风"山竹"应对. zh-hans. September 19, 2018. September 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180928022008/http://www.jianzai.gov.cn/DRpublish/jzdt/0000000000031328.html. September 28, 2018. dead.
6. Web site: McKenzie . Sheena . Typhoon Mangkhut hits mainland China, lashes Hong Kong, dozens dead in Philippines . . September 16, 2018 . September 16, 2018.
7. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 5, 2018. September 16, 2018. Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523084544/https://www.webcitation.org/72E2ilgdu?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201809052030.htm. live.
8. Web site: bst2018.txt. Japan Meteorological Agency. April 12, 2019.
9. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 7, 2018. September 16, 2018. Tropical Cyclone Advisory. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523084627/https://www.webcitation.org/72FvK4Dbl?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809071200.htm. live.
10. Technical Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 9, 2018. September 16, 2018. Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 09. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523084750/https://www.webcitation.org/72IsjwRNh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809090300.htm. dead.
11. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 9, 2018. September 16, 2018. Tropical Cyclone Advisory. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523084711/https://www.webcitation.org/72IsItt7x?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809090000.htm. live.
12. Technical Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 10, 2018. September 16, 2018. Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 15. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523085007/https://www.webcitation.org/72LvGVAts?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809101500.htm. dead.
13. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 10, 2018. September 16, 2018. Tropical Cyclone Advisory. September 11, 2018. https://www.webcitation.org/72Luuagwi?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809101500.htm. live.
14. Technical Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 11, 2018. September 16, 2018. Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 18. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523084921/https://www.webcitation.org/72LvFHpK6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809110900.htm. dead.
15. Technical Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 11, 2018. September 16, 2018. Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 19. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523085119/https://www.webcitation.org/72NwVCj8k?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809111500.htm. dead.
16. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 11, 2018. September 16, 2018. Tropical Cyclone Advisory. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523085039/https://www.webcitation.org/72NwAOixx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809111800.htm. live.
17. Technical Report. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 12, 2018. September 16, 2018. Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 24. May 23, 2024. https://archive.today/20240523085210/https://www.webcitation.org/72P1XtJU0?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809122100.htm. dead.
18. Web site: Philippines lashed by Typhoon Mangkhut, strongest storm this year. James Griffiths. Steve George. Jo Shelley. Cable News Network. September 15, 2018. September 22, 2018.
19. News: James Griffiths, Steve George, and Jo Shelley. CNN. September 15, 2018. September 16, 2018. Philippines lashed by Typhooon Mangkhut, strongest storm this year.
20. Web site: Typhoon Mangkhut, as severe typhoon, made landfall in coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong. China Meteorological Administration. September 16, 2018. September 18, 2018. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180918034018/http://www.cma.gov.cn/en2014/news/News/201809/t20180916_478123.html. September 18, 2018.
21. Web site: Super Typhoon Mangkhut lands on south China coast. Xinhuanet. September 16, 2018. September 17, 2018. en. Yamei. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917020736/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471856.htm. September 17, 2018.
22. Web site: Super Typhoon Mangkhut lands on south China coast. Xinhuanet. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. en. Liangyu. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916150353/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471874.htm. September 16, 2018.
23. Web site: 强台风"山竹"登陆广东. Xinhuanet. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. zh-hans. 毛思倩. 韩家慧. 聂晨静. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916150340/http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2018-09/16/c_129954441.htm. September 16, 2018.
24. Web site: It then moved into western part of Guangdong and weakened further. Mangkhut degenerated into an area of low pressure over Guangxi the next night.. Hong Kong Observatory. January 16, 2019. October 24, 2019. en.
25. News: September 12 2018: Walang Pasok. Rappler. September 15, 2018.
26. News: Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 13. The Philippine Star. September 15, 2018.
27. News: Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 14. The Philippine Star. September 15, 2018.
28. News: Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 15. The Philippine Star. September 15, 2018.
29. News: Philippines starts evacuations along coast as Super Typhoon Mangkhut nears . September 16, 2018 . Channel NewsAsia . September 13, 2018.
30. News: Hong Kong braces itself for Super Typhoon Mangkhut, the strongest tropical storm in decades. September 13, 2018. Channel NewsAsia. September 16, 2018.
31. Web site: the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Standby Signal No. 1 well in advance at 10:20 p.m. on 14 September when Mangkhut was about 1 110 km east-southeast of the territory, the farthest distance on record.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
32. Web site: Home Affairs Department prepares for approach of tropical cyclone. September 13, 2018. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region - Press Releases. November 21, 2019.
33. Web site: the No. 3 Strong Wind Signal was issued at 4:20 p.m. on 15 September when Mangkhut was about 650 km southeast of Hong Kong.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
34. Web site: With Mangkhut maintaining its course towards the Pearl River Estuary, the Observatory issued the No. 8 Northeast Gale or Storm Signal at 1:10 a.m. on 16 September when Mangkhut was about 410 km southeast of the territory.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
35. Web site: the Increasing Gale or Storm Signal No. 9 was issued at 7:40 a.m. when Mangkhut was about 200 km south-southeast of the territory.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
36. Web site: the Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10 at 9:40 a.m. when Mangkhut was about 160 km south-southeast of the territory.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
37. News: Mangkhut latest: signal No 10 raised as Hong Kong braces for waves up to 14m. South China Morning Post. September 16, 2018. en.
38. Web site: the Hurricane Signal No. 10 was issued again during the passage of Mangkhut and lasted for ten hours. It was the second longest duration of Signal No. 10 since World War II, just after the 11 hours of York in 1999.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
39. Web site: Mangkhut came closest to the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters around 1 p.m. with its centre was located about 100 km to the south-southwest.. January 16, 2019. Hong Kong Observatory. November 21, 2019.
40. Web site: Super Typhoon Mangkhut brings back bad memories for people of southern China's Guangdong. South China Morning Post. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. Phoebe Zhang. Sarah Zheng. en. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916114137/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2164375/super-typhoon-mangkhut-brings-back-bad-memories-people-southern. September 16, 2018.
41. Web site: 深圳发布台风红色预警，全市范围内实行"四停". 人民网. 深圳特区报. 王星. 陈育柱. zh-hans. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916161933/http://sz.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0916/c202846-32060298.html. September 16, 2018.
42. Web site: 广西气象台发布今年首个台风红色预警. 网易新闻. 老友网. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. zh-hans. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916163129/http://gx.news.163.com/18/0916/09/DRQL0JQL04408DEB.html. September 16, 2018.
43. Web site: 深圳市暴雨橙色预警升级为红色. 搜狐网. 人民网. 吕绍刚. 夏凡. zh-hans. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916161323/http://www.sohu.com/a/254155367_114731. September 16, 2018.
44. Web site: STRONGEST-IN-DECADES TYPHOON WREAKS HAVOC IN SZ. Shenzhen Daily. September 17, 2018. September 17, 2018. en. Han Ximin. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180917082215/http://szdaily.sznews.com/PC/content/201809/17/content_466330.html. September 17, 2018.
45. Web site: 福建发布台风橙色预警 今明两天全省多地有大到暴雨. 东南网. zh-hans. 林峰峰. 孙劲贞. September 15, 2018. September 16, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916160345/http://fjnews.fjsen.com/2018-09/15/content_21480131.htm. September 16, 2018.
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