Typhoon Melor Explained

Typhoon Melor (Nona)
Formed:December 10, 2015
Dissipated:December 17, 2015
Winds:95
Pressure:935
Winds:125
Pressure:929
Basin:WPac
Year:2015
Fatalities:51 total
Damages:148300000
Areas:Caroline Islands, Philippines
Season:2015 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Melor, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nona, was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in December 2015. The twenty-seventh named storm and the eighteenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Melor killed 51 people and caused ₱7.04 billion (US$148.3 million) in damage.

The typhoon began developing on December 7 as a low-pressure area 120km (80miles) of Chuuk. Soon, it intensified into a tropical depression on December 10, and then into a tropical storm south of Yap, and was named Melor. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) initially decided to name Melor as "Nonoy", but due to political reasons, it was named "Nona" instead. On December 13, Tropical Storm Melor (Nona) became a typhoon, and made its first landfall on Northern Samar. The typhoon made several landfalls in Sorsogon, Burias Island, Romblon, and Oriental Mindoro, before weakening into a tropical storm. It turned southward on entering the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea) before weakening into a tropical depression and dissipating in the Sulu Sea.

Meteorological history

During December 10, the Japan Meteorological Agency started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed about 665round=5NaNround=5 to the south of Guam.[1] [2] The system was located within a favorable environment for further development, with low vertical wind shear and sea surface temperatures of between 29-.[2] Moreover, the JMA started to issue tropical cyclone warnings to the system on the same day, expecting a tropical storm within 24 hours.[3] Based on a developing low-level circulation center (LLCC) obscured by the mid-level deep convection in an area of strong westward upper-level diffluence and moderate easterly vertical wind shear, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) to the system early on December 11.[4] The JMA, however, upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm immediately after issuing that TCFA and named it Melor, when the storm was only about 50km (30miles) south of Yap.[5] In the afternoon, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression and designated it as 28W, just six hours before the center upgraded Melor to a tropical storm that was tracking west-northwestward along the southern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge.[6]

The PAGASA was about to name the tropical storm as Nonoy, yet it was named Nona after entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility on December 12, owing to political reasons.[7] When Melor was forming an eye in the afternoon, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm.[8] [9] Due to low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures above 28°C and robust poleward outflow enhanced by a very powerful Aleutian low, Melor intensified into a typhoon early on December 13, as tightly curved spiral banding was observed wrapping into a tiny but clear eye.[10] [11] The JTWC upgraded Melor to a SSHWS Category 4-equivalent typhoon at noon. Although the eye appeared to be cloud-filled temporarily, the eyewall consolidated further.[12] [13] Melor made landfall over Batag Island of Laoang, Northern Samar of the Philippines at 11:00 PST (03:00 UTC) on December 14. The JMA reported a peak intensity of ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 9352NaN2. The typhoon formed a well-defined eye and then maintained it for several hours while crossing the northern coast of Samar.[14] [15] Later, it made its second landfall over Bulusan, Sorsogon at 16:00 PST (08:00 UTC) and third landfall over Burias Island at 21:45 PST (13:45 UTC), resulting in a cloud-filled eye again.[16] Shortly after Melor made its fourth landfall over Banton Island, Romblon at 05:30 PST on December 15 (21:30 UTC on December 14), the typhoon significantly intensified again with a distinct 25-km (15-mile) eye and a compact core. Right before making its fifth landfall on Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro at 10:30 PST (02:30 UTC), the JTWC indicated that Melor had reached peak intensity with one-minute maximum sustained winds at 230 km/h (145 mph), just shy of the super typhoon status.[17] [18]

Shortly after the typhoon made its final landfall, its eye rapidly became cloud-filled. Inflow along the southwestern quadrant was forced over the mountainous central terrain of Mindoro, and strong poleward outflow was also weakening owing to the decreasing linkage to mid-latitude flow.[19] Emerging into the South China Sea and moving northwestward in the afternoon, Melor started to encounter strong vertical wind shear as well as strong northeasterly low-level flow associated with a developing cold surge.[20] Melor was downgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA and a tropical storm by the JTWC early on December 16 when the upper-level environment was deteriorating and causing the system to disintegrate, leading to the steering influence shifting to the low-level flow.[21] [22] Thus, the quickly weakening storm made a U-turn and moved southward. The JMA downgraded Melor to a tropical storm at noon, although the system's convection had been sheared away from the low-level circulation center.[23] [24] Several of meteorological agencies downgraded Melor to a tropical depression early on December 17, including the JMA and JTWC, who issued final warnings on the system;[25] however, satellite imageries depicted an open trough instead of a discernable LLCC.[26] The system completely dissipated in the Sulu Sea before noon.[27] [28]

Preparations

Bicol and Eastern Visayas

In preparation for the typhoon, 700,000 residents in several provinces were evacuated.[29] [30] On Albay, work on all government and private offices was suspended, except for disaster response. Classes were also suspended on most of Bicol and parts of Eastern Visayas.[31] [32] A no-sail zone was implemented in areas where the typhoon was expected to pass. Many flights to areas in Bicol and Eastern Luzon were cancelled on December 14, following the approaching typhoon.[33] [34] On December 13, storm signal no. 3 was raised on Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Albay, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and Samar.[35]

Southern Luzon and MIMAROPA

As the typhoon neared Northern Samar on December 14, PAGASA raised storm signal no. 2 on southern Quezon and signal no. 1 on Batangas, Cavite, Rizal, Laguna, and the rest of Quezon (including Polillo Island). Ferry services between Batangas City, Mindoro, and Caticlan were suspended when storm signal no. 1 was raised on Aklan.[36]

Metro Manila

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority(MMDA) placed a yellow alert on Metro Manila as Typhoon Nona approached Mindoro.[37] Storm signal no. 1 was raised on Metro Manila when the typhoon neared Northern Samar.[38] [39] On December 16, preschool classes were suspended on the whole region, while classes on all levels were suspended on Muntinlupa, Pateros, Taguig, San Juan, Pasay, Quezon City, Malabon, and Valenzuela.[40]

Highest Public Storm Warning Signal

PSWS#LuzonVisayasMindanao
3Catanduanes, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Romblon, Southern Portion of Quezon, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Northern Portion of Palawan, Masbate incl. Ticao and Burias IslandsNorthern Samar, Eastern Samar, Samar, BiliranNone
2Batangas, Laguna, Bataan, Southern Portion of Zambales, Rizal, rest of Quezon including Polillo IslandLeyteNone
1Bulacan, Tarlac, Lubang Island, Rest of Zambales, Southern Portion of Aurora, Cavite, Central Portion of Palawan including Puerto Princesa City, Metro ManilaSouthern Leyte, Northern Portion of Cebu incl. Bantayan and Camotes Islands, Aklan, Capiz, Northern Portion of Negros Occidental, Northern Portion of IloiloDinagat Island, Siargao Island

Impact

On December 14, Typhoon Nona (Melor) first made its first landfall on Batag Island on Northern Samar. On the same day, it made its second landfall in Sorsogon.[41]

Typhoon Nona caused most devastation in Mindoro and Romblon. Oriental Mindoro was placed under a state of calamity due to the devastation caused by the typhoon.[42] Pinamalayan in Oriental Mindoro was worst hit, with 15,000 homes destroyed, 24,000 families (108,000 people) in evacuation centers.[43]

51 people were killed during the typhoon, and damages amounted to ₱7.04 billion (US$148.3 million).[44] In Metro Manila, floods affected traffic and commuters. Water levels of reservoirs rose, especially at Angat Dam. More than 168,000 houses were damaged or destroyed. Several roads were also closed due to the typhoon.[45] More than 200,000 people stayed on evacuation centers due to the effects of the typhoon.[46] A state of calamity was declared on the whole country under Presidential Decree (P.D.) 1186 to speed up rescue, recovery, relief and rehabilitation operations following the devastation by the typhoon.[47] [48]

Several areas in Central Luzon, mostly in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Isabela, and Aurora, were flooded by rain caused by Typhoon Nona.[49] [50] Calumpit was heavily flooded, with floods 4 feet deep and 427 families evacuated.[51] Dams were also filled by water, almost reaching their spilling levels.[49]

Naming issues

Before Typhoon Melor entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) at first decided that the typhoon would be named "Nonoy". However, owing to its similarity to President Benigno Aquino III's nickname, "Noynoy", PAGASA renamed the typhoon "Nona", despite that name's usage during 2011.[7]

Retirement

See also: List of retired Pacific typhoon names. Due to the severe damage caused by the typhoon, the name Melor was retired at the Fourth Joint Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee and WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones during 2016. In February 2017, they chose the name Cempaka to replace Melor.[52] PAGASA announced that they had retired Nona from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names in the Philippines. On January 20, 2016, the name Nimfa was chosen to supplant both Nona and Nonoy for the 2019 season.[53] [54]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Typhoon Melor . RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track . July 9, 2016 . live . Japan Meteorological Agency . https://web.archive.org/web/20160123085505/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axpq20.rjtd..txt . January 23, 2016 . January 21, 2016 .
  2. Web site: Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2015 06z . United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094302/https://www.webcitation.org/6dhhGy17C?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201512100600.htm . December 10, 2015 . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  3. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 101200 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094220/https://www.webcitation.org/6dhh3T2HO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512101200.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  4. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094342/https://www.webcitation.org/6dhhL0G9V?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN21-PGTW_201512110530.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  5. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 110600 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094141/https://www.webcitation.org/6dhh1pdsb?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512110600.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  6. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 02 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094701/https://www.webcitation.org/6dk2M4vqb?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512112100.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  7. News: Sun Star. December 12, 2015. December 18, 2015. Tropical storm enters PAR, named 'Nona' instead of 'Nonoy'. Manila, Philippines. September 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926090118/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2015/12/12/tropical-storm-enters-par-named-nona-instead-nonoy-446591. dead.
  8. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 06 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094621/https://www.webcitation.org/6dk2L0HAg?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512122100.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  9. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 121500 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094500/https://www.webcitation.org/6dk1XB5pf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512121500.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  10. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 07 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094540/https://www.webcitation.org/6dk2Kjmyw?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512130300.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  11. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 130000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094420/https://www.webcitation.org/6dk1WLk74?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512130000.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  12. Web site: Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 009 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094822/https://www.webcitation.org/6dmEVt8Hj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN31-PGTW_201512131500.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  13. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 10 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094904/https://www.webcitation.org/6dmEZB0YJ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512132100.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  14. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 140000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 18, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094743/https://www.webcitation.org/6dmE7sxMy?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512140000.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  15. Web site: Himawari-8 Animation Library. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. December 18, 2015. Target area animation 2015.12.14.
  16. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 14 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095024/https://www.webcitation.org/6dnkklX20?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512142100.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  17. Web site: SitRep No.19 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon NONA (I.N. MELOR) . . December 29, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151224104241/http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/2663/ASitRep_No_19_re_Preparedness_Measures_and_Effects_of_Typhoon_NONA_24DEC2015_0600H.pdf . December 24, 2015 . 1–2 . PDF . December 24, 2015 . dead .
  18. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 15 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095105/https://www.webcitation.org/6dnkkTuV3?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512150300.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  19. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 16 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523094944/https://www.webcitation.org/6dnkkBvt6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512150900.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  20. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 18 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095544/https://www.webcitation.org/6dqB40kZh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512152100.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  21. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 160300 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095303/https://www.webcitation.org/6dq98Nt8c?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512160300.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  22. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 20 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095505/https://www.webcitation.org/6dqB3TDnr?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512160900.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  23. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 161200 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095223/https://www.webcitation.org/6dq97Rljx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512161200.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  24. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 21 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095427/https://www.webcitation.org/6dqB3Cnfc?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201512161500.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  25. Web site: RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 170000 . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095143/https://www.webcitation.org/6dq96CCe4?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201512170000.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  26. Web site: Tropical Depression 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 023 . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . December 29, 2015 . https://archive.today/20240523095343/https://www.webcitation.org/6dqAxZ6OO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN31-PGTW_201512170300.htm . May 23, 2024 . dead .
  27. Web site: Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2015-12-17T06:00:00Z. WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. December 29, 2015.
  28. Web site: Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2015-12-17T12:00:00Z. WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. December 29, 2015.
  29. News: Philippines evacuate 700,000 due to Typhoon Nona. 18 December 2015. Rappler.
  30. News: Fernan. Marasigan. Rhaydz B.. Garcia. Benjie L.. Vergara. Francis Earl A.. Cueto. Ritchie A.. Hilario. AFP and others. 700000 flee 'Nona'. 18 December 2015. manilatimes.net. The Manila Times. December 14, 2015.
  31. News:
    1. WALANGPASOK : Nona suspends classes in Bicol, Eastern Visayas areas on Monday, Dec. 14
    . 20 December 2015. Interaksyon.com. News5. December 13, 2015. June 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160611214116/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/121389/walang-pasok--nona-suspends-classes-in-camsur-albay-on-monday-dec--14. dead.
  32. News: Classes in all levels in 4 provinces suspended as Nona nears. 20 December 2015. CNN Philippines. December 14, 2015. December 22, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083203/http://cnnphilippines.com/regional/2015/12/13/All-classes-in-Masbate-suspended-for-2-days-as-Nona-approaches.html. dead.
  33. News: Cancelled flights due to Typhoon Nona. 18 December 2015. Rappler.com. Rappler.
  34. News: Lopa. Richie. CANCELLED FLIGHTS : Typhoon Nona causes flight cancellations to Bicol, Eastern Visayas. 18 December 2015. Interakson.com. News5. December 14, 2015. July 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160721234937/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/121418/cancelled-flights--typhoon-nona-causes-flight-cancellations-to-bicol-eastern-visayas. dead.
  35. News: Nona intensifies; more areas under storm signals. December 13, 2015. Rappler. 22 December 2015.
  36. News: Caticlan boat and RO-RO trip to Boracay, Mindoro, Batangas suspended due to typhoon Nona. 22 December 2015. Interaksyon.com. News5. December 14, 2015. July 2, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160702090245/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/121423/caticlan-boat-and-ro-ro-trips-to-boracay-mindoro-batangas-suspended-due-to-typhoon-nona. dead.
  37. News: MMDA on yellow alert over 'Nona'. 20 December 2015. Philstar.com. The Philippine Star. December 15, 2015.
  38. News: Typhoon Nona weakens, makes landfall in Oriental Mindoro. 22 December 2015. CNN Philippines. December 15, 2015. December 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151223040619/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/15/Typhoon-Nona-5th-landfall-Mindoro.html. dead.
  39. News: Nona to hit Sorsogon; signal #1 up in Metro Manila. Rappler. December 14, 2015. 22 December 2015.
  40. News: Class suspensions on Dec. 16 due to Nona. 22 December 2015. Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 15, 2015.
  41. News: Typhoon Nona makes second landfall in Sorsogon. 18 December 2015. Rappler.com. Rappler.
  42. News: Virona. Madonna. Oriental Mindoro under state of calamity. 19 December 2015. Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Inquirer Southern Luzon. December 16, 2015.
  43. News: Typhoon Nona turns Pinamalayan town in Oriental Mindoro into wasteland. 18 December 2015. GMA News Online. GMA News. December 18, 2015.
  44. Web site: FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_NONA. July 5, 2016.
  45. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 20, 2015. December 20, 2015. SitRep No.15 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon None (I.N. Melor). PDF.
  46. News: Over 200,000 people still displaced due to Nona. 22 December 2015. GMA News Online. GMA News. December 20, 2015.
  47. News: Alvarez. Kathrina Charmaine. PNoy declares state of national calamity due to Nona. 18 December 2015. GMA News Online. GMA News. December 18, 2015.
  48. News: PNoy declares state of national calamity due to 'Nona'. 20 December 2015. Sun Star Manila. Sun Star. Sun Star Publishing. December 10, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181210154709/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2015/12/18/pnoy-declares-state-national-calamity-due-nona-447683. dead.
  49. News: Floods swamp Luzon; dams full. 18 December 2015. newsinfo.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 18, 2015.
  50. News: 57 villages in Central Luzon still under floodwaters due to Nona. 18 December 2015. Manilatimes.net. The Manila Times. December 17, 2015. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111138/http://www.manilatimes.net/breaking_news/57-villages-in-central-luzon-still-under-floodwaters-due-to-nona/. dead.
  51. News: Ellalyn B.. De Vera. Ariel P.. Avendaño. Freddie G.. Lazaro. Jerry J.. Alcayde. 'Onyok' triggers floods, landslides. 20 December 2015. mb.com.ph. Manila Bulletin. December 20, 2015.
  52. Web site: 48th ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee - Session Report . 2024-02-07.
  53. PHL ends 2015 with less typhoons; to decommission 2 killer cyclones. December 22, 2015. Philstar.com. The Philippine Star.
  54. Web site: Sitrep No.18 re Effects of TY NONA (MELOR) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . December 23, 2015 . December 23, 2015 . 63.

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