1977 Pacific typhoon season explained

Track:1977 Pacific typhoon season summary.jpg
Basin:WPac
Year:1977
First Storm Formed:January 10, 1977
Last Storm Dissipated:January 3, 1978
Strongest Storm Pressure:905
Strongest Storm Winds:110
Average Wind Speed:10
Total Depressions:54
Total Storms:19
Total Hurricanes:11
Total Intense:3 (unofficial)
Fatalities:>235
Damages:23
Damagespre:>
Atlantic Season:1977 Atlantic hurricane season
East Pacific Season:1977 Pacific hurricane season
North Indian Season:1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 1977 Pacific typhoon season was one of the least active Pacific typhoon seasons on record, with only 19 tropical storms forming. It was also the second of three known typhoon seasons during the satellite era (since 1960) to not produce a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, sandwiched between the 1974 and 2017 seasons. The season's first storm, Severe Tropical Storm Patsy, formed on March 23 and the last, Typhoon Mary, dissipated on January 2, 1978. With Mary spanning two calendar years, it became the fourth typhoon to do so since 1945. Since then, two other typhoons have achieved this feat.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1977 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Season summary

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Systems

A total of 54 tropical depressions were recognized by the various warning agencies this year in the Western Pacific, of which 20 became tropical storms. Eleven storms reached typhoon intensity, of which three reached super typhoon strength.[1]

Tropical Depression Atring

Basin:WPac
Formed:January 10
Dissipated:January 13
10-Min Winds:30
Warningcenter:PAGASA

Tropical Depression Atring formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It did not intensify into a tropical storm and dissipated shortly after formation. The storm had minimal impact on land and did not cause significant damage or loss of life.

Severe Tropical Storm Patsy

Basin:WPac
Track:Patsy 1977 track.png
Formed:March 23
Dissipated:March 31
1-Min Winds:50
10-Min Winds:50
Pressure:990

See also: List of tropical cyclones near the Equator. Severe Tropical Storm Patsy formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity with 60 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 990 hPa. While relatively weak, Patsy brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of the Philippines and Taiwan, causing localized flooding and property damage. The storm weakened rapidly after making landfall in Taiwan and dissipated over the island.

Tropical Depression 02W (Bining)

Basin:WPac
Formed:May 26
Dissipated:May 27
1-Min Winds:30
Pressure:1000

Tropical Depression 02W (Bining) in 1977 was a weak tropical depression that formed in the western Pacific Ocean. It did not intensify into a tropical storm and dissipated shortly after formation. The storm had minimal impact on land and did not cause significant damage or loss of life.

Severe Tropical Storm Ruth (Kuring)

Basin:WPac
Track:Ruth 1977 track.png
Formed:June 14
Dissipated:June 17
1-Min Winds:60
10-Min Winds:60
Pressure:975

Severe Tropical Storm Ruth (Kuring) battered the Philippines in 1977, primarily affecting Luzon. The storm caused significant damage to homes and infrastructure, displacing thousands of people and resulting in fatalities. Its impact underscores the destructive power of tropical cyclones in the region.

Tropical Depression 04W (Daling)

Basin:WPac
Formed:July 5
Dissipated:July 6
1-Min Winds:30
Pressure:995

Tropical Depression 04W (Daling) formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It was a short-lived system that did not intensify into a tropical storm and dissipated shortly after formation. The storm had minimal impact on land and did not cause significant damage or loss of life.

Typhoon Sarah (Elang)

Basin:WPac
Track:Sarah 1977 track.png
Formed:July 16
Dissipated:July 21
1-Min Winds:75
10-Min Winds:70
Pressure:970

Typhoon Sarah (Elang) formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It made landfall in the Philippines, Hainan, and Vietnam, causing damage and loss of life in these regions. The typhoon's impact highlighted the destructive potential of tropical cyclones in the area.

Typhoon Thelma (Goring)

See main article: Typhoon Thelma (1977).

Basin:WPac
Track:Thelma 1977 track.png
Formed:July 21
Dissipated:July 26
1-Min Winds:85
10-Min Winds:70
Pressure:950

A tropical disturbance east of the Philippines organized into a tropical depression on July 21. It moved to the northwest, strengthening into a tropical storm later that day and into a typhoon on the 22nd. After passing northern Luzon and dropping heavy rains, Thelma turned to the north, where it reached a peak intensity of 95 mph winds. The typhoon hit southern Taiwan on the 25th, crossed the island, and dissipated over southeastern China on the 26th. Though not a particularly strong storm, Thelma brought strong wind gusts and heavy rain, claiming more than 30 lives and bringing damage and destruction not seen to the island for over 80 years.

Typhoon Vera (Huling)

Basin:WPac
Track:Vera 1977 track.png
Formed:July 28
Dissipated:August 1
1-Min Winds:110
10-Min Winds:110
Pressure:925

Just 6 days after Thelma hit Taiwan, another typhoon was brewing to its east. Typhoon Vera, which developed on July 28, hit eastern Taiwan on the 31st as a 125 mph typhoon. It continued westward, and dissipated over southeastern China. The storm caused 25 additional fatalities to the island, with vast amounts of crop and property damage occurring.

Tropical Storm Wanda

Basin:WPac
Formed:July 31
Dissipated:August 4
1-Min Winds:45
10-Min Winds:40
Pressure:985

Tropical Storm Wanda formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity with 60 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 995 mb. While relatively weak, Wanda brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of the Philippines and Taiwan, causing localized flooding and property damage. The storm weakened rapidly after making landfall in Taiwan and dissipated over the island.

Severe Tropical Storm Amy (Ibiang)

Basin:WPac
Formed:August 20
Dissipated:August 23
1-Min Winds:40
10-Min Winds:60
Pressure:985

Severe Tropical Storm Amy (Ibiang) was a tropical cyclone that formed in the western Pacific Ocean during the 1977 Pacific typhoon season. It developed on August 20 and reached its peak intensity on August 21 with maximum sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 985 hPa (mbar). Amy made landfall in Taiwan, causing damage and flooding.

JMA Tropical Storm Eight

Basin:WPac
Formed:August 21
Dissipated:August 22
10-Min Winds:40
Pressure:988

JMA Tropical Storm Eight formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It did not make landfall and dissipated over open waters. The storm had minimal impact and did not cause significant damage or loss of life.

Typhoon Babe (Miling)

Basin:WPac
Track:Babe Pacific 1977 track.png
Formed:September 2
Dissipated:September 12
1-Min Winds:130
10-Min Winds:110
Pressure:905

See main article: Typhoon Babe (1977). Developing as a tropical depression on September 2, Babe initially tracked west-northwestward as it intensified. On September 5, an abrupt shift in steering currents caused the system to turn north-northwestward. Over the following two days, Babe quickly intensified, ultimately attaining its peak intensity early on September 8 with winds of 240abbr=onNaNabbr=on and a barometric pressure of 905 mbar (hPa; 905mbar). Not long after reaching this strength, another shift in the steering patterns caused the typhoon to execute a prolonged counter-clockwise arc, causing it to track through the Ryukyu Islands, as it interacted with a low pressure originating from the Korean Peninsula. During this time, the system gradually weakened and eventually it made landfall near Shanghai, China on September 11 as a minimal typhoon before dissipating inland the following day.[2]

Passing through the Ryukyu Islands as a powerful typhoon, Babe caused considerable damage in the region. More than 1,000 homes were destroyed and nearly 7,000 more were damaged or flooded. One person was killed on Amami Ōshima and 77 others were injured throughout the country.[3] Total losses reached ¥6.1 billion (US$23 million).[4] Offshore, over 100 vessels were affected by the storm, including a Panamanian freighter where 13 people died.[5] In China, more than 24,000 homes were destroyed and nine people were killed.[6]

Tropical Storm Carla (Luming)

Basin:WPac
Formed:September 3
Dissipated:September 5
1-Min Winds:35
10-Min Winds:35
Pressure:990

Tropical Storm Carla (Luming) was a weak tropical storm that formed in the western North Pacific Ocean in 1977. It had a short lifespan and caused limited impact. The 1977 Pacific typhoon season was one of the least active on record.

Typhoon Dinah (Openg)

Basin:WPac
Track:Dinah 1977 track.png
Formed:September 14
Dissipated:September 23
1-Min Winds:75
10-Min Winds:70
Pressure:965

The monsoon trough spawned a tropical storm on September 14 northeast of the northern Philippines. The previous typhoon brought the trough more northward, hence the unusually high latitude for a monsoon storm. Strong high pressure to Dinah's northwest forced the storm to the southwest, where it crossed northern Luzon on the 15th and 16th. Weak steering currents in the South China Sea allowed Dinah to drift, first then to the northeast then back to the west-southwest. Generally favorable conditions allowed Dinah to reach typhoon strength on the 19th, but a developing tropical storm to its northeast caused it to weaken. The building of the subtropical ridge forced Dinah to the southwest, where it hit southern Vietnam on the 23rd as a tropical depression. The remnants turned northward, crossed the Gulf of Tonkin, and dissipated over China on the 27th.

Dinah brought heavy rain and flooding to Luzon that killed 54 people and left 11 others missing.[7]

Tropical Depression Narsing

Basin:WPac
Formed:September 11
Dissipated:September 13
1-Min Winds:30
10-Min Winds:30

Tropical Depression Narsing formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It was a short-lived system that did not intensify into a tropical storm. The depression brought minimal impact to land and caused no significant damage or loss of life.It only lasted two days.

Severe Tropical Storm Emma

Basin:WPac
Formed:September 15
Dissipated:September 20
1-Min Winds:60
10-Min Winds:60
Pressure:965

Severe Tropical Storm Emma formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached maximum sustained winds of 60 knots and caused some damage in Southeast Asia. Detailed information about its track and intensity can be found on the Digital Typhoon website.

Severe Tropical Storm Freda (Pining)

Basin:WPac
Formed:September 23
Dissipated:September 25
1-Min Winds:55
10-Min Winds:55
Pressure:980

Severe Tropical Storm Freda (Pining) formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity with 60 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 990 hPa. The storm brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of the Philippines and Taiwan, causing localized flooding and property damage..[8]

Typhoon Gilda

Basin:WPac
Track:Gilda 1977 track.png
Formed:October 3
Dissipated:October 10
1-Min Winds:70
10-Min Winds:65
Pressure:965

Typhoon Gilda formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity with 100 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 965 hPa. The typhoon passed to the east of Japan, causing minimal impact on land.

JMA Tropical Storm Fifteen

Basin:WPac
Formed:October 11
Dissipated:October 14
10-Min Winds:40
Pressure:990

JMA Tropical Storm Fifteen formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity with 60 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 990 hPa. The storm brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of the Philippines and Taiwan, causing localized flooding and property damage.

Tropical Depression Rubing

Basin:WPac
Formed:October 14
Dissipated:October 16
1-Min Winds:30
10-Min Winds:30

Tropical Depression Rubing was a short-lived tropical cyclone that formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It did not intensify into a tropical storm and dissipated shortly after formation. The storm had minimal impact on land and did not cause significant damage or loss of life.

Tropical Storm Harriet (Saling)

Basin:WPac
Formed:October 16
Dissipated:October 20
1-Min Winds:55
10-Min Winds:55
Pressure:980

Tropical Storm Harriet (Saling) formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It remained at sea and did not make landfall, affecting no one. The storm eventually dissipated without causing any significant impact.

Typhoon Ivy

Basin:WPac
Track:Ivy 1977 track.png
Formed:October 21
Dissipated:October 27
1-Min Winds:90
10-Min Winds:80
Pressure:940

Typhoon Ivy formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It reached peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The typhoon impacted the Marshall Islands and the Philippines, causing significant damage and loss of life, particularly in the Philippines. It was a powerful storm that left a lasting impact on the affected regions.

Typhoon Jean

Basin:WPac
Track:Jean 1977 track.png
Formed:October 28
Dissipated:November 3
1-Min Winds:65
10-Min Winds:65
Pressure:970

Typhoon Jean was a tropical depression. It quickly became a tropical storm and on October 31, became a typhoon.Typhoon Jean formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It remained at sea and did not make landfall, affecting no one. The storm eventually dissipated without causing any significant impact.

Tropical Depression Tasing

Basin:WPac
Formed:November 3
Dissipated:November 5
1-Min Winds:30
10-Min Winds:30

Tropical Depression Tasing formed in the western Pacific Ocean in 1977. It remained at sea and did not make landfall, affecting no one. The storm eventually dissipated without causing any significant impact.

Typhoon Kim (Unding)

Basin:WPac
Track:Kim 1977 track.png
Formed:November 6
Dissipated:November 17
1-Min Winds:130
10-Min Winds:110
Pressure:920

Typhoon Kim was a 150 mph super typhoon that hit the northern Philippines on November 13. The typhoon's heavy rains caused flash flooding that left 55 people dead with widespread damage. A further 47 people died when the upper floors of a hotel caught fire during the storm.

Typhoon Lucy (Walding)

Basin:WPac
Track:Lucy 1977 track.png
Formed:November 28
Dissipated:December 7
1-Min Winds:130
10-Min Winds:110
Pressure:920

Typhoon Lucy (Walding) was a powerful Category 4 super typhoon in the 1977 Pacific typhoon season. It formed in late November and reached peak intensity with 125 mph (205 km/h) winds and a minimum pressure of 920 hPa. Though it recurved and did not directly make landfall in the Philippines, it still brought heavy rains and strong winds to parts of the country, causing significant damage and loss of life.

Typhoon Mary (Yeyeng)

Basin:WPac
Track:Mary 1977 track.png
Formed:December 20, 1977
Dissipated:January 3, 1978
1-Min Winds:95
10-Min Winds:85
Pressure:945

Typhoon Mary (Yeyeng) formed in the western Pacific Ocean in late 1977. It reached peak intensity as a Category 2 typhoon with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The typhoon impacted the Marshall Islands and the Philippines, causing significant damage and loss of life, particularly in the Philippines. It was a powerful storm that left a lasting impact on the affected regions.

Storm names

Western North Pacific tropical cyclones were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The first storm of 1977 was named Patsy and the final one was named Mary.

Agnes

Bonnie

Carmen

Della

Elaine

Faye

Gloria

Hester

Irma

Judy

Kit

Lola

Mamie

Nina

Owen

Phyllis

Rita

Susan

Tess

Viola

Winnie

Alice

Betty

Cora

Doris

Elsie

Flossie

Grace

Helen

Ida

June

Kathy

Lorna

Marie

Nancy

Olga

Pamela

Ruby

Sally

Therese

Violet

Wilda

Anita

Billie

Clara

Dot

Ellen

Fran

Georgia

Hope

Iris

Joan

Kate

Louise

Marge

Nora

Oral

  • Patsy 1W
  • Ruth 3W
  • Sarah 5W
  • Thelma 6W
  • Vera 7W
  • Wanda 8W
  • Amy 9W
  • Babe 10W
  • Carla 11W
  • Dinah 12W
  • Emma 13W
  • Freda 14W
  • Gilda 15W
  • Harriet 16W
  • Ivy 17W
  • Jean 18W
  • Kim 19W
  • Lucy 20W
  • Mary 21W

Nadine

Olive

Polly

Rose

Shirley

Trix

Virginia

Wendy

Philippines

Atring Bining Kuring Daling Elang
Goring Huling Ibiang Luming Miling
Narsing Openg Pining Rubing Saling
Tasing Unding Walding Yeyeng
Auxiliary list
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1981 season. This is the same list used for the 1973 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in .

Retirement

Due to its impacts in the Philippines, PAGASA later retired the name Unding and was replaced by Unsing for the 1981 season. However, the name Unding would later be reused in the 2004 season, only for it to be re-retired by PAGASA due to its effects in Luzon.

Season effects

This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1977. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1977 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.

|-| Atring || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || Unknown || None |||-| Patsy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Marshall Islands || None || None |||-| 02W (Bining) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Ruth (Kuring) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, China, Taiwan || Unknown || Unknown |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| 04W (Daling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || South China || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Sarah (Elang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Palau, Philippines, South China, Vietnam || Unknown || Unknown |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None |||-| Thelma (Goring) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, China || Unknown || |||-| Vera (Huling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China || Unknown || |||-| Wanda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Amy (Ibiang) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan || Unknown || Unknown |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| Eight || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Carla (Luming) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos || Unknown || None |||-| Babe (Miling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands, Ryukyu Islands, East China || || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Vietnam || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None |||-| Dinah (Openg) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia || Unknown || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None |||-| Emma || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Japan || None || None |||-| Narsing || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Freda (Pining) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines, South China || None || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Ryukyu Islands || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Gilda || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || Nonr |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Fifteen || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Japan || None || None |||-| Rubing || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None |||-| Harriet (Saling) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Ivy || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands || None || None |||-| Jean || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| Tasing || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || Unknown || Unknown |||-| Kim (Unding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mariana Islands, Philippines || Unknown || |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None |||-| TD || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Philippines || None || None |||-| Lucy (Walding) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Caroline Islands || None || None |||-| Mary (Yeyeng) || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Philippines || Unknown || Unknown |||-

See also

References

  1. http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1977atcr/pdf/1977.html 1977 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS
  2. Web site: International Best Track Archive . 2013 . April 17, 2013 . 1977 Babe (1977243N05156) .
  3. News: Associated Press. The Spokesman-Review. September 11, 1977. April 17, 2013. Typhoon Rakes Japan. Tokyo, Japan. A5.
  4. Web site: Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. 2013. April 17, 2013. 台風197709号 (Babe) [沖永良部台風] – 災害情報]. ja.
  5. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy. 1978. April 17, 2013. Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: Typhoon Babe. 27–29. September 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180925075853/https://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1977atcr.pdf. dead.
  6. Disasters. Yongqiang Zong and Xiqing Chen. Typhoon Hazards in the Shanghai Area. 23. 1. 66–80. March 1999. 10.1111/1467-7717.00105. 10204288.
  7. Web site: Destructive Typhoons 1970-2003 . November 9, 2004 . National Disaster Coordinating Council . April 22, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041109181317/http://baseportal.com/cgi-bin/baseportal.pl?htx=%2Fmiso%2Ftyphoons&range=40%2C20 . November 9, 2004 . dead .
  8. Web site: Historical Information . 2007-12-17 . 2015-05-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012539/http://www.hko.gov.hk/informtc/historical_tc/cdtc.htm . dead .

External links