Typhoon Malakas (2016) Explained

Typhoon Malakas (Gener)
Formed:September 11, 2016
Extratropical:September 20, 2016
Dissipated:September 23, 2016
Winds:95
Pressure:930
Winds:115
Pressure:937
Basin:Wpac
Year:2016
Fatalities:1
Damages:300000000
Areas:Mariana Islands, Taiwan, Japan
Season:2016 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Malakas (ma-la-KAS, [mɐlɐˈkas]), known in the Philippines as Typhoon Gener, was a powerful tropical cyclone which affected Taiwan and Japan in mid September 2016. It was the sixteenth named storm and the sixth typhoon of the annual typhoon season in 2016. Malakas formed on September 11, just south of Guam. The system gradually organized and improved its outer bands, which prompted JTWC to give its identifier as Tropical Depression 18W. A few hours later, JMA received its name Malakas for 18W. On September 13, Malakas entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, which gained the name Gener by PAGASA. Despite its marginal conditions for further development, Malakas continued to intensify into a typhoon.

On September 16, Malakas now on a very favorable development, which allowed the typhoon to upgrade into Category-2. After maintaining its intensity, Malakas intensified into a Category-4 typhoon as well-defined eye circulation popped out. Shortly after it reached its peak intensity, Malakas started to gradually weaken, downgraded back to Category-2 typhoon. However, Malakas gained strength again and attained to Category-3 major typhoon before it made landfall on Ōsumi Peninsula in Japan. It crossed through Cape Muroto and made another landfall over Tanabe. Malakas would transition into an extratropical cyclone before formally dissipating on September 23.

Meteorological history

During September 11, both the JMA and the JTWC started to monitor Tropical Depression 18W approximately 36miles south of Hagåtña, Guam.[1] [2] Due to decent organization and improved banding, JTWC upgraded 18W to a tropical storm.[3] [4] 18W was fully upgraded to a named tropical storm by the JMA few hours later and was named Malakas.[5] By September 13, Malakas had improved in its organization and was already strengthening with deep convection wrapping into its LLCC;[6] the JMA upgraded Malakas to a severe tropical storm thereafter.[7] In the same time, Malakas had entered the Philippine area of Responsibility, with PAGASA assigning the local name Gener.[8] Later, it was reported that Malakas was located in marginal conditions for further development due to wind shear caused by the proximity of the outflow of Typhoon Meranti.[9] However the JMA upgraded Malakas to a typhoon three hours later.[10] With improving conditions, it was reported that a cold dense overcast was forming and the JTWC upgraded Malakas to a Category 1 typhoon during the next day.[11]

By September 15, Malakas was over in very favorable conditions of Sea surface temperature (SSTs) of nearly 30C and was later upgraded to a Category 2 typhoon.[12] [13] After maintaining this intensity for six hours, satellite imagery depicted an improved deep convection and a well-defined 10nmi eye feature, as Malakas rapidly intensified into a Category 4 typhoon.[14] Malakas reached its peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 215km/h and a minimum pressure of 930hPa. The JMA had 10-minute sustained winds of 175km/h on midnight of September 17.[15] Shortly thereafter, its eye became cloud-filled and ragged and weakened to a Category 3 typhoon.[16] Later in that same day, Malakas further weakened to a Category 2 as satellite imagery depicted warming cloud tops, decreasing convection and SSTs of only around 28C.[17] However, by September 18, Malakas started to re-intensify as it moved east-northeastward.[18] Malakas reached its secondary peak intensity on September 19, but only as a Category 3 typhoon.[19] Malakas then started to weaken due to land interaction with Japan.[20] On September 20, the JTWC downgraded Malakas to a tropical storm,[21] while the JMA downgraded it to a severe tropical storm,[22] because at around 00:00 JST on September 20 (15:00 UTC on September 19), Malakas made landfall over the Ōsumi Peninsula in Japan.[23] It subsequently crossed Cape Muroto at around 11:00 JST (02:00 UTC) and made landfall over Tanabe at around 13:30 JST (04:30 UTC).[24] [25] Both agencies issued their final advisory later that day as it became extratropical.[26] [27]

Impact

Taiwan

Malakas passed about 130abbr=onNaNabbr=on to the east of Taipei on September 17,[28] producing heavy rain and strong winds to northern Taiwan.[29] Meanwhile, Taitung City was affected by Foehn wind. At 15:11 TST (07:11 UTC), a weather station recorded the temperature of 36.1C.[30] Overall, damages from Malakas to Taiwan was minimal.

Japan

Malakas passed over the Yaeyama Islands on September 17, producing heavy rain and hurricane-force winds, especially in Taketomi. Malakas also caused widespread damage to the Japanese archipelago, Yamakawa Station to Makurazaki Station of the Ibusuki Makurazaki Line have to be closed due to falling trees.[31] In Nobeoka City, the recorded rainfall on September 20 during the previous 24 hours was 444.5mm. Heavy rains caused flooding to these areas.[32] In Tokushima Prefecture, the weather station also recorded the rainfall of 85.5mm.[33] Malakas also brought heavy rains to Kansai region. In Sumoto City, the weather station recorded the rainfall of 85.5mm in 1 hour.[33] Agricultural damage were about JP¥26.18 billion (US$257 million).[34] Overall damage nationwide were at US$300 million.[35]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Archived copy . 2017-08-09 . 2024-05-23 . https://archive.today/20240523083939/https://www.webcitation.org/6kT0mULka?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201609110600.htm . dead .
  2. Web site: Tropical Depression 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 001. https://archive.today/20240523083818/https://www.webcitation.org/6kSzzAn0o?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN33-PGTW_201609112100.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 11, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  3. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 03. https://archive.today/20240523083859/https://www.webcitation.org/6kT0H1xk2?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609120900.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 12, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  4. Web site: Tropical Storm 18W (Eighteen) Warning Nr 003. https://archive.today/20240523083738/https://www.webcitation.org/6kSzySZLU?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN33-PGTW_201609120900.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 11, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  5. Web site: TS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM TD. https://archive.today/20240523084103/https://www.webcitation.org/6kUnSIVXS?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609121800.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 12, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  6. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 06. https://archive.today/20240523084224/https://www.webcitation.org/6kUnyF3Al?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609130300.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 13, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  7. Web site: STS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM TS. https://archive.today/20240523084023/https://www.webcitation.org/6kUnQ4eP8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609131200.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 13, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  8. Web site: Severe Weather Bulletin #1: Severe Tropical Storm "GENER" (MALAKAS). https://archive.today/20160626054455/http://pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/tropical-cyclones/weather-bulletins. dead. 2016-06-26. September 13, 2016. PAGASA.
  9. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 08. https://archive.today/20240523084147/https://www.webcitation.org/6kUnxVohY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609131500.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 13, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  10. Web site: TY 1616 MALAKAS (1616) UPGRADED FROM STS. https://archive.today/20240523084305/https://www.webcitation.org/6kWMrgLIO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609131800.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 13, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  11. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 14. https://archive.today/20240523084346/https://www.webcitation.org/6kWNCM0NK?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609141500.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 14, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  12. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 15. https://archive.today/20240523084428/https://www.webcitation.org/6kXb34p5R?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609150900.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 15, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  13. Web site: Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 016. https://archive.today/20240523084503/https://www.webcitation.org/6kYnib23e?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN33-PGTW_201609151500.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 15, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  14. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 21. https://archive.today/20240523083701/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZG7ZKh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609162100.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 16, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  15. Web site: TY 1616 MALAKAS (1616). https://archive.today/20240523083216/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgYXkVUT?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609170000.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 17, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  16. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 22. https://archive.today/20240523083619/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZFZgAx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609170300.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 17, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  17. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 25. https://archive.today/20240523083545/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZEBrFa?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609172100.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 17, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  18. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 28. https://archive.today/20240523083501/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZCS5YX?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609181400.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 18, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  19. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 30. https://archive.today/20240523083418/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZBgxGv?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609190300.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 19, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  20. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 32. https://archive.today/20240523083340/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZAv8WD?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609191500.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 19, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  21. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 35. https://archive.today/20240523083257/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgZ9kBUY?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN33-PGTW_201609200900.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 20, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  22. Web site: STS 1616 MALAKAS (1616) DOWNGRADED FROM TY. https://archive.today/20240523083057/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgYNpmGx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609200600.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 20, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  23. Web site: 平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第８９号. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 19, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160919170732/http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/typh/D20160919151659763.html. September 19, 2016. Japanese. September 19, 2016.
  24. Web site: 平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第１０２号. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140814/http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/typh/D20160920021557204.html. September 20, 2016. Japanese. September 20, 2016.
  25. Web site: 平成２８年 台風第１６号に関する情報 第１０６号. Japan Meteorological Agency. September 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920140910/http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/typh/D20160920043746020.html. September 20, 2016. Japanese. September 20, 2016.
  26. Web site: Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 18W (Malakas) Warning Nr 37. https://archive.today/20240523083135/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgYvfOPC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN33-PGTW_201609202100.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 20, 2016. Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
  27. Web site: DEVELOPED LOW FORMER 1616 MALAKAS (1616). https://archive.today/20240523083014/https://www.webcitation.org/6kgYMylbQ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ22-RJTD_201609201200.htm. dead. 2024-05-23. September 20, 2016. Japan Meteorological Agency.
  28. News: Thousands evacuated as Typhoon Malakas clips Taiwan. September 19, 2016. Everton Fox. Al Jazeera. October 16, 2016.
  29. News: 馬勒卡走直線 北部風雨「正要開始」. September 17, 2016. 唐鎮宇. Apple daily. Chinese. October 16, 2016.
  30. News: 颱風馬勒卡過境 台東吹焚風. September 17, 2016. 盧太城. Central News Agency. Chinese. October 16, 2016.
  31. News: 台風１６号被害 全半壊９５棟、浸水４５４棟 鹿児島県内. September 22, 2016. 南日本新聞社. Japanese. October 16, 2016.
  32. News: 台風１６号 住宅浸水、車水没 宮崎・延岡で北川氾濫. September 20, 2016. 毎日新聞. Japanese. October 16, 2016.
  33. News: 台風16号、太平洋沿岸横断 各地で記録的大雨. September 20, 2016. 中国新聞アルファ. Japanese. October 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160921191550/http://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/local/news/article.php?comment_id=283940&comment_sub_id=0&category_id=256. September 21, 2016. dead.
  34. News: 平成28年台風第16号による被害状況. Japanese. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. April 28, 2017. April 30, 2017.
  35. Global Catastrophe Recap October 2016. Aon Benfield. November 9, 2016. November 11, 2016.

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