Typhoon Krathon Explained

Typhoon Krathon (Julian)
Formed:September 26, 2024
Dissipated:October 4, 2024
Winds:105
Pressure:915
Winds:130
Pressure:927
Basin:WPac
Fatalities:18
Injuries:731
Missing:1
Year:2024
Damage:31930000.00 + 16200000.00
Damage-Prefix:>
Areas:Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands
Season:2024 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Krathon, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Julian, was a powerful and erratic tropical cyclone which impacted Taiwan and the Philippines in late September and early October 2024. Krathon, which refers to the santol fruit, was the first storm to make landfall on Taiwan's densely populated western plains since Typhoon Thelma in 1977. It was also the first storm to hit Kaohsiung in October and the first since Tropical Storm Trami in 2001 to weaken into a tropical depression over Taiwan. Additionally, it was the wettest tropical cyclone in Basco, Batanes, bringing more than two months' worth of rainfall for September and surpassing the previous record set by Typhoon Ruth in 1991.

The eighteenth named storm, the second violent typhoon of the season, and the second super typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Krathon developed into a tropical depression near Kadena Air Base, Japan, on September 26, and was classified as a tropical storm by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) on September 28 as it moved southwestward along the southeastern periphery. Krathon reached minimal typhoon status on September 29 after developing a broad, ragged eye. The typhoon moved north-northwestward between two subtropical highs before shifting west-northwestward and passing near Sabtang, Batanes. Early on October 1, the JMA reported that the storm had reached its peak intensity, with ten-minute sustained winds of 105kn and a central pressure of 915abbr=onNaNabbr=on. It subsequently peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with one-minute sustained winds of 130kn. As Krathon moved into the northern South China Sea, an eyewall replacement cycle began, which was evident in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall nearly encircling the inner eye. Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content. On October 3, Krathon made landfall near Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, with its spiral bands of deep convection gradually weakening as it moved north-northeastward into central Taiwan, near the western edge of the Central Mountain Range. After making landfall, the system rapidly slowed down and deteriorated, exhibiting minimal convective activity. The JMA continued to monitor the system as it emerged over the South China Sea before dissipating on October 4.

Ahead of the storm, a Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal was issued for various areas in the Philippines, with a red alert for Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan. Krathon resulted in at least five deaths, three people missing, and eight injured in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Taiwan's Central Weather Administration issued maritime warnings for the Bashi Channel, leading to the evacuation of more than 11,000 people and the mobilization of nearly 40,000 soldiers for rescue efforts; at least 13 people were killed across the island, including nine from the Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital fire in Pingtung County. Overall, 18 people were killed, 731 were injured and one was missing by Krathon, leaving at least US in damages.

Meteorological history

The origins of Typhoon Krathon can be traced back to September 26, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported a tropical depression 135abbr=onNaNabbr=on south-southwest of Kadena Air Base, Japan,[1] characterised by a partially exposed low-level circulation centre with persistent deep convection in the southern semicircle and formative banding to the north.[2] [3] The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on September 27, noting that convective banding was wrapping into the centre and that the environmental analysis indicated a favourable environment for development due to low vertical wind shear, good equatorward outflow aloft, and warm sea surface temperatures of NaNC.[4] On that same day, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) announced that the system had developed into a tropical depression named Julian, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility;[5] the depression was moving slowly south-southwestward due to weak steering flow.[6] At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the tropical depression, designating the system as 20W, noting an obscured low-level circulation centre that was assumed to be in the centre of rotating bands of convection organising into vortical hot towers.[7] Satellite imagery indicated that the storm was steadily consolidating, with spiral bands of deep convection extending across three quadrants of the system and encircling the low-level circulation centre.[8] On September 28, the depression intensified into a tropical storm named Krathon by the JMA, fueled by low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content, while moving southwestward along the southeastern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high;[9] however, Krathon slowed down over the last six hours and was located within a col region between two deep-layer subtropical high,[10] with satellite imagery indicating an improving appearance due to the development of a central dense overcast feature over the circulation centre.[11] At around 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm, utilizing the Dvorak technique to assess its intensity based on satellite imagery.[12] Krathon displayed strong equatorward outflow alongside a weaker polar channel, while the observed cirrus cloud suggested that a more radial outflow was beginning to develop as the system intensified.[13] Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded it to a minimal typhoon after it had opened a broad, raggedly-defined eye,[14] [15] which had since become cloud-filled, and the system was moving north-northwestward between two mid-level subtropical high.[16] On September 30, the eye of the typhoon, measuring 200NaN0 in diameter, was visible on infrared satellite imagery,[17] surrounded by warm temperatures of NaNabbr=onNaNabbr=on,[18] as the storm gradually moved west-northwestward and passed near Sabtang, Batanes.[19] The typhoon displayed a distinct circular shape in the cloud tops across the eyewall region, with a contracting eye that was obscured in the center.[20] At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon after Krathon attained 1-minute sustained winds of 130kn.[21] Early on October 1, the JMA upgraded Krathon to a violent typhoon, estimating its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915abbr=onNaNabbr=on and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 105kn.[22]

As it moved into the northern area of the South China Sea,[23] the cloud top temperatures of Krathon sharply decreased over the past six hours amid warm conditions.[24] An eyewall replacement cycle became apparent in radar imagery, with the secondary eyewall almost completely encircling the inner eye.[25] Once the eyewall replacement cycle was complete, Krathon began warming cloud tops and displayed a weakened cloud-filled eye feature that caused upwelling and a decrease in ocean heat content,[26] and it was moving southwest of Taiwan, located between a subtropical ridge to the east and another ridge over southern China and northern Vietnam.[27] The following day, satellite imagery revealed that the system remained symmetrical; however, warming cloud tops became exposed due to increasing vertical wind shear.[28] On October 3 at 12:40 p.m. local time, Krathon made landfall near Siaogang District in Kaohsiung, Taiwan,[29] with its spiral bands of deep convection gradually weakening as it moved north-northeastward into central Taiwan, near the western edge of the Central Mountain Range.[30] This made Krathon the first storm to make landfall on Taiwan's densely populated western plains since Typhoon Thelma in 1977.[31] [32] After making landfall, the system rapidly slowed down and deteriorated, exhibiting minimal convective activity and ultimately weakening to a minimal tropical storm.[33] The JTWC discontinued warnings on the system as it moved inland, where the rugged southeastern mountain ranges of Taiwan eroded much of the deep convection associated with the circulation center as it weakened to a tropical depression.[34] The Central Weather Administration noted that Krathon was the first storm to hit Kaohsiung in October,[35] and the first since Tropical Storm Trami in 2001 to weaken into a tropical depression over Taiwan.[36] The JMA continued to monitor the system as it emerged into the South China Sea,[37] where it remained nearly stationary between two mid-level subtropical high before dissipating on October 4.[38]

Preparations

Philippines

Shortly after PAGASA upgraded the storm, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was issued for Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Apayao, Abra, Kalinga, the eastern and central portions of Mountain Province, the eastern portion of Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, the northern portion of Ilocos Sur, the northern portion of Aurora,[39] northern and eastern Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, La Union, Quirino, Benguet, and the Polillo Islands. As Krathon intensified into a severe tropical storm, Signal No. 2 was raised for the northeastern portion of Cagayan and the eastern portion of the Babuyan Islands.[40] As the storm continued to intensify, PAGASA raised Signal No. 3 for the northeastern portion of the Babuyan Islands[41] On September 29, various local government units announced the suspension of classes on September 30 because of inclement weather caused by the storm,[42] while PAGASA raised Signal No. 4 in Batanes and in Babuyan and Calayan Islands.[43]

The Commission on Elections ordered an extension of voters' registration for the 2025 Philippine general election, which was due to end on September 30, in areas affected by the storm.[44] Around 1,110 people were evacuated across Cagayan Valley.[45] A red alert warning was declared in the municipalities of Calayan and Santa Ana in Cagayan.[46] The Ambuklao, Binga and Magat Dams opened their gates in anticipation of an increase in water levels due to the storm.[47] According to the NDRRMC, ten people were preemptively evacuated.[48]

Taiwan

The Central Emergency Operation Center advised against traveling to coastal and mountainous areas, while several schools, beaches, national parks and ferry services were closed across the island. All 25 water retention basins in Kaohsiung were emptied in anticipation of the storm.[49] [50] Warnings on shipping were raised by the Central Weather Administration in the Bashi Channel and the Taiwan Strait,[51] followed by a land warning for Typhoon Krathon as the storm approached Taiwan.[52] All schools and government offices in the island were ordered closed on October 2[53] and 3,[54] while all domestic[55] and at least 250 international flights were cancelled.[56] Around 11,362 people were evacuated,[57] while nearly 40,000 soldiers were mobilized for rescue efforts.[58] Kaohsiung officials urged residents to be vigilant regarding the storm, recalling the devastation caused by Typhoon Thelma in 1977, which severely impacted the city.[59]

Impact and aftermath

Philippines

Between September 30 and October 1, the PAGASA station in Basco, Batanes recorded 727.81NaN1 of rain, exceeding two months' worth for September and breaking the previous record for the wettest cyclone in the area, which was 616.41NaN1 during Typhoon Ruth (Trining) in 1991. Rain totals in the country were 481.6mm in Laoag, 201.5mm in Calayan, Cagayan, and 120mm in Baguio.[60] At least 26 families were displaced by floods in Abra.[61] Landslides also blocked roads in La Union, Abra, Apayao[62] and Mountain Province.[63] Five airports suspended operations in northern Luzon. Two light aircraft parked at Basco Airport were damaged by strong winds, while Laoag International Airport sustained minor damage. Flooding also affected the runways of Lingayen and Vigan Airports. Operations were also suspended at San Fernando and Baguio Airports due to clouds and low visibility.[64] [65] Seven seaports also suspended operations, while 99 sections of road and three bridges were rendered impassable.[66] Batanes governor Marilou Cayco said that it could take two months for the province to recover from the storm.[67] The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office distributed 3,000 food packs to Ilocos Norte residents impacted by Typhoon Krathon.[68] The United States government, through the US Marines,[69] provided emergency aid and air transport support in response to the devastation caused by Krathon, particularly in Batanes.[70] The United States has deployed personnel and aircraft to the Philippines to aid relief efforts in Batanes following Typhoon Krathon, with two Lockheed Martin KC-130 aircraft from the III Marine Expeditionary Force transporting personnel and equipment to Villamor Air Base in Pasay.[71] The United States government, through USAID, allocated $500,000 to aid those affected by Krathon in Batanes,[72] while the Department of Defense deployed military assets to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Office of Civil Defense in delivering humanitarian supplies to the area.[73] The Philippine Air Force mobilized its PZL W-3 Sokół helicopter to provide emergency supplies and personnel as part of the government's continued relief efforts for the typhoon-affected areas in Batanes.[74] Meanwhile, the USS Boxer (LHD-4) and its 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit arrived in the Philippines to support relief efforts following Typhoon Krathon.[75] On October 4, President Bongbong Marcos inspected affected areas in Batanes and Ilocos Norte.[76] 58 areas have been declared in a state of calamity, including Ilocos Norte, Batanes, and Cagayan.[77] due to the severe impact of the storm.[78] [79]

, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council reported that a total of 380,778 people were affected,[80] with 11 displaced from their homes. Power outages occurred in 20 cities, water outages were reported in three, and telecommunications outages were reported in eight municipalities. A total of 2,843 houses were damaged, while 127 others were destroyed.[81] Five people were killed, twelve were injured, and one was missing. In Batanes, 276 houses were destroyed, while 2,048 others were damaged.[82] Total damages to infrastructure reached, while agricultural damages amounted to affecting of crops,[83] resulting in overall damages of . The government gave out relief aid worth and dispatched a C-130 transport aircraft to deliver aid and evacuate some 200 people stranded in Batanes.[84]

Taiwan

The outer rain bands of Krathon triggered mudslides that blocked parts of the Suhua Highway in Hualien County on September 30.[85] A temple was damaged in a mudslide in Rueifang, New Taipei City.[86] At least 12 garbage collection vehicles were damaged in a landslide at the Tianwaitian waste recycling incineration plant in Keelung.[87] The Ju Ming Museum in Jinshan District, New Taipei was flooded, stranding its staff.[88] In Donggang Township in Pingtung County, one of the blocks of Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital caught fire, killing nine people.[89] One person died in Hualien County from a fall while trimming trees[90] while another died in Taitung County after his vehicle crashed into fallen rocks.[91] At least 719 people were injured throughout the island,[92] while two persons went missing in New Taipei City and were later found dead.[93] At least 9,499 disaster-related incidents were reported across the island.[94]

A total of 436,634 households lost electricity[95] while 404,673 households lost access to water.[96] The cargo ship Blue Lagoon sprang a leak in the engine room and was abandoned. Its 19 crew were rescued by Taiwan Coast Guard helicopters around southwest of Orchid Island, after which the vessel drifted ashore on the island.[97] [98] Damages to agriculture reached NT$498.6 million (US$16.2 million)[99] with Kaohsiung and Pingtung County being the most affected.[95] The government pledged subsidies and loans to affected businesses.[100] Typhoons typically strike the east coast, but Krathon was unusual as it hit the west coast, prompting Taiwan's media to describe it as a "weird" storm.[101] At least 124 incidents of flooding were reported across Taiwan, primarily affecting Kaohsiung and Keelung,[102] prompting the deployment of approximately 1,500 soldiers in Kaohsiung and neighboring Pingtung to assist with typhoon relief efforts.[103] Keelung's single-day rainfall reached 4081NaN1, breaking the previous record of 351.31NaN1, set on September 23, 1980. Record-breaking rainfall totals were also observed, with 1713.51NaN1 on Lijialin Road in Taitung, 15701NaN1 on Dananshan in Pingtung, and 1067.51NaN1 in Ruifang, New Taipei City.[104]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. September 26, 2024. abpw. 97W. 06Z. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abpwweb.txt. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2024-09-26-0630-abpwweb.txt. September 26, 2024.
  2. Warning and Summary 260600 . September 26, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 26, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240926091224/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt . September 26, 2024.
  3. September 26, 2024. abpw. 97W. 18Z. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abpwweb.txt. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2024-09-26-1810-abpwweb.txt. September 26, 2024.
  4. September 27, 2024. tcfa. 97W. 05Z. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp9124web.txt. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2024-09-27-0550-wp9724web.txt. September 27, 2024. September 27, 2024.
  5. 2024-09-27. Julian. tcb. 1. TD. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin_gener.pdf. https://ia600701.us.archive.org/20/items/pagasa-24-TC10/PAGASA_24-TC10_Julian_TCB%2301.pdf.
  6. Prognostic Reasoning No. 3 for tropical depression . September 27, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 27, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240927092523/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt. September 27, 2024.
  7. September 27, 2024. prog. TD. 20W. 1. Twenty. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp1224web.txt. https://archive.today/20240927092550/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn33.pgtw..txt. September 27, 2024.
  8. September 27, 2024. prog. TS. 20W. 3. Twenty. https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240927/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW272100_C_RJTD_20240928002646_99.txt. https://archive.today/20240928095209/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240927/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW272100_C_RJTD_20240928002646_99.txt. September 28, 2024.
  9. Prognostic Reasoning No. 6 for TS Krathon (2418) . September 28, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 15, 2024 . https://archive.today/20240928095053/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240928/000000/A_WTPQ30RJTD280000_C_RJTD_20240928022931_43.txt . September 28, 2024.
  10. September 28, 2024. prog. TS. 20W. 4. Twenty. https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240927/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW272100_C_RJTD_20240928002646_99.txt. https://archive.today/20240928095249/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240928/030000/A_WDPN33PGTW280300_C_RJTD_20240928024232_35.txt. September 28, 2024.
  11. September 28, 2024. prog. TS. 20W. 6. Krathon. https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240927/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW272100_C_RJTD_20240928002646_99.txt. https://web.archive.org/web/20240928151855/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn33.pgtw..txt. September 28, 2024.
  12. Prognostic Reasoning No. 9 for STS Krathon (2418) . September 28, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 15, 2024 . https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240928/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD281800_C_RJTD_20240928201418_76.txt. September 28, 2024.
  13. September 28, 2024. prog. TS. 20W. 7. Krathon. https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240927/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW272100_C_RJTD_20240928002646_99.txt. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-09-28-2110-wp2024prog.txt. September 28, 2024.
  14. September 29, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 9. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. https://web.archive.org/web/20240929094710/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. September 29, 2024.
  15. Tropical Cyclone Advisory for TY Krathon (2418) . September 17, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 29, 2024 . https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240929/030000/A_WTPQ50RJTD290300_C_RJTD_20240929040804_89.txt. September 29, 2024.
  16. Prognostic Reasoning No. 11 for TY Krathon (2418) . September 29, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240929094758/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone//20240929/060000/A_WTPQ30RJTD290600_C_RJTD_20240929074730_47.txt. September 29, 2024.
  17. 2024-09-27. Julian. Krathon. tcb. 18. TY. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin_gener.pdf. https://ia600701.us.archive.org/20/items/pagasa-24-TC10/PAGASA_24-TC10_Julian_TCB%2318.pdf.
  18. Prognostic Reasoning No. 14 for TY Krathon (2418) . September 30, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . September 30, 2024 . https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240930/000000/A_WTPQ30RJTD300000_C_RJTD_20240930015717_35.txt. September 30, 2024.
  19. September 30, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 12. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-09-30-0250-wp2024prog.txt. September 30, 2024.
  20. September 30, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 13. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. https://web.archive.org/web/20240930110023/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. September 30, 2024.
  21. September 30, 2024. prog. STY. 20W. 14. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. September 30, 2024. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-09-30-2120-wp2024prog.txt.
  22. Prognostic Reasoning No. 18 for TY Krathon (2418) . October 1, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001015808/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt. October 1, 2024.
  23. October 1, 2024. prog. STY. 20W. 15. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 1, 2024. https://archive.today/20241001085230/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20240930/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW302100_C_RJTD_20240930211717_100.txt.
  24. October 1, 2024. prog. STY. 20W. 16. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 1, 2024. https://archive.today/20241001083831/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn33.pgtw..txt.
  25. October 1, 2024. prog. STY. 20W. 17. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 1, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241001093332/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt.
  26. October 1, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 18. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 1, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20241001151205/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn33.pgtw..txt.
  27. October 1, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 19. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. https://archive.today/20241002094655/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20241001/210000/A_WDPN33PGTW012100_C_RJTD_20241001204218_80.txt. live. October 2, 2024.
  28. October 1, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 23. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 1, 2024. https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-10-02-2130-wp2024prog.txt.
  29. Web site: 2024-10-03 . Typhoon Krathon makes landfall in Kaohsiung . 2024-10-03 . Focus Taiwan . en-US.
  30. October 3, 2024. prog. TY. 20W. 25. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. live. October 3, 2024. https://archive.today/20241003091805/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn33.pgtw..txt.
  31. Web site: Lee . Yimou . Hamacher . Fabian . Wang . Ann . October 3, 2024 . Weaker but still powerful, "weird" Typhoon Krathon slams into Taiwan, two dead . Reuters.
  32. Web site: 中央通訊社 . 2024-10-04 . 颱風山陀兒破多項紀錄 發警報到登陸4天4小時最久 生活 . 2024-10-06 . 中央社 CNA . zh-Hant-TW.
  33. October 3, 2024. prog. TS. 20W. 26. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. https://web.archive.org/web/20241003150545/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2024prog.txt. live. October 3, 2024.
  34. October 3, 2024. warn. TD. 20W. 27. Krathon. https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp0523prog.txt. https://archive.today/20241004060013/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpn33.pgtw..txt. live. October 4, 2024.
  35. Web site: 2024-10-03 . Krathon becomes 1st recorded typhoon to land in Kaohsiung in October . 2024-10-04 . Focus Taiwan . en-US.
  36. Web site: 2024-10-04 . Storm dissipates after making landfall: CWA . 2024-10-04 . Focus Taiwan . en-US.
  37. Prognostic Reasoning No. 29 for TS Krathon (2418) . October 3, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . October 3, 2024 . https://archive.today/20241004060000/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20241003/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD031800_C_RJTD_20241003191016_70.txt . October 4, 2024.
  38. Warning and Summary 041200 . October 4, 2024 . Japan Meteorological Agency . Tokyo, Japan . October 4, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241004150118/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt . October 4, 2024.
  39. 2024-09-28. Julian. Krathon. tcb. 8. TS. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin_gener.pdf. https://ia800701.us.archive.org/20/items/pagasa-24-TC10/PAGASA_24-TC10_Julian_TCB%2308.pdf.
  40. 2024-09-28. Julian. Krathon. tcb. 9. STS. https://ia800701.us.archive.org/20/items/pagasa-24-TC10/PAGASA_24-TC10_Julian_TCB%2309.pdf.
  41. 2024-09-28. Julian. Krathon. tcb. 10. STS. https://ia800701.us.archive.org/20/items/pagasa-24-TC10/PAGASA_24-TC10_Julian_TCB%2310.pdf.
  42. Web site: September 29, 2024 . #WalangPasok: Class suspensions on Monday, September 30 . September 29, 2024 . ABS-CBN . September 29, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240929120040/https://news.abs-cbn.com/regions/2024/9/29/walangpasok-class-suspensions-on-monday-september-30-1751 . live .
  43. 2024-09-30. Julian. Krathon. tcb. 17. TY. https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2317_julian.pdf.
  44. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Comelec to allow voter registration extension in areas affected by Julian . September 30, 2024 . GMA News . September 30, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240930045644/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922047/comelec-to-allow-voter-registration-extension-in-areas-affected-by-julian/story/ . live .
  45. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Mahigit 300 na pamilya sa Cagayan Valley, inilikas dahil sa Bagyong Julian . September 30, 2024 . Bombo Radyo Cauayan . fil.
  46. Web site: September 29, 2024 . Dalawang bayan sa Cagayan, isinailalim sa red alert dahil kay bagyong Julian . September 29, 2024 . Bombo Radyo Tuguegarao . fil . October 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125718/https://tuguegarao.bomboradyo.com/dalawang-bayan-sa-cagayan-isinailalim-sa-red-alert-dahil-kay-bagyong-julian/ . live .
  47. Web site: September 30, 2024 . 3 Luzon dams release water as Julian brings rains . September 30, 2024 . GMA News . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001140412/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/922043/3-luzon-dams-release-water-as-julian-brings-rains/story/ . live .
  48. Situational Report No. 22 for TC Julian (2024) . October 18, 2024 . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . Quezon City, Philippines . October 18, 2024.
  49. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Schools, offices closed in 6 cities and counties across Taiwan Tuesday . September 30, 2024 . Focus Taiwan . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141410/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202409300021 . live .
  50. Web site: 2024-09-30 . Taiwan issues land warning for Typhoon Krathon . 2024-09-30 . Focus Taiwan . en-US . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141414/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202409300004 . live .
  51. Web site: October 3, 2024 . Sluggish Typhoon Krathon predicted to make landfall by noon: CWA . October 3, 2024 . Focus Taiwan . October 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125617/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202410030003 . live .
  52. Web site: September 29, 2024 . Typhoon Krathon landfall in Taiwan more likely in latest forecast . September 29, 2024 . Focus Taiwan . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141415/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202409290010 . live .
  53. Web site: October 1, 2024 . Offices, schools across Taiwan to close on Wednesday due to typhoon . October 1, 2024 . Focus Taiwan.
  54. Web site: October 2, 2024 . Offices, schools to close again on Thursday due to typhoon . October 2, 2024 . Focus Taiwan . October 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002133334/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202410020016 . live .
  55. Web site: October 1, 2024 . Taiwan cancels all domestic flights Wednesday due to Typhoon Krathon . October 1, 2024 . Focus Taiwan.
  56. Web site: October 2, 2024 . Taiwan shuts down as Typhoon Krathon approaches . October 2, 2024 . France 24 . October 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002114344/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241002-taiwan-shuts-down-as-typhoon-krathon-approaches-1 . live .
  57. Web site: October 4, 2024 . 2 dead, 667 injured and 1 missing in the wake of Typhoon Krathon . October 4, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  58. Web site: October 1, 2024 . Taiwan shuts schools and offices ahead a direct hit from powerful typhoon . October 1, 2024 . Associated Press . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141429/https://apnews.com/article/typhoon-krathon-taiwan-philippines-ceab8b45b05bc22b1bf5ef6cd4da30e6 . live .
  59. Web site: Typhoon Krathon makes landfall in Taiwan, packing fierce winds and torrential rain . 2024-10-03 . ABC News . en . 2024-10-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125616/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/typhoon-shuts-parts-taiwan-3rd-day-slowly-nears-114451847 . live .
  60. Web site: Rojas . Ariel . Wettest day in Batanes: Julian dumps more than two month's rain in 24 hours . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141401/https://news.abs-cbn.com/regions/2024/10/1/wettest-day-in-batanes-julian-dumps-more-than-a-months-rain-in-24-hours-1601 . October 1, 2024 . October 1, 2024 . ABS-CBN.
  61. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Julian forces evacuations, road closures, work suspensions in Northern Luzon . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001140302/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/luzon/typhoon-julian-forces-evacuations-road-closures-work-suspensions-northern-luzon-september-30-2024/ . October 1, 2024 . September 30, 2024 . Rappler.
  62. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Julian may become super typhoon; Signal 4 in Batanes . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001140403/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/01/2389234/julian-may-become-super-typhoon-signal-4-batanes . October 1, 2024 . September 30, 2024 . The Philippine Star.
  63. Web site: 2024-10-01 . Typhoon Julian damages roofs, topples trees in Batanes . 2024-10-01 . GMA News Online . en . 2024-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001024248/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/922120/typhoon-julian-damages-roofs-topples-trees-in-batanes/story/ . live .
  64. Web site: October 1, 2024 . Provincial airports incur damage from Typhoon Julian . October 1, 2024 . Daily Tribune . October 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001070542/https://tribune.net.ph/2024/10/01/provincial-airports-incur-damage-from-typhoon-julian . live .
  65. News: October 1, 2024 . 5 Luzon airports closed due to Super Typhoon Julian, says Caap . October 1, 2024 . Philippine Daily Inquirer . October 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125618/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1988598/operations-suspended-at-5-luzon-airports-due-to-typhoon-julian . live .
  66. News: October 3, 2024 . 2 reported dead, 8 injured due to Julian —NDRRMC . October 1, 2024 . GMA News . October 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003125618/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/922452/ndrrmc-julian/story/ . live .
  67. Web site: Recovery from Typhoon Julian may take two months, says Batanes governor . October 3, 2024 . Rappler . 3 October 2024 .
  68. Web site: Standard . Manila . 2024-10-16 . PCSO Extends Aid to "Typhoon Julian" Victims in Ilocos Norte . 2024-10-19 . Manila Standard . en-US.
  69. Web site: Rocamora . Joyce Ann . October 5, 2024 . US brings emergency aid to 'Julian'-hit northern Luzon . October 5, 2024 . Philippine News Agency.
  70. Web site: October 5, 2024 . AFP, US troops team up in relief operations for typhoon-hit Batanes . October 5, 2024 . ABS-CBN.
  71. Web site: Esguerra . Darryl John . October 6, 2024 . US sends aircraft, personnel to assist in Batanes relief ops . October 6, 2024 . Philippine News Agency.
  72. Web site: Lee-Brago . Pia . US to provide P28 million aid for Julian-affected communities . 2024-10-09 . Philstar.com.
  73. Web site: US gov't provides assistance as 'Julian' hits Batanes . 2024-10-06 . Manila Bulletin . en.
  74. Web site: Nepomuceno . Priam . October 10, 2024 . PH Air Force deploys 'Sokol' chopper anew for Batanes relief ops . October 10, 2024 . Philippine News Agency.
  75. Web site: Mahadzir . Dzirhan . October 10, 2024 . USS Boxer in Philippines for Typhoon Relief, New Zealand to Investigate Sinking of HMNZS Manawanui . October 13, 2024 . news.usni.org.
  76. Web site: Marcos Jr. inspects damaged dike in Ilocos Norte . October 4, 2024 . ABS-CBN.
  77. Web site: Felina . Jason . 2024-10-01 . Calayan, Cagayan isinailalim na sa state of calamity dahil sa epekto ng bagyong Julian . 2024-10-04 . Bombo Radyo News . fil.
  78. Web site: Galang . Jovino . 2024-10-01 . Batanes at Ilocos Norte nagdeklara na ng State of Calamity dahil sa bagyong Julian . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001213815/https://www.bomboradyo.com/batanes-at-ilocos-norte-nagdeklara-na-ng-state-of-calamity-dahil-sa-bagyong-julian . 2024-10-01 . 2024-10-01 . Bombo Radyo News . fil.
  79. Web site: Anselmo A. Banan . 2024-10-07 . State of Calamity, idineklara sa Cagayan dahil sa pinsala ng bagyong Julian . 2024-10-08 . Bombo Radyo Tuguegarao . en-US.
  80. Web site: 'Julian' affects 33K farmers, leaves P600-M agri damage . October 7, 2024 . Philippine News Agency.
  81. News: October 4, 2024 . NDRRMC: 5 reported dead due to Julian . October 4, 2024 . GMA News.
  82. Web site: Cruzat . Jessie . 2024-10-04 . Batanes gov appeals to Marcos Jr. for aid . 2024-10-04 . ABS-CBN . en.
  83. Web site: Agri damage due to Julian hits P551.81M . October 5, 2024 . GMA News. 5 October 2024 .
  84. Web site: Tourists, residents stranded in Batanes due to Typhoon Julian . October 3, 2024 . GMA News. 3 October 2024 .
  85. Web site: September 30, 2024 . Typhoon Krathon causes mudslides, disrupts traffic . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20241001141413/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202409300009 . October 1, 2024 . September 30, 2024 . Focus Taiwan.
  86. Web site: October 3, 2024 . Taiwan shuts down for second day as Typhoon Krathon to land . October 3, 2024 . France 24.
  87. Web site: October 4, 2024 . Landslide damages garbage trucks at Keelung incineration plant . October 4, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  88. Web site: October 4, 2024 . One injured in torrential rain-battered northern Taiwan . October 4, 2024 . Reuters.
  89. News: Taiwan hospital fire leaves at least 9 dead as typhoon batters island's south. Associated Press. 3 October 2024. 3 October 2024.
  90. Web site: October 2, 2024 . Taiwan shuts down as Typhoon Krathon approaches . October 2, 2024 . France 24 . October 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002114344/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241002-taiwan-shuts-down-as-typhoon-krathon-approaches-1 . live .
  91. Web site: October 2, 2024 . 2 dead and thousands evacuated as a typhoon approaches Taiwan . October 2, 2024 . Associated Press . October 2, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241002162841/https://apnews.com/article/typhoon-krathon-taiwan-1a3d7b4ecf5031ebed065774ca6dcfe4 . live .
  92. Web site: Torrential rain from storm Krathon kills two more . 2024-10-05 . Focus Taiwan . 5 October 2024 . en.
  93. Web site: October 5, 2024 . Torrential rain from storm Krathon kills two more. October 5, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  94. Web site: October 6, 2024 . Disaster response center disbands as Krathon clean-up winds down . October 6, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  95. Web site: October 6, 2024 . Typhoon Krathon agricultural losses estimated at NT$390 million . October 6, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  96. Web site: Shan . Shelley . October 4, 2024 . Two dead, 490 injured as storm lands . October 4, 2024 . Taipei Times.
  97. Web site: BLUE LAGOON Crew Rescued After Engine Room Flooding Off Taiwan Coast . Marinetraffic.com . 1 October 2024 .
  98. Web site: October 1, 2024 . Grounded ship's crew rescued amid oil spill report near Orchid Island . October 1, 2024 . Focus Taiwan.
  99. Web site: 2024-10-09 . Typhoon Krathon-related agricultural losses approach NT$500 million - Focus Taiwan . 2024-10-10 . Focus Taiwan - CNA English News . en-US.
  100. Web site: October 6, 2024 . Gov't announces subsidies in northern Taiwan after flooding subsides . October 6, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  101. Web site: October 3, 2024 . Two killed as 'weird' Typhoon Krathon crashes into southwestern Taiwan . October 3, 2024 . aljazeera.com . en . October 3, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241003115002/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/3/weird-typhoon-krathon-crashes-into-southwestern-taiwan-two-killed . live .
  102. Web site: Two more found dead in Taiwan after Typhoon Krathon . 2024-10-05 . CNA . en.
  103. Web site: October 3, 2024 . Typhoon Krathon causes floods and mudslides across Taiwan . October 4, 2024 . Focus Taiwan .
  104. Web site: 2024-10-04 . 首個10月高雄登陸颱風！山陀兒創6大新紀錄 基隆雨量更破78年新高 . 2024-10-06 . Yahoo News . zh-Hant-TW.

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