Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008 explained

Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008
To permit the state to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon
Country:Ireland
Yes:752,451
No:862,415
Total:1,621,037
Electorate:3,051,278
Map:Results of the June 2008 referendum on the Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.png
Mapdivision:constituency

The Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008 (bill no. 14 of 2008) was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that was put to a referendum in 2008 (the first Lisbon referendum). The purpose of the proposed amendment was to allow the state to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon of the European Union.

The amendment was rejected by voters on 12 June 2008 by a margin of 53.4% to 46.6%, with a turnout of 53.1%.[1] The treaty had been intended to enter into force on 1 January 2009, but had to be delayed following the Irish rejection. However, the Lisbon treaty was approved by Irish voters when the Twenty-eighth Amendment of the constitution was approved in the second Lisbon referendum, held in October 2009.

Background

See also: Irish European Constitution referendum. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed by the member states of the European Union on 13 December 2007. It was in large part a revision of the text of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe after its rejection in referendums in France in May 2005 and in the Netherlands in June 2005. The Treaty of Lisbon preserved most of the content of the Constitution, especially the new rules on the functioning of the European Institutions, but gives up any symbolic or terminologic reference to a Constitution. (See Treaty of Lisbon compared to the European Constitution.)

Because of the decision of the Supreme Court in Crotty v. An Taoiseach (1987), an amendment to the Constitution was required before it could be ratified by Ireland. Ireland was the only one of the then 15 EU member states to put the Treaty to the people in a referendum. Ratification of the Treaty in all other member states was decided upon by national parliaments alone.

Proposed changes to the text

The Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill proposed to make the following changes to Article 29.4:

Deletion of subsections 9° and 11:

Subsection 10° renumbered as subsection 9°.

Insertion of the following subsections:

Oireachtas debate

On 26 February 2008, the Government of Ireland approved the text of the changes to the constitution.[2] The Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill was proposed in Dáil Éireann by Minister for Foreign Affairs Dermot Ahern on 2 April 2008.[3] It passed final stages in the Dáil on 29 April, with Sinn Féin TDs and Independent TD Tony Gregory rising against, but with insufficient numbers to call a vote.[4] It passed final stages in the Seanad on 7 May.[5]

Campaign

A Referendum Commission was established by Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government John Gormley.[6] It was chaired by former High Court judge Iarfhlaith O'Neill. Its role was to prepare one or more statements containing a general explanation of the subject matter of the proposal and of the text of the proposal in the amendment bill.[7]

Participants

Participants were:[8]

OrganisationNotable personnelStance
CóirRichard Greene, Niamh Uí BhríainNo
Independent Workers Union of IrelandPatricia CampbellNo
Irish Alliance for EuropeRuairi QuinnYes
Irish Congress of Trade UnionsDavid BeggYes
Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers AssociationJackie CahillYes
Irish Farmers' AssociationPadraig WalsheYes
Fianna FáilBrian CowenYes
Fine GaelEnda KennyYes
Green PartyJohn Gormley, Patricia McKennaMixed
Labour PartyEamon GilmoreYes
LibertasDeclan GanleyNo
National PlatformAnthony CoughlanNo
Peace and Neutrality AllianceRoger ColeNo
People's MovementPatricia McKennaNo
Progressive DemocratsCiarán CannonYes
SIPTUJack O'ConnorNeutral
Sinn FéinGerry Adams, Mary Lou McDonaldNo
Socialist PartyJoe HigginsNo
People Before ProfitRichard Boyd BarrettNo
Socialist Workers Party?No
Technical Electrical and Engineering UnionEamon DevoyNo
Workers' PartyMick FinneganNo

Events

The government parties of Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats were in favour of the treaty, but the other government party, the Green Party, was divided on the issue. At a special convention on 19 January 2008, the leadership of the Green Party failed to secure a two-thirds majority required to make support for the referendum official party policy. The result of the vote was 63% in favour. As a result, the Green Party itself did not participate in the referendum debate, although individual members were free to be involved in whatever side they chose; all Green Party members of the Oireachtas supported the Treaty.[9] [10] The main opposition parties of Fine Gael[11] and the Labour Party were also in favour. Only one party represented in the Oireachtas, Sinn Féin, was opposed to the treaty, while minor parties opposed to it included the Socialist Party, the Workers' Party and the Socialist Workers Party. Independent TD's Tony Gregory and Finian McGrath, Independent MEP Kathy Sinnott, and Independent members of the Seanad from the universities David Norris, Shane Ross and Rónán Mullen advocated a No vote as well.

The then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern warned against making Ireland a 'battlefield' for eurosceptics across Europe. The invitation by UCD's Law Society to French far-right politician Jean-Marie Le Pen was seen as an example of this.[12] Nigel Farage, leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party, committed his party to supporting the No campaign saying: “UKIP members will be encouraged to go to Ireland to help.”[13]

The Government sent bilingual booklets written in English and Irish, explaining the Treaty, to all 2.5 million Irish households. However compendiums of the two previous treaties, of which the Lisbon Treaty is intended to be a series of reforms and amendments, remain unavailable in Ireland.[14] Some commentators have argued that the treaty remains essentially incomprehensible in the absence of such a compendium.[14]

On 12 March 2008, Libertas, a lobby group started by businessman Declan Ganley launched a campaign called Facts, not politics which advocated a No vote in the referendum.[15] A month later, the German Chancellor, Angela Merkel appealed to Irish people to vote Yes in the referendum whilst on a visit to Ireland. The anti-Lisbon Treaty campaign group accused the government and Fine Gael of a U-turn on their previous policy of discouraging foreign leaders from visiting Ireland during the referendum campaign.[16] The European Commissioner for the Internal Market Charlie McCreevy admitted he had not read the Treaty from cover to cover, and said "he would not expect any sane person to do so".[17]

At the start of May, the Irish Alliance for Europe launched its campaign for a Yes vote in the referendum this consisted of trade unionists, business people, academics and politicians. Its members include Garret FitzGerald, Ruairi Quinn, Pat Cox and Michael O'Kennedy.[18] The Taoiseach Brian Cowen stated that should any member of the Fianna Fáil parliamentary party campaign against the treaty, they would likely be expelled from the party.[19]

On 21 May 2008, the executive council of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions voted to support a Yes vote in the referendum.[20] Rank and file members of the individual unions were not balloted and the Technical, Engineering and Electrical Union (TEEU) advised its 45,000 members to vote No. The Irish bishops conference stated the Catholic Church's declaration that the treaty would not weaken Ireland's constitutional ban on abortion, however the conference did not advocate either a Yes or No vote. By the start of June, Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Labour Party had united in their push for a Yes vote despite earlier divisions.[21] The two largest farming organisations, the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA)[22] and the Irish Farmers' Association[23] called for a Yes vote, the latter giving its support after assurances from the Taoiseach Brian Cowen that Ireland would use its veto in Europe if a deal on World Trade reform was unacceptable.

Opinion polls

-- Opinion polls are listed in reverse chronological order - latest first -->Date of opinion pollConductorSample sizeIn favourAgainstUndecided
7 June 2008[24] Red C ? 42% 39% 19%
5 June 2008[25] TNS/mrbi 1000 30% 35% 35%
24 May 2008[26] Red C ? 41% 33% 26%
16 May 2008[27] TNS/mrbi 1000 35% 18% 47%
10 May 2008[28] Red C 1000 38% 28% 34%
26 April 2008[29] Red C ? 35% 31% 34%
14 April 2008[30] Red C ? 28% 12% 60%
1 March 2008[31] Red C ? 46% 23% 31%
27 January 2008[32] Red C 1002 45% 25% 31%
26 January 2008[33] tns/MRBI ? 26% 10% 66%
October 2007tns/MRBI ? 25% 13% 62%

Voting

There were 3,051,278 voters on the electoral register.[34] The vast majority of voting took place on Thursday, 12 June between 07:00 and 22:00. Counting began the following morning at 09:00. Several groups voted before the standard polling day:

Some groups were able to cast postal votes before 9 June, namely: members of the Irish Defence Forces serving in United Nations peacekeeping missions; Irish diplomats and their spouses abroad; members of the Garda Síochána; those unable to vote in person due to physical illness or disability; those who would be unable to vote in person due to their employment (including students); and prisoners.[35]

On 9 June, several islands off the coast of County Donegal voted: Tory Island, Inisfree, Gola, Inishbofin and Arranmore Island; these islands are all part of the Donegal South-West constituency. Around 37% of the 745 eligible voted.[36] Two days later, several islands off the coast of Counties Galway and Mayo voted: the Aran Islands (Inis Mór, Inis Meáin and Inis Oírr) and Inishboffin form part of Galway West constituency; while Inishturk, Inishbiggle and Clare Island form part of the Mayo constituency. The Galway islands had 1,169 eligible to vote, while the Mayo islands had 197.[37]

Result

Votes were counted separately in each Dáil constituency. The overall verdict was formally announced by the Referendum Returning officer in Dublin Castle by accumulating the constituency totals.[1]

The national result was as follows:

Constituency! rowspan=2
ElectorateVotesProportion of votes
YesNoYesNo
Carlow–Kilkenny103,39750.9%26,21026,20650.0%50.0%
Cavan–Monaghan92,92053.4%22,34627,11345.2%54.8%
Clare77,39852.5%20,98219,49051.8%48.2%
Cork East83,85050.6%18,17724,05243.1%56.9%
Cork North-Central65,73853.4%12,44022,54635.6%64.4%
Cork North-West63,57455.6%16,25318,99146.1%53.9%
Cork South-Central89,84455.1%22,11227,16644.9%55.1%
Cork South-West58,22555.3%14,23517,80644.4%55.6%
Donegal North-East56,19545.7%9,00616,50435.3%64.7%
Donegal South-West60,07946.5%10,17417,65936.6%63.4%
Dublin Central57,86448.9%12,32815,81644.0%56.0%
Dublin Mid-West61,62251.7%12,57719,18240.0%60.0%
Dublin North81,55055.3%22,69622,19451.0%49.0%
Dublin North-Central51,15661.1%15,77215,39651.0%49.0%
Dublin North-East52,43257.2%12,91716,97343.0%57.0%
Dublin North-West49,89352.9%9,57616,74936.0%64.0%
Dublin South87,85558.4%32,19019,00563.0%37.0%
Dublin South-Central67,49951.6%16,41025,62439.0%61.0%
Dublin South-East81,74349.6%17,11110,64462.0%38.0%
Dublin South-West56,20253.6%12,60123,45635.0%65.0%
Dublin West52,17354.5%13,57314,75448.0%52.0%
Dún Laoghaire84,71058.8%31,52418,14964.0%37.0%
Galway East80,56949.8%18,72821,23047.0%53.0%
Galway West85,64250.0%19,64323,01146.0%54.0%
Kerry North54,78751.3%11,30616,70241.0%59.0%
Kerry South51,33853.1%11,56915,57143.0%57.0%
Kildare North71,42951.5%20,04516,65355.0%45.0%
Kildare South57,14548.9%13,47014,30849.0%51.0%
Laois–Offaly105,05354.3%31,78624,96356.0%44.0%
Limerick East76,73551.4%18,08521,19146.0%54.0%
Limerick West57,84751.8%13,31816,51145.0%55.0%
Longford–Westmeath81,83451.4%19,37122,50246.0%54.0%
Louth83,45853.4%18,58625,81142.0%58.0%
Mayo95,25051.3%18,62430,00138.0%62.0%
Meath East67,41550.7%17,34016,70351.0%49.0%
Meath West62,81651.9%14,44218,02845.0%55.0%
Roscommon–South Leitrim59,72856.9%15,42918,40247.0%54.0%
Sligo–North Leitrim55,59152.6%12,60216,49644.0%56.0%
Tipperary North55,94158.5%16,23516,36750.0%50.0%
Tipperary South53,68755.4%13,85315,75547.0%53.0%
Waterford72,05253.4%17,50220,81246.0%54.0%
Wexford101,12452.8%23,37129,79344.0%56.0%
Wicklow85,91860.8%25,93626,13050.0%50.0%
Total3,051,27853.1%752,451862,41546.6%53.4%

Reasons for rejection

Ireland had begun to cast a sceptical[38] eye on the EU and general concerns about how Europe was developing were raised.[39] In Spring 2007, the Irish citizenry had the second least European identity in the EU, with 59% identifying as exclusively Irish as opposed to wholly/partly European.[40] The integrationist aspects of the Lisbon treaty were therefore also of concern.[41] Few expressed specifically anti-EU statements, but pro-EU sentiments were interpreted[42] or expressed[43] in favour of an idealised/desired EU and expressed concern about its present form or the future direction of the EU post-Lisbon. To keep Ireland's power and identity,[44] voters chose to vote "no".

Another factor in Lisbon's failure was Lisbon itself. An impenetrable legal document, it could not be understood without close study,[45] and even the Referendum Commission – the nonpartisan body set up to explain it – could not explain it all.[46] [47] The treaty's lack of clarity meant that interpretations could not be confidently stated to be true or false. Consequently, issues such asabortion,[47] [48] [49] tax,[50] euthanasia,[51] the veto,[47] [52] EU directives,[53] qualified majority voting,[54] Ireland's commissioner,[55] detention of three-year-olds,[47] the death penalty,[56] Euroarmy conscription,[57] gay marriage,[58] immigration,[47] [59] nuclear energy,[60] workers' rights,[60] sovereignty,[61] and neutrality[62] were raised, some of which were spurious[47] [63] or actually dealt with by the Treaty of Nice.[64] The "No" faction could fight on whichever terrain they wished[65] and could give positive reasons for rejecting the treaty, such as the possibility of renegotiation.[66] Conversely, the "Yes" faction could only offer negatives[67] and could only react to the statements of the other side.[47] [68] Lacking a clear identification of specifics, voters chose to vote "No".[40]

In September 2008 rumours in Brussels indicated that US billionaires and neocons heavily influenced the Irish vote by sponsoring the "No" campaigns, particularly those of Declan Ganley's Libertas lobby group.[69] It is said that US interest groups this way pursued their goal of hindering the European Union to become a stronger partner internationally. However, the British conservative MEP Jonathan Evans reported to EUobserver on 9 December 2008 after returning from a European Parliament delegation to the US, "[o]ur congressional colleagues drew our attention to a statement from US deputy secretary of state John Negroponte at Trinity College Dublin on 17 November, completely refuting the suggestion of any US dimension whatsoever". The European Parliament is considering launching "an inquiry to discover whether US agencies actively supported Libertas in the 12 June referendum."[70] [71]

A poll was published by the Irish Times on 18 June 2008. The question was "Why did you vote no?" and the results[72] are given below.

Reason for rejecting the Lisbon TreatyPercentage
Don't understand/not familiar40%
Protect Irish identity20%
Don't trust politicians/Govt policies17%
Protect neutrality10%
Keep commissioner10%
Protect tax system8%

A Flash Eurobarometer poll of 2,000 random respondents was conducted between 13 and 15 June on behalf of the European Commission by Gallup. Those respondents who voted "no" in the referendum were asked "Please tell me what are the reasons why you voted "no" to the treaty?" and the results[73] are given below.

Reason for rejecting the Lisbon TreatyPercentage
Because I do not know enough about the Treaty and would not want to vote for something I am not familiar with22%
To protect Irish identity12%
To safeguard Irish neutrality in security and defence matters6%
I do not trust our politicians6%
We will lose our right to have an Irish Commissioner in every Commission6%
To protect our tax system6%
I am against the idea of a unified Europe5%
To protest against the government's policies4%
To avoid that the EU speaks with one voice on global issues4%
Because large Member States decide on EU matters4%
To protect the influence of small states3%
It would allow the introduction of European legislation in Ireland, such as gay marriage, abortion, euthanasia2%
To avoid an influx of immigrants1%
The EU does not need any fixing, it works fine1%
Other14%
Don't know/not applicable3%

French Europe Minister Jean-Pierre Jouyet blamed "American neoconservatives" for the Irish voter's rejection of the treaty.[74]

Second referendum

See main article: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. In the meeting of the European Council (the meeting of the heads of government of all twenty-seven European Union member states) in Brussels on 11–12 December 2008, Taoiseach Brian Cowen presented the concerns of the Irish people relating to taxation policy, family, social and ethical issues, and Ireland's policy of neutrality.[75] Effectively Ireland's position was renegotiated, and the revised package was approved by the electorate in 2009. Because of the Irish financial crisis it was also apparent that Ireland would need increased financial support from the European Union.

The European Council agreed that:

The Irish Government then committed to seeking ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon by the end of the term of the current European Commission[75] (October 2009), provided that the above were implemented satisfactorily.[75]

The European Council did not specify what forms the legal guarantees would take.[75] The Sunday Business Post stated that what the European Council had offered were Decisions and/or Declarations, not protocols.[76] Decisions and/or Declarations of the European Council are agreements made between all twenty-seven member states of the European Union and are not part of a treaty, whereas protocols are agreements between states as part of a treaty.[76] [77] Previous examples of Decisions and/or Declarations following a referendum rejection include the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement (following the first Danish referendum on the Maastricht Treaty) and the 2002 Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice[78] (following the first Irish referendum on the Treaty of Nice). French President Nicolas Sarkozy, speaking to the European Parliament in his capacity as President of the European Council[79] during the six-month presidency of that body by France, stated that the legal guarantees would be added as a protocol[79] later to the treaty, enabling Croatia to join the European Union legally.

The guarantee that Ireland would keep its Commissioner provided Lisbon was ratified was criticised in the Irish Times[77] on the grounds that it may lead to an oversized European Commission.

The Twenty-eighth Amendment in October 2009 formally authorised the government to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon.

See also

External links

Official websites

Unofficial consolidated treaties

Media overviews

Political party campaigns

Groups

Articles

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Results received at the Central Count Centre for the Referendum on The Lisbon Treaty . dead . Referendum Returning Officer, referendum.ie . 13 June 2008 . 13 June 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080619215420/http://www.referendum.ie/current/index.asp?ballotid=78 . 19 June 2008 . dmy.
  2. News: Cabinet approves text for Lisbon vote. RTÉ News. 26 February 2008. 26 February 2008. 5 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080305015247/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0226/eulisbon.html. live.
  3. Web site: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008: Second Stage.. 2 April 2008. 25 May 2018. Houses of the Oireachtas. 25 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204939/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2008-04-02/22/. live.
  4. Web site: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008: Committee Stage (Resumed) and Remaining Stages.. 29 April 2008. 25 May 2018. Houses of the Oireachtas. 25 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204817/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2008-04-29/20/. live.
  5. Web site: Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2008: Report and Final Stages.. 7 May 2008. 25 May 2018. Houses of the Oireachtas. 25 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180525204757/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2008-05-07/7/. live.
  6. Web site: S.I. No. 58/2008 - Referendum Commission (Establishment) Order 2008. 6 March 2008. 25 May 2018. Irish Statute Book. 26 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041244/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2008/si/58/made/en/print. live.
  7. Web site: Referendum Act, 2001. 22 December 2001. 24 May 2018. Irish Statute Book. 21 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180521205554/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2001/act/53/enacted/en/print. live.
  8. See also: Irish Times articles on the "No" and "Yes" factions, and the Referendum Commission
  9. News: Greens fail to agree support for Lisbon Treaty. The Irish Times. 19 January 2008. 14 March 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105542/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/greens-fail-to-agree-support-for-lisbon-treaty-1.817462. live.
  10. News: Greens will not take party stance on Lisbon Treaty. Deaglán de Bréadún. The Irish Times. 21 January 2008. 14 March 2008. 8 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061759/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2008/0121/1200605248320.html. live.
  11. News: FG calls on public to back Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 21 January 2008. 22 January 2008. 29 January 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080129200017/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0122/eu.html. live.
  12. News: Reports of Le Pen visit prompt angry reaction. The Irish Times. 17 January 2008. 17 January 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105552/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/reports-of-le-pen-visit-prompt-angry-reaction-1.817351. live.
  13. Web site: Ireland pressured to vote for EU treaty. UK Independence Party. 14 April 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080416131229/http://www.ukip.org/ukip/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=387&Itemid=57. 16 April 2008.
  14. News: Gobbledegook and the case against the Lisbon Treaty. Vincent Browne. The Irish Times. 5 March 2008. 7 November 2008. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520110429/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0305/1204240539595.html. live.
  15. News: Anti-Lisbon treaty campaign is launched. RTÉ News. 12 March 2008. 1 April 2008. 14 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414010729/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0312/eulisbon.html. live.
  16. News: Merkel calls for Yes vote on Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 14 April 2008. 14 April 2008. 20 April 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080420021331/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0414/eulisbon.html. live.
  17. News: Germany is 14th state to ratify Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 23 May 2008. 24 May 2008. 29 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080529181257/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0523/eulisbon.html. live.
  18. News: Alliance launches Treaty Yes campaign. RTÉ News. 2 May 2008. 4 May 2008. 3 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080503190028/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0502/eulisbon.html. live.
  19. News: Cowen to kick out FF treaty 'rebels'. Irish Independent. 13 May 2008. 23 May 2008. Fionnan. Sheahan. Senan. Molony. Michael. Brennan. 17 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080517035844/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/cowen-to-kick-out-ff-treaty-rebels-1373861.html. live.
  20. News: Ictu votes to support Lisbon Treaty Yes vote. The Irish Times. 21 May 2008. 21 May 2008. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520110522/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0521/breaking3.html. live.
  21. News: FF and main Opposition parties unite to push for Yes vote. The Irish Times. 30 May 2008 . 30 May 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101122183856/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2008/0530/1212095649976.html . 22 November 2010 .
  22. News: ICMSA to support Lisbon Yes vote. RTÉ News. 1 June 2008. 4 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223053501/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0601/eulisbon.html. live.
  23. News: IFA calls for Yes vote on Lisbon. RTÉ News. 3 June 2008. 4 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223053457/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0603/eulisbon.html. live.
  24. News: New poll shows further gains for No side. RTÉ News. 7 June 2008. 15 June 2008. 12 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121012204618/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0607/lisbon.html. live.
  25. News: 'No' Lisbon vote surges ahead in poll. RTÉ News. 5 June 2008. 15 June 2008. 3 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090903051820/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0605/eulisbon.html. live.
  26. News: New poll shows narrowing gap in referendum. RTÉ News. 24 May 2008. 15 June 2008.
  27. News: Poll boost for Lisbon Yes campaign. RTÉ News. 16 May 2008. 15 June 2008. 19 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080519194850/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0516/eulisbon.html. live.
  28. News: New poll shows increase in Lisbon support. RTÉ News. 10 May 2008. 15 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080514124122/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0510/lisbon.html. 14 May 2008. dead. dmy.
  29. News: Poll shows swing against Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 26 April 2008. 15 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080430224936/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0426/lisbon.html. 30 April 2008. dead. dmy.
  30. News: Majority still undecided on Lisbon Treaty referendum. BreakingNews.ie. 14 April 2008. 15 June 2008. 17 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080617174051/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/?jp=mhojqlojojid&c=ireland. live.
  31. News: Poll shows lack of trust in Ahern. RTÉ News. 1 March 2008. 15 June 2008. 6 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080506103654/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0301/poll.html. live.
  32. News: Public distrusts Ahern despite FF poll gains. Sunday Business Post. 27 January 2008. 15 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080623221553/http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2008/01/27/story29973.asp. 23 June 2008.
  33. News: 66% undecided on Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 26 January 2008. 15 June 2008. 5 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505092635/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0126/eu.html. live.
  34. Web site: Referendum.ie – Referendum: The Lisbon Treaty. Referendum Commission. 15 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080617210123/http://www.referendum.ie/current/resultsummary.asp?ballotid=78. 17 June 2008. dead. dmy.
  35. Web site: Referendum.ie – Supplement to the Postal and Special Voters List. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.referendum.ie/downloads/Advert%20-%20Supplement%20to%20Postal-Special%2015x3-Final.pdf. 24 June 2008. Referendum Commission. 15 June 2008. dead. dmy.
  36. News: Islanders cast first votes on Lisbon. RTÉ News. 9 June 2008. 11 June 2008. 8 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090108044740/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0609/eulisbon1.html. live.
  37. News: Referendum voting on west coast islands. RTÉ News. 11 June 2008. 11 June 2008. 8 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090108064814/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0611/eulisbon.html. live.
  38. News: Irish voters and the EU. International Herald Tribune. 16 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 18 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618015630/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/16/opinion/edeu.php. live. See also:News: Result reveals audience for euroscepticism. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025112049/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369837235.html. live.
  39. News: Lisbon clause could provide for permanent commissioner. The Irish Times. 17 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520110941/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0617/1213646602103.html. live.
  40. News: Deeper look at poll illuminates complex reasons for result. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111313/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840634.html. live.
  41. News: Second referendum cannot be held, says O'Rourke. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 10 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110210075916/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259934.html. live. See also:News: Cowen 'must seek halt to ratification'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105544/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-must-seek-halt-to-ratification-1.824546. live.
  42. News: Irish voters and the EU . . 16 June 2008 . 19 June 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080618015630/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/16/opinion/edeu.php . 18 June 2008 .
  43. News: The people have spoken – and they are not loo-lahs. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025112925/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369837224.html. live. andNews: Anti-Lisbon treaty campaign is launched. RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 12 March 2008. 22 June 2008. 14 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414010729/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0312/eulisbon.html. live.
  44. News: Deeper look at poll illuminates complex reasons for result. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111313/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840634.html. live. See also:News: Treaty opponents saw few risks in voting No. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083542/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259849.html. live.
  45. News: Treaty opponents saw few risks in voting No. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083542/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259849.html. live. See also:News: Deeper look at poll illuminates complex reasons for result. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111313/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840634.html. live. andNews: Only 5% understand Lisbon Treaty, survey. RTÉ News. 28 April 2008. 19 June 2008. 1 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080501161908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0428/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Be positive, vote no. The Sunday Times. 8 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. Sean. O'Neill. Fiona. Hamilton. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105552/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/. live.
  46. News: Irish voters and the EU. International Herald Tribune. 16 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 18 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618015630/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/16/opinion/edeu.php. live. See also:News: Referendum body sheds light on Lisbon. RTÉ News. 4 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223031834/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0604/eulisbon.html. live.
  47. News: Ten reasons why Ireland said No to Lisbon. https://web.archive.org/web/20091008032347/http://www.tribune.ie/news/article/2008/jun/15/ten-reasons-why-ireland-said-no-to-lisbon. 8 October 2009. Sunday Tribune. 15 June 2008. 19 June 2008.
  48. News: Cowen says Ireland 'faces uncertainty'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105548/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-says-ireland-faces-uncertainty-1.824529. live. See also:News: Humiliated Government must try to clear up mess. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111146/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840648.html. live. andNews: No Lisbon renegotiation, says Mansergh. RTÉ News. 19 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 20 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080520023350/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0519/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Referendum body sheds light on Lisbon. RTÉ News. 4 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223031834/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0604/eulisbon.html. live.
  49. News: Yes side only have themselves to blame . . 15 June 2008 . 19 June 2008 . andNews: Pressure on Czechs and Poles not to say 'no' to EU treaty too. The Times. 19 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. David. Sharrock. David. Charter. 13 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080813013555/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4167681.ece. live. andNews: Will The Irish Guillotine Lisbon?. Centre for European Reform. June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bn_irish_ref_hb_4june08.pdf. 24 June 2008.
  50. News: Cowen says Ireland 'faces uncertainty'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105544/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-says-ireland-faces-uncertainty-1.824529. live. See also:News: Humiliated Government must try to clear up mess. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111146/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840648.html. live. andNews: Real people 1, Eurocrats 0 (after extra time). The Sunday Times. 15 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. Nicola. Smith. Jonathan. Oliver. 28 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174739/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4138316.ece. live. andNews: Yes campaign criticised over tax position. RTÉ News. 2 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223053459/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0602/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Lisbon a bad deal for everyone, says Adams. RTÉ News. 1 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 5 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505142240/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0501/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Anti-Lisbon treaty campaign is launched. RTÉ News. 12 March 2008. 19 June 2008. 14 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414010729/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0312/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Pressure on Czechs and Poles not to say 'no' to EU treaty too. The Times. 19 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. David. Sharrock. David. Charter. 13 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080813013555/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4167681.ece. live.
  51. News: Treaty opponents saw few risks in voting No. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083542/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259849.html. live. See also:News: Will The Irish Guillotine Lisbon?. Centre for European Reform. June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bn_irish_ref_hb_4june08.pdf. 24 June 2008.
  52. News: Cowen 'must seek halt to ratification'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105556/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-must-seek-halt-to-ratification-1.824546. live. See also:News: A good start would have been half the work for Yes campaign. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025110945/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369837228.html. live. andNews: Germany is 14th state to ratify Lisbon Treaty. RTÉ News. 23 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080529181257/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0523/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Referendum body sheds light on Lisbon. RTÉ News. 4 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 23 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110223031834/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0604/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Lisbon a bad deal for everyone, says Adams. RTÉ News. 1 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 5 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505142240/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0501/eulisbon.html. live.
  53. News: Ministers to meet ahead of vital EU summit. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083457/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259838.html. live. See also:News: Cowen says Ireland 'faces uncertainty'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105548/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-says-ireland-faces-uncertainty-1.824529. live.
  54. News: Real people 1, Eurocrats 0 (after extra time). The Sunday Times. 15 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. Nicola. Smith. Jonathan. Oliver. 28 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174739/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4138316.ece. live.
  55. News: Cowen 'must seek halt to ratification'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105558/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-must-seek-halt-to-ratification-1.824546. live. See also:News: Real people 1, Eurocrats 0 (after extra time). The Sunday Times. 15 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. Nicola. Smith. Jonathan. Oliver. 28 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174739/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4138316.ece. live. andNews: EU reform thrown into turmoil as Irish reject treaty. Centre for European Reform. 13 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 17 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080617125245/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/13/ireland.eu/index.html. live.
  56. News: Why politicians hate referendums. BBC News. 16 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 12 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121112064915/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markmardell/2008/06/why_politicians.html. live.
  57. News: Second referendum cannot be held, says O'Rourke. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110210075916/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259934.html. 10 February 2011.
  58. News: Treaty opponents saw few risks in voting No. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083542/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259849.html. 29 October 2010. andNews: Will The Irish Guillotine Lisbon?. Centre for European Reform. June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bn_irish_ref_hb_4june08.pdf. 24 June 2008. andNews: EU reform thrown into turmoil as Irish reject treaty. Centre for European Reform. 13 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 17 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080617125245/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/13/ireland.eu/index.html. live.
  59. News: Yes side only have themselves to blame . . 15 June 2008 . 19 June 2008 . andNews: Ireland divided over Lisbon Treaty. Polskie Radio. 10 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 7 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081007051045/http://www.polskieradio.pl/zagranica/news/artykul84478.html. live. andNews: Revealed: why we voted 'No' to Lisbon. Irish Independent. 17 June 2008. 19 June 2008. Fionnan. Sheahan. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041955/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/lisbon-treaty/revealed-why-we-voted-no-to-lisbon-1412027.html. live.
  60. Web site: Sinn Féin. Ireland Deserves Better. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201440/http://www.no2lisbon.ie/media/LisbonA4English.pdf. 24 June 2008.
  61. News: Humiliated Government must try to clear up mess. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111146/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840648.html. live. See also:News: Will The Irish Guillotine Lisbon?. Centre for European Reform. June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bn_irish_ref_hb_4june08.pdf. 24 June 2008.
  62. News: Cowen says Ireland 'faces uncertainty'. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105543/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cowen-says-ireland-faces-uncertainty-1.824529. live. See also: News: Humiliated Government must try to clear up mess. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025111146/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/0614/1213369840648.html. live. andNews: Real people 1, Eurocrats 0 (after extra time). The Sunday Times. 15 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. Nicola. Smith. Jonathan. Oliver. 28 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080828174739/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4138316.ece. live. andNews: Cowen fights back over Govt Lisbon 'failure'. RTÉ News. 6 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 12 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080612180303/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0606/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Lisbon a bad deal for everyone, says Adams. RTÉ News. 1 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 5 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080505142240/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0501/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Pressure on Czechs and Poles not to say 'no' to EU treaty too. The Times. 19 June 2008. 19 June 2008. London. David. Sharrock. David. Charter. 13 August 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080813013555/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4167681.ece. live. andNews: Will The Irish Guillotine Lisbon?. Centre for European Reform. June 2008. 19 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201442/http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/bn_irish_ref_hb_4june08.pdf. 24 June 2008.
  63. News: Irish voters and the EU. International Herald Tribune. 16 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 18 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080618015630/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/06/16/opinion/edeu.php. live. See also:Web site: The Lisbon Treaty: Yes or No?. CatholicIreland.net. 20 June 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110527055839/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=2&art=2014. 27 May 2011. dmy-all.
  64. News: Be positive, vote no. The Sunday Times. 8 June 2008. 20 June 2008. London. Sean. O'Neill. Fiona. Hamilton. 24 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210924105544/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/. live.
  65. News: Polls show scant support for Lisbon treaty. The Sunday Times. 8 June 2008. 20 June 2008. London. Stephen. Obrien. Richard. Oakley.
  66. News: Treaty opponents saw few risks in voting No. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083542/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259849.html. live. See also:News: No Lisbon renegotiation, says Mansergh. RTÉ News. 19 May 2008. 19 June 2008. 20 May 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080520023350/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0519/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Cowen fights back over Govt Lisbon 'failure'. RTÉ News. 6 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 12 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080612180303/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0606/eulisbon.html. live. andNews: Revealed: why we voted 'No' to Lisbon. Irish Independent. 17 June 2008. 19 June 2008. Fionnan. Sheahan. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520041955/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/lisbon-treaty/revealed-why-we-voted-no-to-lisbon-1412027.html. live.
  67. News: Result is a reflection of popular belief that things can only get worse. The Irish Times. 14 June 2008. 19 June 2008. 25 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101025112901/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0614/1213369844754.html. live.
  68. News: Yes side only have themselves to blame . . 15 June 2008 . 19 June 2008 .
  69. News: Wie ein Milliardär Europa aufschreckt. Der Spiegel. 28 September 2008. 28 September 2008. de. 1 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081001115542/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/0,1518,580807,00.html. live.
  70. News: MEPs seeking source of Libertas funding. The Irish Times. 23 September 2008. 28 September 2008. 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520094212/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0923/1222105125507.html. live.
  71. News: American military ties to the Lisbon "no" camp?. The Economist. 23 September 2008. 13 July 2017. 20 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090620012443/http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/09/us_military_ties_to_the_lisbon.cfm. live.
  72. News: Post-vote poll. The Irish Times. 18 June 2008. 20 June 2008. 29 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083654/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/0618/1213735259853.html. live.
  73. News: Flash Eurobarometer No 245 – Post-referendum survey in Ireland. Gallup. 18 June 2008. 22 June 2008. 24 June 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080624201439/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_245_en.pdf. live.
  74. News: France's minister sees a neocon plot. The Economist. 6 July 2008. 26 June 2008. 5 July 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080705043206/http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/06/frances_minister_sees_a_neocon.cfm. live.
  75. News: Presidency Conclusions, Council of the European Union, Brussels, 11–12 December 2008. European Council. 12 December 2008. 19 December 2008. 29 December 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081229163551/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/104692.pdf. live.
  76. News: All aboard the Lisbon Treaty merry-go-round. McGurk, Tom. The Sunday Business Post. 14 December 2008. 15 December 2008.
  77. News: Cowen got what he asked for, but it was a pyrrhic victory. Bar, Antonio. The Irish Times. 17 December 2008. 17 December 2008. 21 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110521052319/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2008/1217/1229035813202.html. live.
  78. News: National Declaration by Ireland – Seville. Department of the Taoiseach. 2002. 19 December 2008. 2 December 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071202194040/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?docID=874. live.
  79. News: Sarkozy attacks federalists in EU. BBC News Online. 16 December 2008. 30 December 2008. 18 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090118185031/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7785233.stm. live.

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