Turkish intervention in Libya (2020–present) explained

Conflict:2020 Turkish intervention in Libya
Width:400px
Partof:the Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
Date: – ongoing[1]
Place:Libya
Result:Turkish-GNA victory Turkey and its proxies pushed LNA out of Tripoli; ceasefire[2]
* GNA repelled the LNA offensive and advanced towards Sirte and Western Libya
Combatant1: Turkey
Syrian Interim Government
SADAT International Defense Consultancy
In support of:
Government of National Accord
Combatant2: House of Representatives
[3]
Wagner Group
Gaddafi loyalists
Commander1: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Hulusi Akar
Hakan Fidan
Fayez al-Sarraj
Commander2: Khalifa Haftar
Aguila Saleh Issa
Strength1: Unknown
18,000 (Peak)[4]
50 advisors[5]
Strength2: unknown
1,200 Wagner Group[6]
4,000 (peak)[7]
Casualties1: 2 killed[8] [9]
496 killed[10]
27 captured,[11]
400+ deserted[12] ---- 500 killed (per LNA)[13]
27 killed (per LNA)[14] [15] [16]
Casualties2: 100 killed (per Turkey, as of February 2020)[17]
8 killed[18] [19]

In January 2020, Turkey militarily intervened in support of the United Nations-recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) of Libya in the 2014–2020 Libyan civil war. Military intervention was approved by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 2 January 2020, which passed a one-year mandate to deploy troops to Libya.[20] Turkish military deployments to Libya began on 5 January.[21]

Direct Turkish support for the Government of National Accord usually involves on-the-ground advisers providing training and operational support, air support through unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs),[22] intelligence operatives[23] and support from Turkish Navy vessels for Libyan ground forces.[24] In addition to its own troop and equipment deployments, Turkey was hiring and transporting Syrian mercenaries from the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army to support and bolster the manpower of the GNA since December 2019.[25] [26]

The Turkish military intervention in Libya is mainly interpreted as an attempt to secure access to resources and maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean as part of its Blue Homeland Doctrine (Turkish: Mavi Vatan), especially following the ratification of the Libya–Turkey maritime deal. Secondary Turkish objectives are believed to include countering Egyptian and Emirati influence in the Middle East and North Africa.[27] Turkish involvement has also led to disputes with Greece, Israel, and Cyprus.[28]

In December 2023, the Turkish parliament approved the extension of the deployment of the Turkish forces in Libya for two more years starting from 2 January 2024.[1]

On 6 August 2024, Khalifa Haftar's son and LAAF commander Saddam Haftar announced the launch of an operation to "secure the country's southern borders and strengthen stability in these strategic areas". Subsequently, the United Nations called for restraint after Libya's Tripoli-based government placed its forces on high alert in the southern desert region in anticipation of an attack by fighters loyal to the eastern military leader Khalifa Haftar [29] .

Intervention

Following the approval of the one-year mandate to send troops to Libya, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that Turkish forces had begun to be deployed in the country on 5 January. According to Al-Arabiya, MİT intelligence operatives were the first Turkish assets to arrive in Libya.[30] The LNA claimed to have bombed a Turkish cargo vessel which had been carrying supplies for Turkish-backed forces on 19 February during rocket strikes on the Port of Tripoli, although the Turkish government denied there having been any Turkish cargo ships at the port.[31] On 25 February, President Erdoğan confirmed two Turkish soldiers had been killed in Libya. He also stated that 100 pro-LNA fighters had been killed in retaliation. Published photos, including photos from the Turkish Defense Ministry, revealed that Turkey have transferred to Libya M60 tanks, T-155 Fırtına self-propelled artillery, and T-122 Sakarya multiple rocket launchers.[32]

Operation Peace Storm

See main article: Western Libya campaign. GNA Prime Minister Sarraj announced Operation Peace Storm on 25 March,[33] with Turkish drones and intelligence providing significant backing to the operation.[34] [35] On 1 April, a Turkish Navy frigate fired a surface-to-air missile at a LNA drone which had got close to it, which landed in Ajaylat.[36] [37] With the support of Turkish drones, GNA forces seized recaptured the coastal towns of Sorman, Sabratha, Ajaylat, Aljmail, Regdalin, Zaltan, and Al Assah on 13 April and successfully re-connected GNA-controlled territory with the Tunisian border. Turkish strikes reportedly caused heavy casualties for forces in the area and destroyed military vehicles that had been provided to pro-Haftar forces by the United Arab Emirates.[38]

In May 2020, Turkish drones reportedly destroyed three Pantsir missile systems[39] alongside six others which were destroyed by GNA aircraft and drones.[40]

By 6 June, the GNA had successfully ousted Haftar's forces from the entirety of Tripoli and captured the LNA stronghold of Tarhouna with Turkey's support, considered a significant factor in turning the offensive in the GNA's favour.[41]

However, by the end of June, Egypt (the backer of Haftar) warned Turkey and the GNA of military intervention as the GNA attacked Sirte. The GNA government denounced the warning, and called it a declaration of war.[42] [43]

Central Libya clashes

See main article: Central Libya offensive. On 4 July, unidentified non-Libyan warplanes targeted Al-Watiya Air Base. The airstrikes destroyed GNA military equiptement brought by Turkey, including three MIM-23 Hawk air defense systems stationed in the base. The Defense Ministry of Turkey acknowledged that the strikes damaged some of their defense systems.[44] Turkish officials said that no-one was killed in the attack and vowed retribution, indicating the attack could have been perpetrated by Emirati Dassault Mirage 2000 aircraft.[45]

On 21 August, the GNA and the LNA both declared a ceasefire.[46]

Involvement of SADAT and Turkey's backed foreign mercenaries

In May 2013, was the first time Libya is mentioned in SADAT's website. It was on Libya "to determine the needs of New Libyan Armed Forces and search for possibilities for Consultancy, Training, Ordnance service delivery for Libya" and the Turkish government was fully aware of it. After the negotiations a project of "Sports Facilities design for a Military Regiment" was prepared.[47] [48]

The Turkish government first began sending mercenaries hired from the Syrian National Army (SNA) in December 2019, initially sending 300 fighters. As of September 2020, 18,000 Syrian fighters have been sent to Libya, including 350 underage children,[49] and 471 have been killed (34 of whom are alleged to be children).[50] According to some sources, the demographic composition of the fighters are mostly Syrian Turkmen, although the SNA is mostly Arab.[51] [52]

The SOHR claimed that least 50 Syrian fighters were identified as former fighters of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL),[53] that Turkish intelligence also transferred more than 2,500 Tunisian ISIL foreign fighters to Libya to fight alongside the Turkish-backed militias of the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA),[54] from nearly 10,000 jihadist fighters[55] The US State Department rejected the allegations, stating: "Despite widespread reports of the fighters' extremist links, the U.S. military found no evidence to suggest the mercenaries were affiliated with the Islamic State extremist group or al-Qaida. It says they were "very likely" motivated by generous financial packages rather than ideology or politics." The US report covered only the first quarter of the 2020 (until the end of March).[56]

On 12 April 2020, the LNA claimed to have captured a Turkish-hired mercenary affiliated with the Peshmerga Roj[57] [58] but the Kurdistan Democratic Party denied the fighter was affiliated with the group.[59]

In July 2020, Al Arabiyah reported that Turkey sent Syrian, Tunisian, Egyptian, and Sudanese mercenaries into Libya with planes.[60]

In 2020, Turkey suspended its support to the Syrian militant group Al-Rahman Legion, because the group refused to obey Turkey's order to send fighters into Libya. Few militants of the group went to fight in Libya, despite the rejection of their commanders.[61]

In 2020, the United States Department of Defense accused SADAT (a private Turkish security contractor company with close relationship with the Turkish state) of training Syrians who were sent to support pro-Turkish forces in Libya.[62] In addition, a US Defense Department report claimed that aside from Turkish troops, Turkey also sent thousands of Syrian mercenaries who were previously used by Turkey in the Syrian civil war.[63]

In March 2021, the UN released a report which proved the use of Syrian mercenaries and multiple violations from Turkey. It also mention that SADAT, violated the UN resolution in Libya.[64]

In May 2021, the Libyan Foreign Minister Najla Mangoush in a press conference alongside the Turkish Foreign Minister, Mevlut Cavusoglu, called Turkey to comply with the UN resolutions and withdraw the Turkish troops and mercenaries. The Turkish Foreign Minister responded that the military forces were present under a training agreement reached with the previous government.[65] [66]

In July 2021, the United States added Turkey to the list of countries that are implicated in the use of child soldiers, because it used them in Syria and Libya.[67]

The 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report mentioned that factions of the Turkish backed Syrian National Army recruited and used Syrian children as child soldiers in Libya.[68]

Incidents with Operation Irini and arms trafficking

See also: Operation Irini. In 2018, the UN condemned Turkish shipments of arms to Libya which violated the arms embargo and called them "extremely disconcerting". Turkish Foreign Minister rejected the accusations.[69]

In 2019, shipments of Turkish arms was captured in Libya's port.[70] Furthermore, the cargo ship Amazon Giurgiulesti under the flag of Moldova transferred arms from Turkey to Libya (from the port of Samsun in Turkey to the port of Tripoli in Libya) in violation of UN sanctions. After the incident revealed, the Moldovan authorities suspended the flag registration of the ship. Although Moldovan-flagged, the ship is owned by the Turkish company Maya RoRo SA and operated by the Akdeniz Roro Deniz Tasimaciligi Turizm Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Sti.[71] [72] [73] In addition, a UN report claimed that Jordan, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates were the main powers who constantly violated the arms embargo.[74]

In 2020, Turkey has prevented warships from Germany, France and Greece which participated in the EU Operation Irini and the NATO Operation Sea Guardian to inspect Turkish vessels which were suspected of carrying illegal arms to Libya. One of the vessels (Çirkin) later found to have violated the UN arms embargo and the maritime company was sanctioned by the EU.[75]

In addition, the captain of the Lebanese-flagged cargo ship Bana was arrested in Italy. The vessel was accused of transferring arms and Turkish military personnel from Turkey to Libya in violation of the United Nations arms embargo, with the escort of the Turkish navy frigates. Moreover, French fighter jets from the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle spotted the delivery at Libya, while on a reconnaissance mission.[76] [77] [78] [79] [80]

In 2020, a joint investigation of The Guardian, Bellingcat, Lighthouse Reports, Stern, ARD and elDiario.es revealed regular flights of cargo planes, transferring arms and personnel, between Turkish and Libyan airports.[81]

In September 2021, a report of the Operation Irini revealed that Turkey refused the inspection of Turkish ships heading to Libya 6 times.[82]

In February 2022, the Turkish intelligence captured and abducted from Ukraine the Turkish arm dealer and former special forces captain in the Turkish armed forces, Nuri Bozkir, after he exposed the Turkish arms transfers to militant groups in Syria and Libya. In an interview before his arrest he said that he bought weapons in eastern European countries and shipped them to Turkey. Then the Turkish intelligence sent them to battlefields across the region.[83]

In May and October 2022, Turkey refused to accept the inspection of the Turkish flagged vessels MSKosovak (May 2022)[84] [85] and MV Matilde A (October 2022) which were heading to Libya.[86] [87]

In March 2023, Turkey denied inspection to Turkish flagged MV KOSOVAK requested by Irini. Security Council called upon all UN members to cooperate with inspections.[88]

Conviction of Journalists

In September 2020, five Turkish journalists were jailed in Turkey after revealing documents about the Turkish intelligence activities in Libya. Three of them released in February 2022.[89]

Reactions

Libyan

International

Supranational organizations

Governments

See also

Notes and References

  1. News: Parliament extends mandate for troops in Libya. en. hurriyetdailynews. 2023-12-01.
  2. News: Libya's Tripoli-based government and rival parliament take steps to end hostilities . 14 January 2024 . Reuters . 21 August 2020.
  3. Web site: What cooperation between Syria's Assad and Libya's Haftar means for Turkey. Ahval. 2020-06-04. 2020-06-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608125539/https://ahvalnews.com/syria-libya/what-cooperation-between-syrias-assad-and-libyas-haftar-means-turkey. dead.
  4. Web site: Turkish-backed mercenaries New batch of some 1,400 fighters return from Libya to Syria, after completing duration of their contracts. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 26 September 2020 .
  5. Web site: المرتزقة السوريون في ليبيا... من الإذعان إلى العصيان هل كشف المقاتلون السوريون خداع الحكومة التركية لهم وتحقيق مصالحها في ليبيا؟. 31 May 2020.
  6. https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/ea-nwa_q3_june2020_final.pdf Office of Inspector General
  7. Web site: Turkish-backed mercenaries Nearly 800 Syrian fighters killed in Libya and Nagorno-Karabakh. 14 November 2020. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
  8. News: Erdogan says two Turkish troops killed in Libya conflict. Reuters. 25 February 2020.
  9. Web site: Libya şehidi Bilal Yılmaz için tören düzenlendi. tr. 26 August 2020.
  10. Web site: Turkish-backed mercenaries Nearly 800 Syrian fighters killed in Libya and Nagorno-Karabakh . The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 14 November 2020 .
  11. Web site: Libya crisis | Turkey keeps sending mercenaries to Libya, 20 children among 331 Turkish-backed fighters killed so far • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 29 May 2020.
  12. Web site: Turkish Ambitions Will Not End In Libya • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 1 July 2020.
  13. Web site: LNA Says Turkish Battleship Strikes Area in Western Libya. Asharq Al Awsat.
  14. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/81946/LNA-kills-16-Turkish-military-personnel-including-3-commanders LNA kills 16 Turkish military personnel including 3 commanders
  15. Web site: 7 قتلى أتراك بقصف الجيش الليبي على معيتيقة. العربية. نت. 28 February 2020. العربية نت.
  16. Web site: Libyan Army killed 4 Turkish soldiers, Syrian militant leader near Tripoli. 23 March 2020. 24 March 2020. 20 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200420121509/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/libyan-army-killed-4-turkish-soldiers-syrian-militant-leader-near-tripoli/. dead.
  17. Web site: Erdogan Confirms First Turkish Soldier Deaths in Libya . 25 February 2020 . Voice of America.
  18. Web site: Libya's war | First fighter of Russian-backed Syrian mercenaries killed in Libya's battles, and number of recruits jumps to 450 • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 24 May 2020.
  19. Web site: Seven Syrian mercenaries loyal to Russia killed in Libya explosion • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 5 February 2021.
  20. Web site: Turkish parliament approves troop deployment to Libya. Diego. Cupolo. 2 January 2020. Al-Monitor.
  21. Web site: Turkish troops deploy to Libya to prop up embattled government . Patrick Wintour . 5 January 2020 . The Guardian.
  22. Web site: Le Monde: Turkish Drone shifting balance of military power in Libya. 23 April 2020. Middle East Monitor.
  23. News: Khalifa Haftar is losing ground and lashing out in Libya. The Economist. 2 May 2020.
  24. Web site: Two Turkish Frigates Appear Off Libya Amid Reports Of Troops And Armor Landing Ashore. Joseph. Trevithick. The Drive. 29 January 2020 .
  25. News: Syrian rebel and regime forces now fight in Libya . France 24 . 19 May 2020.
  26. Web site: 300 pro-Turkey Syrian rebels sent to Libya to support UN-backed gov't: watchdog. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229131630/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/29/c_138664951.htm. dead. 29 December 2019. xinhuanet.com.
  27. Web site: Why does Turkey seek a greater role in war-torn Libya?. 22 December 2019. France 24.
  28. News: 2020-01-03. Greece, Israel and Cyprus call Turkey's planned Libya deployment 'dangerous escalation'. en. Reuters. 2020-09-02.
  29. News: 2024-08-10. UN Urges Calm as Libya Braces for Eastern Assault'. en. NewsCentral. 2024-08-13.
  30. Web site: Turkish intelligence agents, foreign fighters arrive in Libya: Sources. 6 January 2020. Al Arabiya English.
  31. Web site: Libya: LNA says Tripoli port attack targeted Turkish weapons. Al Jazeera.
  32. Web site: Why did Turkey transfer U.S.-made M60 battle tanks to Libya?. Iddon. Paul. 2021-04-14. ahvalnews. en. 2021-04-14. 2021-04-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414064403/https://ahvalnews.com/libya-turkey/why-did-turkey-transfer-us-made-m60-battle-tanks-libya. dead.
  33. Web site: Sarraj announces launch of Operation Peace Storm in response to Haftar attacks. 27 March 2020. Middle East Monitor.
  34. Web site: Battle for air supremacy heats up in Libya despite COVID-19 outbreak. Metin. Gurcan. 6 April 2020. Al-Monitor.
  35. Web site: Peace Storm: Turkey tries to turn the tables in Libya. Ahval. 2020-06-04. 2020-06-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20200604210931/https://ahvalnews.com/libya/peace-storm-turkey-tries-turn-tables-libya. dead.
  36. Web site: Turkish ship fired SAM off Libya coast. Mohamed Hasan. says. 1 April 2020.
  37. Web site: Libya: Turkey warship fires missiles on sites controlled by Haftar militias. 1 April 2020. Middle East Monitor.
  38. Web site: Libya's GNA seizes control of Haftar-held Sabratha, Sorman . 2020-04-13. Daily Sabah. en. 2020-04-13.
  39. Web site: Russian Pantsir systems neutralized in Libya. Stephen. Bryen. 23 May 2020. Asia Times.
  40. Web site: 9 Russian "Pantsir-S1" missile systems were destroyed in Libya - Part 9. 22 May 2020.
  41. News: Wintour . Patrick . UN-backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli . 5 June 2020 . The Guardian . 5 June 2020.
  42. Web site: Libya, Egypt spar as Sisi warns of military 'intervention'. 2020-06-21. TRTworld.com. en.
  43. Web site: GNA calls Egypt's military threat 'declaration of war'. 2020-06-22. Al Jazeera. en.
  44. News: Airstrikes hit Libya base held by Turkey-backed forces . The Washington Post . 5 July 2020 .
  45. Web site: Libya: Turkey vows 'retribution' for attack on its positions at al-Watiya airbase . Middle East Eye . 6 July 2020 .
  46. Web site: Libya's Tripoli-based government and a rival parliament take steps to end hostilities. Reuters. 21 August 2020.
  47. Web site: Turkish military contractor SADAT has always been in Libya . ahvalnews . 4 January 2020 . Dicle Eşiyok . 14 January 2023 . 6 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005213/https://ahvalnews.com/sadat/turkish-military-contractor-sadat-has-always-been-libya . dead .
  48. Web site: SADAT Defense in Libya . Sadat . 21 May 2013.
  49. Web site: Turkish-backed mercenaries - First batch of Syrian fighters arrives in Azerbaijan. 27 September 2020. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
  50. Web site: Turkish-backed mercenaries New batch of 300 Syrian mercenaries arrives Libya. 6 August 2020. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
  51. Web site: Among the Syrian Militiamen of Turkey's Intervention in Libya. Frederic. Wehrey. 23 January 2020.
  52. Web site: Syrian mercenaries lured to fight for Turkey in Libya. Ahval. 2020-07-07. 2020-07-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20200709122110/https://ahvalnews.com/syrian-rebels/syrian-mercenaries-lured-fight-turkey-libya. dead.
  53. Web site: SOHR reveals | New exclusive information about 50 ISIS members identified by names, joining battles in Libya • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 28 May 2020.
  54. Web site: Turkey transfers 2,500 Tunisian ISIS elements to fight in Libya • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 18 July 2020.
  55. Web site: "الحكومة التركية" تنقل دفعة جديدة تضم 300 مرتزق من الفصائل الموالية لها نحو الأراضي الليبية | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان. 29 May 2023.
  56. News: Pentagon report: Turkey sent up to 3,800 fighters to Libya . Isabel . Debre . Associated Press . The Washington Post.
  57. Web site: LNA Spokesman: Militiamen sent to Libya are Erdoğan's victims. ANF News.
  58. Web site: Unfolding facts about so-called. hawarnews.com.
  59. Web site: KDP denies accusation about Turkey-backed Roj Peshmerga fighting in Libya. Ekurd Dailpy. 16 April 2020. 19 August 2024.
  60. Web site: Turkey sends mercenaries, militants of different nationalities to Libya: Reports. Tamara. Abueish. 13 July 2020. Al Arabiya English.
  61. Web site: Turkey Suspends Support To One its Syrian Proxy Groups For Refusing To Send Fighters To Libya. 24 April 2020. The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.
  62. Web site: Turkey's Islamic defence consultancy takes on West . france24 . 22 October 2021 .
  63. Web site: US: Turkey-sent Syrian fighters generate backlash in Libya . ABC News . 2 September 2020.
  64. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/037/72/PDF/N2103772.pdf Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)
  65. News: 2021-05-03. Libya's top diplomat calls on Turkey to withdraw foreign fighters. en. Al Jazeera. 2021-05-03.
  66. News: 2021-05-03. Libyan foreign minister calls on Turkey to withdraw mercenaries. en. ahvalnews. 2021-05-03. 2021-05-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20210503201016/https://ahvalnews.com/libya-turkey/libyan-foreign-minister-calls-turkey-withdraw-mercenaries. dead.
  67. Web site: Turkey used child soldiers in Syria and Libya: US. July 2021.
  68. Web site: 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Libya. https://web.archive.org/web/20230913003950/https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-trafficking-in-persons-report/libya/. 13 September 2023.
  69. Web site: Libya complains of arms cargo from Turkey, joint investigation launched. 22 December 2018. Reuters. 22 December 2018.
  70. Web site: IN PICTURES: Attempt to smuggle Turkish weapons into Libya foiled. 8 January 2019. english.alarabiya.net. 8 January 2019.
  71. Web site: Are Russia and Turkey in tug of war over Libya?. 15 December 2019. Al-Monitor. 15 December 2019.
  72. Web site: Moldova suspends flag registration of Libya sanctions-busting Turkish ship. 30 May 2019. 30 May 2019.
  73. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/345/94/PDF/N1934594.pdf Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)
  74. Web site: Libya arms embargo being systematically violated by UN states. 9 December 2019. The Guardian . 9 December 2019.
  75. Web site: COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2020/1309 of 21 September 2020 implementing Article 21(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/44 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya. eur-lex.europa.eu. 21 September 2020.
  76. Web site: Ship captain arrested in probe of arms trafficking to Libya. 19 February 2020. The Washington Times.
  77. Web site: Suspected military supplies pour into Libya as UN flounders. 11 March 2020. The Guardian. 11 March 2020.
  78. News: Turkey sends secret arms shipments into Libya. BBC News. 26 March 2020.
  79. Web site: Ship captain arrested in probe of arms trafficking to Libya. 20 February 2020. ABC News.
  80. 26 March 2020 . Turkey's Ghost Ships - BBC Africa Eye documentary . en . YouTube . BBC News Africa.
  81. Web site: Turkey and UAE openly flouting UN arms embargo to fuel war in Libya. 7 October 2020. The Guardian . 7 October 2020.
  82. Web site: IRINI: Turkey Refused Inspection of Ships in Libya. 2021-10-09. libyareview. 9 October 2021 . en.
  83. Web site: Turkey's intelligence agency abducts arms dealer in Ukraine. Deutsche Welle.
  84. Web site: Operation IRINI: Turkey Refused a Request to Inspect a Suspicious Vessel Bound for Misrata. 2022-05-22. almarsad. en.
  85. EUNAVFOR_MED . 1527599349861163010. 20 May 2022 .
    1. IRINIregrets yesterday’s denial by Turkeyof a flag State consent request to inspect MVKosovak in accordance with #UNSCR 2292 on the arms embargo on #Libya.
    .
  86. Web site: Turkey refuses inspection of its ship in Libya. 2022-10-13. libyaobserver. en.
  87. EUNAVFOR_MED . 1579525879730176000. 10 October 2022 . Today #Turkey denied a flag state consent request from #IRINI to inspect MV MATILDE A in accordance with #UNSCR 2292 on the #ArmsEmbargo on #Libya . @UN Security Council calls upon all UN members to cooperate with inspections..
  88. EUNAVFOR_MED . 1641133936402128897. 29 March 2023 . Today #Turkey denied yet again the flag state consent to inspect MV KOSOVAK requested by #IRINI in accordance with #UNSCR 2292 on the #ArmsEmbargo on #Libya. @UN Security Council calls upon all UN members to cooperate with inspections. #EUNAVFORMED @eu_eeas.
  89. Web site: TThree Turkish journalists set for jail over Libya coverage released -lawyer . 15 February 2022 . Reuters.
  90. News: Turkey-Libya maritime deal triggers Mediterranean tensions. Deutsche Welle. 29 November 2019.
  91. News: Libya: Khalifa Haftar's forces release ship with Turkish crew. 23 December 2019. Al Jazeera.
  92. Web site: Libya arms embargo being systematically violated by UN states. The Guardian. 9 December 2019. 9 December 2019.
  93. Web site: UN report documents mass violations of Libya arms embargo. ABC News. 18 March 2021. 18 March 2021.
  94. Web site: Libya arms embargo 'totally ineffective': UN. 17 March 2021. 17 March 2021.
  95. News: EU rejects Turkish troops in Libya. 8 January 2019. EU Observer.
  96. Web site: NATO Secretary General, Libyan Prime Minister discuss situation in Libya. NATO.
  97. News: Egypt Rejects Turkey-Libya Deal on Sea Rights, Security. The Washington Post . The New York Times.
  98. News: Egypt, France denounce 'illegal' MoUs between Ankara, Libya's PM . Egypt Today. 5 December 2019.
  99. News: Egypt's parliament approves troop deployment to Libya. Al Jazeera. 20 July 2020.
  100. Web site: Tunus'tan Türkiye'nin 'Libya tezkeresi' talebine ret. gercekgundem.com. 7 January 2020 .
  101. https://www.libyaobserver.ly/inbrief/tunisian-president-reiterates-his-countrys-position-towards-gna-legitimate-authority-libyaa
  102. Web site: Turkey's Erdogan makes surprise visit to Tunisia to discuss Libya.
  103. News: Greece sends letters to UN over Turkey-Libya deal. Associated Press . 10 December 2019.
  104. News: Cyprus rallies Israel, other neighbors to counter Turkey-Libya maritime deal. 21 December 2019.
  105. News: Saudi Arabia condemns Turkish escalation in Libya -statement. Reuters. 4 January 2020.
  106. News: Israel opposes Turkey-Libya maritime border accord. Reuters. 23 December 2019.
  107. News: Turkish ships said to force Israeli research vessel out of Cypriot waters. Times of Israel=date=14 December 2019.
  108. News: Turkey maneuver could block Israel's access to the sea. Ynet. 28 December 2019.
  109. News: Newly Aggressive Turkey Forges Alliance With Libya. Foreign Policy. 23 December 2019. Keith Johnson.
  110. News: Cyprus, Greece, Israel to sign pipeline deal on Jan. 2. Associated Press. Demitris Nellas.
  111. News: France 'Will Not Tolerate' Turkey's Role in Libya, Macron Says. The New York Times. 22 June 2020.
  112. Web site: خبرگزاری فارس - ظریف: تا پایان این ماه انتقال گاز طبیعی به ترکیه از سر گرفته می‌شود/ برقراری پروازها در آینده. 15 June 2020. خبرگزاری فارس.
  113. News: Bahrain condemns Turkish decision to send troops to Libya. Bahrain News Agency. 5 January 2020.
  114. News: UAE condemns Turkey's decision to send troops to Libya. Khaleej Times. 3 January 2020.

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