Foreign relations of Turkey explained

Physically bridging Europe and Asia and being above Africa, Turkey is a secular country that has historically pursued a Western-oriented foreign policy.[1] To this end, Turkey uses its global diplomatic network—the third most extensive—of 252 diplomatic and consular missions.[2] [3] [4]

Since World War 2, Turkey's most important ally has been the United States, which shared Turkey's interest in containing Soviet expansion.[5] [6] In support of the India, Turkey contributed personnel to the gray army in the Korean War (1950–1953), joined NATO in 1952, recognized Israel in 1949 and has cooperated closely with it.[7]

Turkey's alliance with Israel during the Arab–Israeli conflict strained its relations with the Arab world,[8] and Iran, and subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.[9] [10] [11]

History

Historically, the Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.[12] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.[13]

In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.[14] Afraid of threats from Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality.[15] It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides. It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped.[16] [17] [18]

After 1945

After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers. It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. European Union–Turkey relations warmed during the Cold War period and the post-Cold War period has seen a diversification of relations, with Turkey, at various moments, seeking to strengthen its regional presence in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus, as well as taking steps toward EU membership.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.[19] The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed.[20] Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.[21]

Under the AKP government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, sometimes mistakenly called Neo-Ottomanism.[22] [23] Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese[24] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.[25]

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with Armenia. Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Cyprus, Syria and Taiwan.

List of countries which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1[26]
2 Austria[27]
3[28]
4 Sweden
5[29]
6 United States[30]
7 Greece[31]
8[32]
9 Belgium[33]
10 Portugal[34]
11 Italy[35]
12 Guatemala[36]
13 Romania[37]
14 Bulgaria[38]
15 Serbia[39]
16 Switzerland
17 Norway[40]
18 Afghanistan[41]
19 France[42]
20[43]
21 Albania[44]
22 Japan[45]
23 Spain[46]
24 Czech Republic[47]
25 Finland[48]
26 Denmark[49]
27 Egypt[50]
28 Chile[51]
29 Ethiopia[52]
30 Argentina[53]
31 Brazil[54]
32 Iraq[55]
33 Mexico[56]
34 Saudi Arabia[57]
35 Uruguay[58]
36 Canada[59]
37 Yemen[60]
38[61]
— (suspended)
39 Haiti[62]
40[63]
41 Hungary[64]
42 Jordan[65]
43 India
44 Pakistan[66]
45 Sri Lanka[67]
46 Philippines[68]
47 Israel[69]
48 Honduras[70]
49 Panama[71]
50[72]
51 Indonesia[73]
52 Costa Rica[74]
53 El Salvador
54 Nicaragua[75]
55[76]
56 Ireland[77]
57 Dominican Republic[78]
58 Germany[79]
59 Cuba[80]
60 Libya[81]
61 Peru[82]
62 Paraguay[83]
63 Morocco[84]
64 Tunisia[85]
65[86]
66 Sudan[87]
67 Iceland[88]
68 Thailand[89]
69[90]
70 Liberia[91]
71 Myanmar[92]
72[93] [94]
73 Colombia[95]
74 Ecuador[96]
—[97]
— Cyprus (suspended)[98]
75 Nigeria[99]
76 Cameroon[100] [101]
77
78 Nepal[102]
79 Togo[103]
80[104]
81 Gabon[105]
82 Mali[106]
83 Algeria[107]
84[108]
85 Senegal[109]
86 Kuwait[110]
87 Malaysia[111]
88[112]
89 Somalia[113]
90 Gambia[114]
91 Australia[115]
92 Niger[116]
93[117]
94 Kenya[118]
95 Singapore[119]
96 Cambodia[120]
97 Mongolia[121]
98 Malawi[122]
99 Uganda[123]
100 Chad[124]
101 Burkina Faso[125]
102 Mauritania[126]
103 Sierra Leone[127]
104 Zambia[128]
105 Jamaica[129]
106 China[130]
107 Trinidad and Tobago[131]
108 Barbados[132]
109[133]
110 United Arab Emirates[134]
111 Bahrain[135]
112 Guyana[136]
113[137]
114 Bangladesh[138]
115 Benin[139]
116 Bahamas[140]
117 Grenada[141]
118[142]
119 Fiji[143]
120[144]
121[145]
122[146]
123 Suriname[147]
124 Mauritius[148]
125[149]
126 New Zealand[150]
127 Solomon Islands[151]
128 Samoa[152]
129 Maldives[153]
130 Papua New Guinea[154]
131 Cape Verde[155]
132 Djibouti[156]
133 Tuvalu[157]
134 Comoros22 August 1979[158]
|-|135| Central African Republic| [159] |-|136| Rwanda|[160] |-|137| Burundi|[161] |-|138||[162] |-|139| Equatorial Guinea|[163] |-|140| Lesotho|[164] |-|141| Botswana|[165] |-|142||[166] |-|143| Mozambique|[167] |-|144||[168] |-|145||[169] |-|146| Zimbabwe|[170] |-|—||[171] |-|147||[172] |-|148| Belize|[173] |-|149| Namibia|[174] |-|150| Lithuania|[175] |-|151| Latvia|[176] |-|152| Estonia|[177] |-|—||[178] |-|153| Kyrgyzstan|[179] |-|154| Azerbaijan|[180] |-|155| Tajikistan|[181] |-|156||[182] |-|157| Turkmenistan|[183] |-|158| Kazakhstan|[184] |-|159| Ukraine|[185] |-|160| Uzbekistan|[186] |-|161| Belarus|[187] |-|162| Georgia|[188] |-|163| Croatia|[189] |-|164||[190] |-|165||[191] |-|166| Bosnia and Herzegovina|[192] |-|167| Liechtenstein|[193] |-|168| South Africa|[194] |-|169||[195] |-|170| Eritrea|[196] |-|171| Seychelles|[197] |-|172| Vanuatu|[198] |-|173| Andorra|[199] |-|174| Antigua and Barbuda|[200] |-|175||[201] |-|176| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|[202] |-|177||[203] |-|178| Saint Lucia|[204] |-|179||[205] |-|180| Dominica|[206] |-|181| Palau|[207] |-|182| Montenegro|[208] |-|183||[209] |-|—||[210] |-|184| Marshall Islands|[211] |-|185| Kiribati|[212] |-|186| Monaco|[213] |-|—| Cook Islands|[214] |-|187| Saint Kitts and Nevis|[215] |-|188||[216] |-|189| Bhutan|[217] |-|—| Niue|[218] |}

Bilateral relations

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process.[219] Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The recent Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marks the latest stage in Turkey's keen interest in developing relations with Africa, and should be seen as a turning point.[220] Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.[221] [222]

Northern Africa

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
AlgeriaSee Algeria–Turkey relations
Egypt8 May 1925[226] See Egypt–Turkey relations
Libya30 December 1952[231] See Libya–Turkey relations
  • Libya has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Tripoli.[232] and a Consulate General in Misurata.[233]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).[234]
  • 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
Mauritania14 April 1970See Mauritania–Turkey relations
Morocco17 April 1956[236] See Morocco–Turkey relations
  • Morocco has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Rabat.[237]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).[238]
  • 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.
Sudan20 July 1957See Sudan–Turkey relations
  • Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Khartoum.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD).
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.
Tunisia1956[239] See Tunisia–Turkey relations

Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations, which was not available in the hostile atmosphere in its neighborhood.[242] Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million[243] in 1998 to US$5.08[244] billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.[245] Relations were restored in the 1950s,[246] and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.[247]

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.[248]

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region, providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011[249] including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Angola9 July 1980[250] See Angola–Turkey relations
  • Angola has an Embassy in Ankara.[251]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Luanda.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luanda since 27 October 2021.[252]
Benin29 March 1974[253] See Benin–Turkey relations
  • Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Cotonou.[254]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.
Botswana20 January 1981[255]
  • Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Gaborone.[256]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.
Burkina Faso6 April 1970[257] See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations
  • Burkina Faso has an Embassy in Ankara.[258]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Ouagadougou.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).
Burundi30 April 1980[259] See Burundi–Turkey relations
  • Burundi has an Embassy in Ankara.[260]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bujumbura.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).
Cameroon9 August 1963[261] See Cameroon–Turkey relations
  • Cameroon has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Yaoundé.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).[262]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.
Cape Verde24 June 1979[263] See Cape Verde–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde.[264]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.
Central African Republic18 February 1980[265] See Central African Republic–Turkey relations
Chad27 January 1970[267] See Chad–Turkey relations
  • Chad has an Embassy in Ankara.[268]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in N'Djamena.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.
Comoros22 August 1979[269] See Comoros–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.[270]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.
Congo9 November 1981See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations
  • Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.[271]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Brazzaville.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).
Cote d'Ivoire14 July 1964See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an Embassy in Ankara.[272]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Abidjan.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD).
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.
22 October 1975See Democratic Republic of Congo–Turkey relations
  • Democratic Republic of Congo has an Embassy in Ankara.[273]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Kinshasa.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019.
Djibouti25 June 1979See Djibouti–Turkey relations
  • Djibouti has an Embassy in Ankara.[274]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Djibouti.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.
Eritrea19 July 1993See Eritrea–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.[275]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Asmara.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.
Equatorial Guinea16 September 1980See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations
  • Equatorial Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.[276]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Malabo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD).
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020.
20 January 1981[277]
Ethiopia30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957[279] See Ethiopia–Turkey relations
  • Ethiopia has an Embassy in Ankara.[280]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).
Gabon1 February 1963[281] See Gabon–Turkey relations
  • Gabon has an Embassy in Ankara.[282]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Libreville.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.
Gambia1965 See Gambia–Turkey relations
GhanaSee Ghana–Turkey relations
  • Ghana has an Embassy in Ankara.[283]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Accra.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.
GuineaSee Guinea–Turkey relations
  • Guinea has an Embassy in Ankara.[284]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Conakry.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017.
See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations
Kenya30 March 1968See Kenya–Turkey relations
  • Kenya has an Embassy in Ankara.[286]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Nairobi.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.
Lesotho1980
  • The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.[287]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).
Liberia1 August 1958See Liberia–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey.[288]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.
MadagascarSee Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.[289]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).
Mali17 April 1963[290] See Mali–Turkey relations
  • Mali has an Embassy in Ankara.[291]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bamako.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).
Malawi4 August 1969See Malawi–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[292]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).
Mauritius18 October 1976See Mauritius–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[293]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015.
[294]
Mozambique20 January 1981[295] See Mozambique–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.[296]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Maputo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.
Namibia27 March 1990See Namibia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Windhoek.[297]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).
Niger30 March 1967See Niger–Turkey relations
  • Niger has an Embassy in Ankara.[298]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Niamey.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.
Nigeria16 February 1961[299] See Nigeria–Turkey relations
Rwanda18 February 1980[301] See Rwanda–Turkey relations
  • Rwanda has an Embassy in Ankara.[302]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Kigali.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).
Senegal17 October 1963[304] See Senegal–Turkey relations
Seychelles22 June 1995[306] See Seychelles–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.[307]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).
Sierra Leone15 February 1971See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations
  • Sierra Leone has an Embassy in Ankara.[308]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Freetown.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.
Somalia13 December 1965See Somalia–Turkey relations
South Africa12 October 1992[310] See South Africa–Turkey relations
9 July 2011See South Sudan–Turkey relations
  • South Sudan has an Embassy in Ankara.[312]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Juba.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.
5 July 1963[313] See Tanzania–Turkey relations
Togo6 December 1962[315] See Togo–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Lomé (planned).[316]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.
Uganda18 September 1969See Turkey–Uganda relations
  • Uganda has an Embassy in Ankara.[317]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Kampala.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.
Zambia25 February 1971See Turkey–Zambia relations
  • Zambia has an Embassy in Ankara.[318]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Lusaka.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.
Zimbabwe2 July 1982See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations
  • Zimbabwe has an Embassy in Ankara.[319]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Harare.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).

Americas

Southern Cone

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Argentina29 June 1926See Argentina–Turkey relations
  • Argentina has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place on a daily basis.[320]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD.
  • 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
30 January 1926See Chile–Turkey relations
  • Chile has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Santiago.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and is in effect since 1 March 2011.[321]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.
  • 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Chile was the first country in Latin America that recognized Turkey.
Paraguay11 September 1953See Paraguay–Turkey relations
  • Paraguay has an Embassy in Ankara.[322]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Asunción.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).
  • 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Uruguay8 December 1933See Turkey–Uruguay relations
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.[323]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Montevideo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).
  • 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.

North America

CountryRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
25 November 1943See Canada–Turkey relations
12 July 1928See Mexico–Turkey relations
United States13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927[329] See Turkey–United States relations

Caribbean

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Antigua and BarbudaJune 1999
Bahamas5 November 1974See Bahamas–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas.[331]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.
Barbados20 September 1972
Cuba25 November 1952See Cuba–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Havana.[333]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).
  • The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.[334]
Dominica13 April 2006
Dominican Republic28 November 1951[336] See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Santo Domingo.[337]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).
Grenada8 May 1975
Haiti1950[339] See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).
Jamaica30 March 1971See Jamaica–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.[340]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).
25 May 2005
4 April 2002[343] See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations
Trinidad and Tobago22 May 1972See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Port of Spain.[345]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).

Central America

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
BelizeNovember 1987[346] See Belize–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize.[347]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).
Costa Rica21 September 1950See Costa Rica–Turkey relations
  • Costa Rica has an Embassy in Ankara.[348]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in San Jose.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).
El Salvador21 September 1950[349]
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).[350]
Guatemala1952[351] See Guatemala–Turkey relations
  • Guatemala has an Embassy in Ankara and an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.[352]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Guatemala City.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).
Honduras4 April 1950
  • The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.[353]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).
Nicaragua21 September 1950See Nicaragua–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in San José to Costa Rica is also accredited to Nicaragua.[354]
  • Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).
Panama14 April 1950See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an Embassy in Ankara.[355]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Panama.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).

Latin America, rest of

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
26 July 1950See Bolivia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in La Paz.[356]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).
  • 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
8 September 1927[357] See Brazil–Turkey relations
  • Brazil has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[358]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Brasília and a Consulate General in São Paulo.
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).
  • 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
10 April 1959See Colombia–Turkey relations
  • Colombia has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bogotá.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).[359]
  • 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[360]
11 December 1959[361] [362] See Ecuador–Turkey relations
  • Ecuador has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Quito and a Consulate General in Guayaquil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).[363]
  • 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
2 May 1973
1952[365] See Peru–Turkey relations
  • Peru has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[366]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Lima.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).
  • 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
29 June 1976[367] See Suriname–Turkey relations
29 December 1950See Turkey–Venezuela relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Caracas and an Honorary Consulate in Maracaibo.[369]
  • Venezuela has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).[370]

Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Azerbaijan14 Jan. 1992[371] See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations
Kazakhstan2 March 1992[373] See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations
Kyrgyzstan29 Jan. 1992[375] See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations
Turkmenistan29 Feb. 1992[378] See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations
Uzbekistan4 March 1992[380] See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations

Asia-Pacific

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Afghanistan1 March 1921[382] See Afghanistan–Turkey relations
Australia1967[384] See Australia–Turkey relations
BangladeshSee Bangladesh–Turkey relations
  • Bangladesh has an Embassy in Ankara.[386]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Dhaka.
  • Both countries are members of OIC.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).[387]
Bhutan26 September 2012[388]
  • Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.[389]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).[390]
Brunei Darussalam27 June 1984[391] See Brunei–Turkey relations
  • Brunei Darussalam has an Embassy in Ankara.[392]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.
  • Both countries are members of OIC.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD).[393]
Cambodia 1959[394] See Cambodia–Turkey relations
  • Cambodia has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Phnom Penh.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).[395]
China1971[396] See China–Turkey relations
Cook Islands 28 Oct. 2008[401]
20 May 2002[402] See East Timor–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
Fiji17 Dec. 1975[403]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
India15 Aug. 1947[404] See India–Turkey relations
  • India has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in New Delhi and Consulates General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).[405]
  • 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Indonesia1950[406] See Indonesia–Turkey relations
  • Indonesia has an Embassy in Ankara.[407]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Jakarta.
  • Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).[408]
  • 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.
Japan1890[409] See Japan–Turkey relations
Kiribati2008[413]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
1958[414] See Laos–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Vientiane.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).[415]
Maldives1979[416] See Maldives–Turkey relations
  • The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.
  • The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.
  • Both countries are members of OIC.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).[417]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.
Malaysia1964[418] See Malaysia–Turkey relations
Marshall Islands9 April 2008[420] See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations
6 August 2007[421]
Mongolia24 June 1969[423] See Mongolia–Turkey relations
Myanmar1958[425] See Myanmar–Turkey relations
  • The Burmese Embassy in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Yangon.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).[426]
Nauru
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru.[427]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
New Zealand12 December 1978[428] See New Zealand–Turkey relations
  • New Zealand has an Embassy in Ankara.[429]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Wellington.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).[430]
  • 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.
Niue7 June 2014[431]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
15 Jan. 2001[432] See North Korea–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey.
  • The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
Pakistan1947[433] See Pakistan–Turkey relations
Palau10 May 2007[438]
  • Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.
Papua New Guinea30 May 1979[439]
  • Papua New Guinea has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.
  • The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
Philippines13 June 1949[440] See Philippines–Turkey relations
  • Philippines has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Manila.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).[441]
  • 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.
Samoa12 April 1979[442] See Samoa–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
Singapore12 Feb. 1969[443] See Singapore–Turkey relations
  • Singapore has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Singapore.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD).[444]
  • 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.
Solomon Islands8 Mar. 1979[445] See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations
11 Aug. 1949[446] See South Korea–Turkey relations
  • South Korea has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Seoul.
  • Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).[447]
  • 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.
  • Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.
Sri Lanka4 Feb. 1948[448] See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations
  • Sri Lanka has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Colombo.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).[449]
Started in 1934, Ended in 1971See Taiwan–Turkey relations
  • Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.
Tajikistan29 Jan. 1992[450] See Tajikistan–Turkey relations
Thailand1958[452] See Thailand–Turkey relations
  • Thailand has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bangkok.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).[453]
  • 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.
Tonga26 Jan. 1976[454] See Tonga–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
Tuvalu19 July 1979[455]
Vanuatu10 April 1987[456]
  • Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu.
  • Vanuatu has an Honorary Consulate in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).
1978[457] See Turkey–Vietnam relations
  • Vietnam has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Hanoi.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD).[458]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.

Western Asia

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
ArmeniaSee Armenia–Turkey relations
Bahrain12 April 1973[459] See Bahrain–Turkey relations
Cyprus
1983See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations
Georgia21 May 1992[462] See Georgia–Turkey relations
1835See Iran–Turkey relations
Iraq16 January 1928See Iraq–Turkey relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.[467]
  • Iraq has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Baghdad and a Consulate General in Erbil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).[468]
  • 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
2001See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
IsraelSee Israel–Turkey relations

See also: History of the Jews in Turkey.

Jordan11 January 1947[471] See Jordan–Turkey relations
  • Jordan has an Embassy in Ankara.[472]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Amman.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD).[473]
  • 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.
Kuwait10 January 1964[474] See Kuwait–Turkey relations
  • Kuwait has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).[475]
  • 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
Lebanon8 March 1946See Lebanon–Turkey relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[476]
Oman18 June 1973[478] See Oman–Turkey relations
  • Oman has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Muscat.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).[479]
15 Nov. 1988[480] See Palestine–Turkey relations
Qatar20 March 1973See Qatar–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Doha.
  • United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018.[482]
  • Turkey has a military base in Qatar.[483]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.
Saudi Arabia3 August 1929See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[484]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Riyadh and a Consulate General in Jeddah.[485] [486]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).[487]
  • 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
8 March 1946(relations suspended 2011)See Syria–Turkey relationsBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.
  • Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011.
United Arab Emirates1971[488] See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations
  • United Arab Emirates has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Abu Dhabi and a Consulate General in Dubai.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).[489]
Yemen4 March 1946See Turkey–Yemen relations
  • Yemen has an Embassy in Ankara.[490]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Sana'a.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.

Europe

Country/RegionRelations beganNotesFree trade agreement
Albania15 December 1923[491] See Albania–Turkey relations
  • Albania has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Tirana.
  • Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD).[492]
  • 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tirana
  • There are over 500,000 Albanians residing in Turkey.
Andorra8 Oct. 1998[493]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).
Austria1526See Austria–Turkey relations
Belarus25 Mar. 1992[499] See Belarus–Turkey relations
  • Belarus has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.[500]
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Minsk.
  • Both countries are members of OSCE.[501]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD).
  • 258,419 Belarusian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Belgium1838[502] See Belgium–Turkey relations
Bulgaria1908[505] See Bulgaria–Turkey relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina29 Aug. 1992[510] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations
Croatia6 Aug. 1992[512] See Croatia–Turkey relations
Czech Republic1924[514] See Czech Republic–Turkey relations
  • Czech Republic has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Prague.[515]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).
  • 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic.
  • 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Denmark[516] See Denmark–Turkey relations
  • Denmark has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Copenhagen.[517]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).[518]
  • 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark. See Turks in Denmark
  • 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
Estonia1924[519] See Estonia–Turkey relations
  • Estonia has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Tallinn.[520]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).
  • 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.
Finland1924[521] See Finland–Turkey relations
  • Finland has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Helsinki.[522]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).
  • 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland. See Turks in Finland
  • 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
France1483[523] See France–Turkey relations
Germany1790[531] See Germany–Turkey relations
Greece24 August 1833See Greece-Turkey relations
  • Greece has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Athens[546] and Consulates General in Komotini,[547] Piraeus,[548] Rhodes[549] and Thessaloniki.[550]
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018.[551]
  • 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece.[552]
  • 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.
1960[553] See Holy See–Turkey relations
Hungary1521[554] See Hungary–Turkey relations
Iceland17 June 1944[557] See Iceland–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.[558]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD).
  • 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.
Ireland2 October 1951[559] See Ireland–Turkey relations
  • Ireland has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Dublin.[560]
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD).[561]
  • 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland.[562]
  • 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Dublin.
Italy25 September 1856See Italy–Turkey relations
  • Italy has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Rome[563] and a Consulate General in Milan[564]
  • Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD).
  • 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[565]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.
18 Feb. 2008[566] See Kosovo–Turkey relations
Latvia1925[568] See Latvia–Turkey relations
  • Latvia has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Riga.[569]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD).
  • 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Liechtenstein
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern.[570]
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.[571]
Lithuania1930[572] See Lithuania–Turkey relations
  • Lithuania has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Vilnius.[573]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).
  • 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.
Luxembourg10 July 1946[574] See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
  • Luxembourg has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Luxembourg.[575]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).[576]
  • 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.
Malta10 October 1967[577] See Malta–Turkey relations
  • Malta has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Valletta.[578]
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).[579]
3 Feb. 1992[580] See Moldova–Turkey relations
Monaco1954[584] See Monaco–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.
Montenegro3 July 2006[585] See Montenegro–Turkey relations
Netherlands1612[587] See Netherlands–Turkey relations
26 Aug. 1992.[593] See North Macedonia–Turkey relations
  • North Macedonia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Skopje and a Consulate General in Bitola.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).[594]
  • 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.
Norway1926[595] See Norway-Turkey relations
  • Norway has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD).
  • 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway .
  • 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Poland1414[596] See Poland–Turkey relations
  • Poland has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Warsaw.[597]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).[598]
  • 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
See also Polonezköy
Portugal1843[599] See Portugal–Turkey relations
  • Portugal has an Embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Lisbon.[600]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD).[601]
  • 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Romania22 Oct. 1879[602] See Romania–Turkey relations
1699[606] See Russia–Turkey relations
Serbia1879[612] See Serbia–Turkey relations
Slovakia1993[615] See Slovakia–Turkey relations
  • Slovakia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bratislava.[616]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).
  • 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Slovenia6 Feb. 1992[617] See Slovenia–Turkey relations
  • Slovenia has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Ljubljana.[618]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015.
  • 50,414 Slovenian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Spain1782[619] See Spain–Turkey relations
  • Spain has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Madrid[620] and a Consulate General in Barcelona.[621]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD).[622]
  • 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Madrid.
Sweden1603[623] See Sweden–Turkey relations
  • Sweden has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Stockholm.[624]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).
  • 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden. See also Turks in Sweden
  • 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Switzerland1899[625] See Switzerland–Turkey relations
  • Switzerland has an Embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Bern[626] and Consulates General in Geneva[627] and Zürich.[628]
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD).[629]
  • 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland.
  • 314,572 Swiss tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
Ukraine3 Feb. 1992[630] See Turkey–Ukraine relations
  • Ukraine has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in Kyiv[631] and a Consulate General in Odesa.[632]
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD).
  • 1,547,996 Ukrainian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kyiv.
[633]
United Kingdom1583[634] See Turkey–United Kingdom relations
  • United Kingdom has an Embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an Embassy in London[635] and a Consulate General in Edinburgh.[636]
  • Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 billion USD in 2011.
  • 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom.
  • 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in London.

International organizations

See main article: Turkey and International Organizations.

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[637] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[638] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[639] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[640] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.[641]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.[642]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[643] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.[644]

See also

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

Greece–Turkey relations

Middle East–Turkey relations

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

Turkey–Turkic world relations

Turkey–United States relations

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

Foreign relations (2002–present)

External links

Notes and References

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  396. Web site: Relations between Turkey and China. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  397. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti T.C.Guanco Başkonsolosluğu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  398. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hong Kong Başkonsolosluğu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  399. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Şanhay Başkonsolosluğu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  400. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and China. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  401. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Cook Islands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  402. Web site: Relations between Turkey and East Timor. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  403. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Republic of Fiji. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  404. Web site: Turkey – India Political Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  405. Web site: Turkey-India Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  406. Web site: Relations between Türkiye and Indonesia.
  407. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Indonesia. 6 October 2020. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  408. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Indonesia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  409. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Japan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  410. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tokyo Büyükelçiliği. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  411. Web site: Turkey opens consulate in Japan's Nagoya city. Hürriyet Daily News. 22 November 2019 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  412. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Japan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  413. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Kiribati. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  414. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Laos. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  415. Web site: Turkey-Laos Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  416. Web site: Turkey-Maldives Political Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  417. Web site: Turkey-Maldives Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  418. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Malaysia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  419. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malaysia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  420. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Marshall Islands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  421. Web site: Diplomatic Relations Between Turkey and Federated States of Micronesia as of 6 Aug. 2007 (United Nations Digital Library). 6 August 2007. Of). Micronesia (Federated States.
  422. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Micronesia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  423. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Mongolia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  424. Web site: Economic Relations between Turkey and Mongolia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  425. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Myanmar. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  426. Web site: Turkey-Myanmar Bilateral Economic and Commercial Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  427. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Nauru . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  428. Web site: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey . 22 November 2023 . The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6 . 155.
  429. Web site: Relations between Turkey and New Zealand . 6 October 2020 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  430. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  431. News: Foreign Minister Davutoğlu "In the last six years, we have taken significant steps to strengthen our relations with Pacific Island States" . . 2014-06-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140615041055/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/foreign-minister-davutoglu-in-the-last-six-years-we-have-taken-significant.en.mfa . 2014-06-15 . dead. "Joint Declaration concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Niue, ...were signed."
  432. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  433. Web site: Turkey-Pakistan Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  434. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İslamabad Büyükelçiliği. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  435. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Karaçi Başkonsolosluğu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  436. Web site: Türkiye dünyada en çok temsilciliği olan 6. ülke. 26 December 2016 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  437. Web site: Turkey-Pakistan Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  438. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Palau. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  439. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Papua New Guinea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  440. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  441. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Philippines. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  442. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Samoa. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  443. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Singapore. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  444. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Singapore. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  445. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Solomon Islands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  446. Web site: Relations between Turkey and South Korea. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  447. Web site: Turkey-Republic of South Korea Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  448. Web site: Turkey-Sri Lanka Political Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  449. Web site: Turkey-Sri Lanka Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  450. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  451. Web site: Economic Relations between Turkey and Tajikistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  452. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Thailand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  453. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Thailand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  454. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Tonga. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  455. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Tuvalu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  456. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Vanuatu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  457. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Vietnam. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  458. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Vietnam. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  459. Web site: Bilateral Relations . 16 December 2023 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain.
  460. Web site: Turkey-Bahrain Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  461. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lefkoşa Büyükelçiliği. lefkosa.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  462. Web site: Political Relations between Türkiye and Georgia . 16 December 2023 . Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  463. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Georgia . 6 October 2020 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  464. Web site: Economic Relations between Turkey and Georgia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  465. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Iran. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  466. Web site: Economic and Commercial Relations with Iran. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  467. Web site: Dr. Mustafa BOSTANCI . 2017 . IRAK'TA MONARŞİNİN SONU (1958 IRAK İHTİLALİ): III. İHTİLALE KADAR TÜRKİYE-IRAK İLİŞKİLERİ . 13 September 2023 . 251 . tr.
  468. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Iraq. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  469. Web site: Economic and Commercial Relations with Israel. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  470. Web site: David Ben-Gurion . Jewishmag.com . 14 May 1948. 6 October 2020.
  471. Web site: Relations between Türkiye and Jordan . 16 December 2023 . Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  472. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Jordan . 6 October 2020 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  473. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Jordan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  474. Book: Chronology of Arab Politics - Volume 2, Issues 1-3 . Political Studies and Public Administration Department of the American University of Beirut . 1964 . 42.
  475. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Kuwait. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  476. Web site: 9 March 1946 . Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon . 30 September 2023 . The New York Times.
  477. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Lebanon. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  478. Book: ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1973. 278.
  479. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Oman. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  480. Web site: Political Relations with the Palestinian National Authority. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  481. Web site: Economic and Commercial Relations with Palestine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  482. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Qatar. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  483. Web site: Erdogan: Turkey-Qatar military base serves regional 'stability'. 25 November 2019. Al Jazeera. 6 October 2020.
  484. Web site: Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ankara . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  485. Web site: Embassy of Turkey in Riyadh . 18 August 2010 . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  486. Web site: Consulate–General of Turkey in Jeddah. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  487. Web site: Turkey-Saudi Arabia Economic and Trade Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  488. Web site: Bilateral Political Relations between Turkey and the UAE. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  489. Web site: Turkey's Commercial and Economic Relations with United Arab Emirates. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  490. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Yemen. Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 6 October 2020.
  491. Web site: 15 December 2023 . Türkiye, Albania mark century of diplomatic relations . 16 December 2023.
  492. Web site: Türkiye-Arnavutluk İlişkileri.
  493. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Andorra.
  494. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Austria.
  495. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Tirana. tiran.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  496. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bregenz Başkonsolosluğu. bregenz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  497. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Salzburg Başkonsolosluğu. salzburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  498. Web site: Economic Relations between Turkey and Austria.
  499. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Belarus.
  500. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Minsk Büyükelçiliği. minsk.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  501. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-belarus.en.mfa Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belarus
  502. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Belgium.
  503. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Brussels. bruksel.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  504. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Antwerpen. anvers.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  505. News: Time: Bulgaria. 23 January 2012.
  506. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Sofya Büyükelçiliği. sofya.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  507. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Burgaz Başkonsolosluğu. burgaz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  508. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Filibe Başkonsolosluğu. filibe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  509. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Bulgaria.
  510. Web site: Foreign Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  511. Web site: Türkiye-Bosna-Hersek Siyasi İlişkileri.
  512. Web site: Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations.
  513. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Croatia.
  514. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Czech Republic.
  515. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Prague. prag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  516. Web site: Danish Business Delegation to Turkey. Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://web.archive.org/web/20110601122436/http://www.ees.dk/db/files/praesentationsbrochure_tyrkiet.pdf. 1 June 2011. dead. 11 December 2010. Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756 Denmark and The Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties—both human and commercial—between our two people....
  517. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Copenhagen. kopenhag.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  518. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Denmark.
  519. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Estonia.
  520. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Tallinn. tallin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  521. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Finland.
  522. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Helsinki. helsinki.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  523. Web site: Relations between Turkey and France.
  524. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Paris Büyükelçiliği. paris.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  525. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Bordo Başkonsolosluğu. bordo.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  526. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Liyon Başkonsolosluğu. lyon.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  527. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Marsilya Başkonsolosluğu. marsilya.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  528. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Nant Başkonsolosluğu. nant.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  529. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Strazburg Başkonsolosluğu. strazburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  530. Web site: Relations between Turkey and France.
  531. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Germany.
  532. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Berlin Büyükelçiliği. berlin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  533. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köln Başkonsolosluğu. koln.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  534. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Düsseldorf Başkonsolosluğu. dusseldorf.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  535. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Essen Başkonsolosluğu. essen.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  536. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Frankfurt Başkonsolosluğu. frankfurt.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  537. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hamburg Başkonsolosluğu. hamburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  538. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Hannover Başkonsolosluğu. hannover.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  539. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı T.C. Karlsruhe Başkonsolosluğu. karlsruhe.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  540. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Mainz Başkonsolosluğu. mainz.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  541. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münih Başkonsolosluğu. munih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  542. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Münster Başkonsolosluğu. munster.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  543. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Nürnberg Başkonsolosluğu. nurnberg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  544. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Stuttgart Başkonsolosluğu. stuttgart.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  545. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Federal Republic of Germany.
  546. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Athens. atina.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  547. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Gümülcine Başkonsolosluğu. gumulcine.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  548. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Athens. atinapire.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  549. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Rodos Başkonsolosluğu. rodos.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  550. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Selanik Başkonsolosluğu. selanik.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  551. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Greece.
  552. Web site: Turkish Minority of Western Thrace.
  553. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Holy See.
  554. Book: Miklós Molnár. A Concise History of Hungary. registration. 2001. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-66736-4. 46.
  555. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Budapest. budapeste.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  556. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Hungary.
  557. Web site: İzlanda'nın Siyasi Görünümü.
  558. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Iceland.
  559. Web site: Dáil Éireann debate -Wednesday, 10 Feb 1960 Vol. 179 No. 1 Written Answers. - Irish Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices. . 19 October 2023 . oireachtas.ie.
  560. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey. dublin.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  561. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Ireland.
  562. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Ireland.
  563. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Ambasciata della Repubblica di Turchia a Roma. roma.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  564. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Milano Başkonsolosluğu. milano.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  565. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Italy.
  566. Web site: Türkiye – Kosova İlişkileri.
  567. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Kosovo.
  568. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Latvia.
  569. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Riga. riga.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  570. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein .
  571. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein.
  572. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Lithuania.
  573. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Vilnius. vilnius.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  574. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Luxembourg (MFA of Turkey) .
  575. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lüksemburg Büyükelçiliği. luksemburg.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  576. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
  577. Web site: Congratulations to friendly Republic of Malta on the 57th Anniversary of the Independence Day. .
  578. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Malta. valetta.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  579. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Malta.
  580. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Moldova.
  581. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kişinev Büyükelçiliği. kisinev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  582. Web site: Turkey to Continue Supporting Gagauzia and Moldova. Anadolu Agency.
  583. News: Gagauzia's Head urges Russia, Turkey and Azerbaijan to be guarantors of its survival. Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation: Global Research and Analysis.
  584. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Principality of Monaco.
  585. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Montenegro.
  586. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in Podgorica. podgorica.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  587. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 20 December 2020.
  588. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy in The Hague. lahey.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  589. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Amsterdam. amsterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  590. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Consulate General of Deventer. deventer.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  591. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General In Rotterdam. rotterdam.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  592. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and the Netherlands.
  593. Web site: Министерство за надворешни работи. https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040551/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310. 30 September 2011. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  594. Web site: Kuzey Makedonya Cumhuriyeti'nin Ekonomisi.
  595. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Norway.
  596. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Poland.
  597. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Warsaw. varsova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  598. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Poland.
  599. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Portugal.
  600. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Lisboa. lizbon.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  601. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Portugal.
  602. Web site: Republic of Turkey: Bilateral Relations.
  603. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bucharest. bukres.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  604. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Köstence Başkonsolosluğu. kostence.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  605. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Romania.
  606. Book: Edward J. Phillips. The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714. 1995. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-29520-1. 113.
  607. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Moskova Büyükelçiliği. moskova.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  608. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Kazan Başkonsolosluğu. kazan.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  609. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Novorossisk Başkonsolosluğu. novorossisk.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  610. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı St. Petersburg Başkonsolosluğu. stpetersburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  611. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation.
  612. Web site: Turkey. mfa.gov.rs.
  613. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Belgrade. belgrad.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  614. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Serbia.
  615. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Slovakia.
  616. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bratislava. bratislava.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  617. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Slovenia.
  618. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Ljubljana. ljubljana.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  619. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Spain.
  620. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Madrid Büyükelçiliği. madrid.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  621. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Barselona Başkonsolosluğu. barselona.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  622. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Spain.
  623. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Sweden.
  624. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Stockholm. stokholm.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  625. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Switzerland.
  626. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Bern. bern.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  627. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Cenevre Başkonsolosluğu. cenevre.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  628. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Zürih Başkonsolosluğu. zurih.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  629. Web site: Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and Switzerland.
  630. Web site: Relations between Turkey and Ukraine.
  631. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In Kyiv. kiev.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  632. Web site: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Odessa Başkonsolosluğu.
  633. Web site: Türkiye-Ukrayna Serbest Ticaret Anlaşması iş insanlarına yeni iş birliği kapıları açacak . Aa.com.tr . 2019-11-13 . 2022-06-29.
  634. Web site: Relations between Turkey and the United Kingdom.
  635. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Embassy In London. londra.be.mfa.gov.tr.
  636. Web site: T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Turkish Consulate General in Edinburgh. edinburg.bk.mfa.gov.tr.
  637. Web site: Member States of the United Nations . United Nations . 28 September 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212320/http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm . 17 January 2016 .
  638. Web site: Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . Oecd.org . 28 September 2010.
  639. Web site: The organization of Islamic Confernce . 30 October 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061109030135/http://www.oic-oci.org/english/main/member-States.htm . 9 November 2006 .
  640. Web site: About – Participating States . OSCE . 28 September 2010.
  641. Web site: 2024-01-11 . EU trade relations with Türkiye . 2024-02-16 . policy.trade.ec.europa.eu . en.
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