| Lokum | |
| Country: | Safavid (Name of Iran) or the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)[1] |
| Type: | Confection |
| Served: | Room temperature |
| Main Ingredient: | Starch, sugar[2] [3] [4] |
| Minor Ingredient: | Fruit, nuts, honey |
| Variations: | Multiple |
Turkish delight or lokum (/lɔ.kʊm/) is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater, mastic gum, bergamot orange, or lemon. Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint. The confection is often packaged and eaten in small cubes dusted with icing sugar, copra, or powdered cream of tartar to prevent clinging. In the production process, soapwort may be used as an emulsifying additive.[5]
The origin of lokum is not precisely known, though the confection is known to have been produced in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Greek populations in Asia Minor[6] and Safavid Azerbaijan since the late 18th century.
The exact origin of these sweets is yet to be definitively determined, partly due to the origins being fiercely contested amongst Greeks and Turks.
According to the Turkish: Hacı Bekir|italic=no company, Bekir Efendi, named Turkish: Hacı Bekir|italic=no after performing the Hajj, moved to Constantinople from his hometown Kastamonu and opened his confectionery shop in the district of Turkish: Bahçekapı|italic=no in 1777. He produced various kinds of candies and Turkish: lokum, later including a unique form of Turkish: lokum made with starch and sugar. The family business, now in its fifth generation, still operates under the founder's name.[7]
Tim Richardson, a historian of sweets, has questioned the popular attribution of Turkish: Hacı Bekir|italic=no as the inventor of Turkish delight, writing that "specific names and dates are often erroneously associated with the invention of particular sweets, not least for commercial reasons".[8] Similar Arab and Persian recipes, including the use of starch and sugar, predate Bekir by several centuries.[9] The Oxford Companion to Food states that although Bekir is often credited with the invention, there is no hard evidence for it.[10]
Some sources indicate that the concept of Loukoumi dates back to Byzantine times.[11] Regardless, the sweet may have been re-invented since, though this is subject to heavy debate.
The Turkish names Turkish: lokma and Turkish: lokum are derived from the Arabic word Arabic: luqma(t) and its plural Arabic: luqam (Arabic: لُقَم) meaning 'morsel' and 'mouthful'[12] and the alternative Ottoman Turkish name, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: rahat-ul hulküm,[13] was an Arabic formulation, Arabic: rāḥat al-hulqūm (Arabic: رَاحَةُ ٱلْحُلْقُوم), meaning 'comfort of the throat', which remains the name in formal Arabic.[14]
In Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Tunisia it is known as Arabic: ḥalqūm, while in Kuwait it is called Arabic: كبده الفرس Arabic: kabdat alfaras; in Egypt it is called malban (ملبن pronounced as /ˈmælbæn/) or ʕagameyya, and in Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria Arabic: rāḥa (Arabic: راحة). Its name in various Eastern European languages comes from Ottoman Turkish Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: lokum (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: لوقوم) or Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: rahat-ul hulküm. Its name in Greek, Greek, Modern (1453-);: λουκούμι (Greek, Modern (1453-);: loukoumi) shares a similar etymology with the modern Turkish and it is marketed as Greek Delight. In Cyprus, where the dessert has protected geographical indication (PGI),[15] [16] it is also marketed as Cyprus Delight. In Armenian it is called Armenian: lokhum (Armenian: լոխում). It is läoma ܠܥܡܐ in Assyrian. Its name in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Israel is Hebrew: rahat lokum, and derives from a very old confusion of the two names found already in Ottoman Turkish; indeed this mixed name can also be found in Turkey today. Its name in Serbo-Croatian is ratluk (ратлук), a reduced form of the same name. In Persian, it is called Persian: rāhat-ol-holqum (Persian: راحت الحلقوم).[17] In the Indian subcontinent, a variant of it is known as Karachi halwa or Bombay halwa. In Hungary it is called szultán kenyér (Sultan's bread).
In English, it was formerly alternatively known as "lumps of delight".[18]
In Bulgarian, Turkish delight is known as lokum (локум) and enjoys some popularity.
In Armenia, Turkish delight is known as lokhum (լոխում) and is used for various sweets. For example It is used to make Cigarette cookies, (Armenian: սիգարետ թխվածքաբլիթներ) which are soft cookies that are rolled into the form of a cigarette. They are filled with either lokhum, a mixture of sugar, cardamom, and walnuts, or a combination of both. The dough mainly consists of matzoon, butter, eggs, and flour. When finished the pastry gets dusted with powdered sugar.[19] [20]
In Greece, Turkish delight, known as loukoumi, has been a popular delicacy since the 19th century, famously produced in the city of Patras (Patrina loukoumia) as well as on the island of Syros and the northern Greek cities Thessaloniki, Serres and Komotini but elsewhere as well. Loukoumi is a common traditional treat, routinely served instead of biscuits along with coffee. In addition to the common rosewater and bergamot varieties, mastic-flavored loukoumi is available and very popular. Another sweet, similar to loukoumi, that is made exclusively in the town of Serres, is Akanés. Cyprus is the only country that has a protected geographical indication (PGI) for this product: Loukoumi made in Yeroskipou is called (loukoumi geroskipou).[21]
In Romania, Turkish delight is called and it is eaten as is or is added in many Romanian cakes called cornulețe, cozonac or salam de biscuiţi.[22]
Serbia
In Serbia it is commonly known as ratluk and as well served along tea and coffee.
Turkish delight was introduced to European portions of the Ottoman Empire under its rule and has remained popular. Today it is commonly consumed with coffee. Rosewater and walnut are the most common flavorings.
Fry's Turkish Delight, created in 1914, is marketed by Cadbury in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, South Africa, Canada and New Zealand. It is rosewater-flavored, and covered on all sides in milk chocolate. UK production moved to Poland in 2010.[23] Hadji Bey was an Armenian emigrant to Ireland who in 1902 set up an eponymous company – still in existence – to produce rahat lokoum for the Irish and later UK markets.
In Canada, the Big Turk chocolate bar made by Nestlé consists of dark magenta Turkish Delight coated in milk chocolate.
In Karachi, now in Pakistan, the "Karachi halwa" was made with corn flour and ghee and became quite popular. It is said to have been developed by Chandu Halwai which later relocated to Bombay (Mumbai) after the partition in 1947.[24] Some of the confectioners termed it Bombay Halwa to avoid its connection with a Pakistani city. [25] In the year 1896, a confectioner Giridhar Mavji who ran a shop Joshi Budhakaka Mahim Halwawala attempted to replace the starch with wheat flour and thus invented Mahim halwa which consists of flat sheets.[26]
Turkish delight was an early precursor to the jelly bean, inspiring its gummy interior.[27] [28]
Turkish delight features as the enchanted confection the White Witch uses to gain the loyalty of Edmund Pevensie in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis.[29] Sales of Turkish delight rose following the theatrical release of the 2005 film .[30]
Turkish delight holds deep cultural significance in Greece, Turkey, Iran, and across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. It symbolizes hospitality, generosity, and celebration. In Turkey, lokum is a staple during festive occasions such as weddings, where it symbolizes sweetness and prosperity in the couples' life together.[31] Similarly, during religious festivals like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, it is exchanged as gifts among family and friends. In Greece, loukoumi is a symbol of hospitality and refinement. It is commonly served to guests alongside tea or coffee, representing warmth and respect for visitors.[32] Lokum's sweet taste is often seen as a metaphor for the sweetness of life and relationships, making it a beloved symbol of joy and togetherness.