Tupolev Tu-16 Explained

The Tupolev Tu-16 (USAF/DOD reporting name Type 39;[1] NATO reporting name: Badger)[2] is a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has been flown for almost 70 years. While many aircraft in Soviet service were retired after the Cold War ended, the Chinese license-built version Xian H-6 remains in service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force, with more being built .[3]

Development

In the late 1940s, the Soviet Union was strongly committed to matching the United States in strategic bombing capability. The Soviets' only long-range bomber at the time was Tupolev's Tu-4 "Bull", a reverse-engineered copy of the American B-29 Superfortress. The development of the notably powerful Mikulin AM-3 turbojet led to the possibility of a large, jet-powered bomber.

The Tupolev design bureau began work on the Tu-88 ("Aircraft N") prototypes in 1950. The Tu-88 first flew on 27 April 1952. After winning a competition against the Ilyushin Il-46, it was approved for production in December 1952. The first production bombers entered service with Frontal Aviation in 1954, receiving the service designation Tu-16. It received the NATO reporting name Badger-A.

It had a new, large swept wing and two large Mikulin AM-3 turbojets, one in each wing root. It could carry a single massive FAB-9000 bomb (the Russian equivalent in terms of size of the British Grand Slam, but a conventional bomb rather than a deep ground penetrator) or various nuclear weapons for a range of around . Production took place in three aviation plants, Kazan Aircraft Production Association, Kuybyshev, and Voronezh Aircraft Production Association.

Although the Tu-16 began as a high-altitude, free-fall bomber, in the mid-1950s, it was equipped to carry early Soviet cruise missiles. The Tu-16KS-1 (Badger-B) version could carry AS-1 missiles over a combat radius of . These very large weapons were aerodynamically similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighter, fitted with either a nuclear or conventional warhead, having a range of about . They were intended for use primarily against US Navy aircraft carriers and other large surface ships. Subsequent Tu-16s were converted to carry later, more advanced missiles, while their designations changed several times.

A versatile design, the Tu-16 was built in numerous specialized variants for aerial reconnaissance, maritime surveillance, electronic intelligence gathering (ELINT), and electronic warfare (ECM). In total, 1,507 aircraft were constructed in three plants in the Soviet Union, in 1954–1962. A civilian adaptation, the Tupolev Tu-104, saw passenger service with Aeroflot. The Tu-16 was also exported to Indonesia, Egypt, and Iraq. It continued to be used by the Air Forces and naval aviation of the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia, until 1993.

Delivery of the Tu-16 to China began in 1958, and the Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation license-produced the aircraft under the Chinese designation Xian H-6. At least 120 of these aircraft remain in service. On 14 May 1965, one of the PLAAF Tu-16 bombers carried out the first airborne nuclear weapon test inside China.[4]

Variants

See also: Xian H-6.

Among the main production variants of the Badger were the Tu-16 and Tu-16A bombers and Tu-16KS and Tu-16K-10 missile carriers, Tu-16SPS, "Elka", and Tu-16Ye ECM aircraft, Tu-16R reconnaissance aircraft, and Tu-16T torpedo bombers; others were produced from conversions. Individual aircraft could be modified several times, with designations changed, especially concerning missile-carrying aircraft.

Former operators

30 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995.[5]

10 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995.[6]

18 aircraft inherited upon the fall of the Soviet Union,[7] out of service by 1995.[8]

A few Tu-16s were acquired in 1959; the type was then built under licence as the Xian H-6.

Operated Tu-16KS, Tu-16T, Tu-16KSR-2-11, and Tu-16R. Also operated H-6. Last retired in 2000.[9] By 1966, Air Group 65, with its primary base at Cairo West Air Base, was operating three squadrons of Tu-16s: No. 34 and 36 Squadrons with bomber variants, and No. 95 Squadron equipped with the Tu-16KS' that could carry AS-1 Kennel air-to-surface missiles.[10]

20 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995.[11]

8 x Tu-16 and 6 x Tu-16KSR-2-11. Also operated 4 B-6D (H-6D). One B-6D was downed during the Iran-Iraq War. Two were destroyed in Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

121 aircraft inherited from USSR. All retired from service.

Notable accidents

References

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Jane's All the World's Aircraft p. 188
  2. Web site: Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles. www.designation-systems.net. 6 May 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201653/http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Listings_Bombers. 11 October 2017.
  3. Web site: The Chinese Air Force Sure Is Buying A Lot Of Bombers. David. Axe. 16 November 2020. Forbes. 24 September 2023. 27 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230527010741/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2020/11/16/the-chinese-air-force-sure-is-buying-a-lot-of-bombers/. live.
  4. Web site: Tu-16 bomber carried out nuclear bomb test in China, 1965 . AirForceWorld.com . 15 July 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110906140941/http://www.airforceworld.com/bomber/Tu-16_Badger_Bomber_Soviet_Union.htm . 6 September 2011 .
  5. Web site: World Air Forces. Armenia Air Force. 2007-01-12. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070115114214/http://worldairforces.com/Countries/armenia/arm.html. 2007-01-15.
  6. Web site: World Air Forces. Azerbaijan Air Force. 2007-01-12. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20061112094401/http://www.worldairforces.com/countries/azerbaijan/aze.html. 2006-11-12.
  7. August 2006 . Aircraft Profile:Tupolev Tu-16 Badger . Air International .
  8. Web site: World Air Forces. Belarus Air Force. 2007-01-12. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20061231070813/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/belarus/bye.html. 2006-12-31.
  9. Web site: VectorSite. The Tupolev Tu-16 "Badger". 2007-01-12. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20120417131858/http://www.vectorsite.net/avtu16.html. 2012-04-17.
  10. Web site: Did you know the former President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak was a good military pilot? Part 2 Nocturnal Il-28 reconnaissance sorties over Israe. 18 April 2020. 19 April 2020. AviationGeekClub.com. Tom. Cooper. 18 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200418220946/https://theaviationgeekclub.com/did-you-know-the-former-president-of-egypt-hosni-mubarak-was-a-good-military-pilot-pt-2-nocturnal-il-28-reconnaissance-sorties-over-israel/. live.
  11. Web site: World Air Forces. Georgia Air Force. 2007-01-12. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070117013641/http://worldairforces.com/Countries/georgia/geo.html. 2007-01-17.
  12. Web site: That time a Soviet bomber crashed into the sea after buzzing a U.S. aircraft carrier. David. Cenciotti. The Aviationist . 14 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814180227/https://theaviationist.com/2016/04/14/that-time-a-soviet-bomber-crashed-into-the-sea-after-buzzing-a-u-s-aircraft-carrier/ . 14 August 2017 . live.
  13. http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1968/05/26/page/1/article/russ-bomber-falls-in-sea-near-u-s-ship/ "Russ bomber falls in sea near U.S. ship May 26, 1968"
  14. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/23/weekinreview/the-game-pilots-play-over-the-mediterranean.html The Games Pilots Play Over the Mediterranean August 23, 1981
  15. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=184720 ASN Aircraft Accident 27-May-1968 Tupolev Tu-16 Badger
  16. Book: Боевые лётчики — дважды и трижды Герои Советского Союза. Simonov. Andrey. Andrey Simonov. Bodrikhin. Nikolai. Russian Knights Foundation and Vadim Zadorozhny Museum of Technology. 2017. 9785990960510. Moscow. 1005741956. Combat pilots - Twice and thrice Heroes of the Soviet Union. 46.
  17. "Soviet Union Military Plane Crashes in Norway", Facts On File World News Digest, October 27, 1978 Retrieved August 15, 2017
  18. https://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0909/090940.html Svalbard Arctic out post at strategic crossroads September 9, 1980
  19. Umbreit, Andreas Bradt Svalbard: Spitzbergen with Frank Josef Land & Jan Mayen page 132 Retrieved August 15, 2017