Tupolev Tu-204 Explained

The Tupolev Tu-204 (Russian: Туполев Ту-204) is a twin-engined medium-range narrow-body jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1989, it was intended to be broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower range and payload, and had competitive performance and fuel efficiency in its class.

It was developed for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet in the 1990s. The latest version, with significant upgrades and improvements, is the narrow-body Tu-204SM, which made its maiden flight on 29 December 2010.[1] In April 2022, United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) announced plans to assemble 70 Tu-214s by 2030.[2] However, in 2024, Aeroflot expressed intention to transfer its order for domestic aircraft exclusively to next-gen MC-21 jets. The rejection of the new Tupolev has various reasons, including no two-member cockpit, and about 13% of avionics and evacuation ramps, still needing to be replaced by Russian equipment.[3]

Design and development

The Tu-204 was designed as a family of aircraft incorporating passenger, cargo, combi and quick-change variants. It is powered by either two Aviadvigatel PS-90 or Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. The Tu-204 is produced at two of the largest Russian aircraft manufacturing plants in Ulyanovsk (Tu-204 series) and Kazan (Tu-214).[4]

The Tu-204 cabin is available in several layouts, including the baseline single-class layout seating for 210 passengers and a two- or three-class layout designed for 164–193 passengers. A cargo version of the Tu-204 is being successfully operated by several airlines in Europe and Egypt.[4]

Seating configuration is 3–3 in economy and 2–2 in Business class. The business class cabin has a seat pitch of 810mm. The passenger cabin can be divided into compartments according to class with removable bulkheads and curtains. Compartments are illuminated by reflected light. Overhead bins for passenger baggage and coats are of the closed type. The volume of baggage per passenger is .[5]

In 1994, the first certificate for Tu-204 aircraft (with PS-90A engines) was issued. Subsequently, issued certificates have extended estimated operational conditions. The Tu-204-120 variant, certified with Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4 engines, complies with noise regulations described in Chapter 3 of Supplement 16 to ICAO, hence meeting all current European and ICAO requirements.[6] The Tu-204-100 variant, certified with PS-90A engines, complies with noise regulations described in Chapter 4 of Supplement 16 to ICAO which means it is quieter. The aircraft was certified to Russian standards AP-25 (harmonized with FAR-25 and JAR-25).[7]

Technology

The Tu-204 is part of the same generation of Russian aircraft as the Ilyushin Il-96. The Tu-204 features technologies such as fly-by-wire control systems, a glass cockpit, supercritical wings with winglets, and is available with Russian or foreign avionics.[8] The wings and tails are relatively resistant to ice build-up, and as such anti-icing systems are not equipped. Among today's airliners the Tu-204 is the only one which does not require wing anti-icing systems. During the test flight safety has been confirmed without the anti-icing system on the bearing surfaces and the aircraft obtained Russian and European certificates.

Tu-204 variants

Tu-204/204C

The Tu-204 is the basic passenger airline model, and the Tu-204C is the basic freight or cargo model. The most-used models are the -100C and the -120C.[9]

Tu-204-100/200

Certified in January 1995, this initial version is powered by Soloviev (now Aviadvigatel) PS90 turbofans with 157 kN (35,300 lbf) of thrust, and uses Russian avionics in addition to its Russian engines. The Tu-204-200 is a heavier version with extra fuel for more range. Only one was built by Aviastar-SP in Ulyanovsk but has not yet been delivered (RA-64036). Now this version is only produced by KAPO in Kazan, marketed under the designation Tu-214. The Tu-204-100C and Tu-204-200C are cargo versions of the −100 and −200 respectively, fitted with a forward main deck freight door. Currently, the Tu-204-100/200 is offered with the option of an up-rated Aviadvigatel PS90A2 turbofan, which promises 40% more service between overhauls.[10]

The Tu-204-100's maximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 107.5 tonnes, and its range with 196 passengers in a two-class configuration is 6000km (4,000miles).

Tu-204-120/220/120C/220C

To broaden product appeal, the Tu-204-120/220 offers non-Russian avionics and engines. It is powered by two Rolls-Royce RB211-535 engines, each with thrust of 192 kN (43,100 lbf). Egypt's Cairo Aviation became the debut operator in November 1998 when it took delivery of a Tu-204-120 and its cargo version the Tu-204-120C. The Tu-204-220 and Tu-204-220C cargo version, are a higher gross weight variants of the basic Tu-204-120.[11]

The Tu-204-120 has a maximum takeoff weight of 103 metric tons and a range of 4600km (2,900miles) with 196 passengers in a two-class seating configuration.

Tu-204-300

A shortened, longer-range and more efficient derivative of the Tu-204, the Tu-204-300 is also known as Tu-234. About six meters (20 ft) shorter than the basic Tu-204, this variant is available in two versions: the longer-ranged, heavier version, powered by Aviadvigatel PS 90-A2 turbofans, has a maximum take-off weight of 107.5 metric tons and range (with 166 passengers) increased to 9300km (5,800miles); and the lighter, shorter-ranged version, with a maximum take-off weight of 89 metric tons and range of 3500km (2,200miles) with 166 passengers. The former Russian airline Vladivostok Air was the debut customer. This airline's aircraft are in a two-class seating configuration, with a 142-passenger capacity. Average numbers of flight hours during each 24-hour period is 9.35 hours, for year 2009. It is also operated by Air Koryo which currently operates one Tu-204-100B and one Tu-204-300. The Тu-204s operate on the Pyongyang-Beijing, Bangkok, Vladivostok, Shenyang and Kuala Lumpur routes.[12]

Tu-204-500

This is a version of the Tu-204-300 optimized for shorter routes, featuring smaller wings and an increased cruising speed (to Mach 0.84), which makes it a competitor to the Next Generation Boeing 737. It is ETOPS rated, and fitted with a Honeywell 331-200ER APU.[13]

Tu-206

The Tu-206 is a company-funded concept aircraft that, if built, would be used as a testbed for alternative fuels, specifically liquefied natural gas.[14]

Tu-204SM

The Tu-204SM, alternatively Tu-204CM,[15] a medium-range airliner, is an upgraded version of the Tu-204-100/300.[16] [17] While the Tu-204SM will retain key design and aerodynamic features of the Tu-204-100/100E/100V series, there are numerous upgrades, largely aimed at meeting the current and near-future Russian and international standards, including those of ICAO and Eurocontrol.

The new cockpit features allow the Tu-204SM to be flown by a two-pilot crew (as compared with the three-pilot arrangement of the original Tu-204 series). These features include a new computer (VSUPT-85-2040), a new flight management system (ASO-204/FMS), wide LCD displays (KSEIS-204E), head-up displays (HUD), and an automated board system maintenance and diagnostic system. The electronic flight bag concept will be implemented and all controls and displays will be in English.

The Tu-204SM will be powered by two PS-90A2 engines. The latter is significantly improved over the original PS-90A power plants.[18] and features a unified twin-spool turbofan with a high bypass ratio. The PS-90A2 is expected a life cycle cost saving of 35% over the original engine with a simultaneous increase in reliability in the 50 to 100% range. The PS-90A2 is designed to meet the Russian AP-33 aviation standard, which is harmonized with the US FAR Part 33 and the European JAR33.

There will also be a new APU (TA-18 APU-200) and upgraded fuel management, hydraulic and fire safety systems.

The updated passenger cabin accommodates a maximum of 210 passengers or 174 in a typical two-class layout.The upgrades include[16] [17] new larger storage bins, multicolored LED lighting, sound-absorbing structures and a modern in-flight entertainment system (IFE).

The price for one Tu-204SM is estimated at USD 40–47 million.

The first test flight of Tu-204SM was successfully carried out on 29 December 2010.[1] First deliveries of Tu-204SM were originally planned for 2011.[17] As of December 2019, no Tu-204SM aircraft have been delivered and the project likely will never see fruition.

Tu-204SM orders

Red Wings Airlines was the first airline to order the Tu-204SM. Ilyushin Finance Co. (IFC) said it would complete negotiations with Red Wings for 44 Tu-204SM aircraft in February, to sign a firm order in March 2011. Red Wings already operates a fleet of Tu-204-100 and Tu-204-100V jetliners, to which it added one airframe in 2010.[19] Russia's largest aircraft lessor, Ilyushin Finance, has previously placed Tu-204-100 aircraft with Cubana, Air Koryo and Red Wings, and Tu-204-300s with Vladivostok Avia and Air Koryo. Faced with low production rates for the Tu-204 models, Tupolev asked component providers to lower their prices in order to cut the plane's overall price by 27–30%. These suppliers agreed, on condition that 44 more firm orders be secured for the Tu-204SM through 2016.

By January 2012 a firm order from Red Wings had not been signed, the stumbling blocks being requests for guarantees of the residual value of the airframes and after-sales support at a cost the same as an equivalent Airbus or Boeing model.[20] It was subsequently announced that Red Wings had cut back its initial commitment from 44 to 15 Tu-204SMs due to delays to the flight-test programme and after the lessor Ilyushin Finance reportedly "lost interest".[21]

A large order by Iran Air Tours is under threat because of sanctions against the Iranian economy, as the American company Pratt & Whitney has been involved in the development of the engine with the Perm Engine Company. Completing the sale by re-equipping the Tu-204SMs with the Tu-204's Russian-made PS-90A engines has been proposed.[22]

At the Singapore Air Show in 2016 the Vice President of the Russian United Aircraft Corporation stated that every company that has ordered the Tu-204 has gone bankrupt so there were no outstanding orders for the Tu-204SM, and Tupolev has frozen development work on the aircraft and UAC would withdraw it from their list of aircraft prices as soon as the Irkut MC-21 comes to the market.

Tu-214 variants

Tu-214

The Tu-214 is also a variation of the Tu-204 first flown on 21 March 1996.[23] It is technically a Tu-204-200, one of the differences being that it is built by a different factory. Planes designated Tu-204 are produced in Ulyanovsk by Aviastar-SP; Tu-214 in Kazan by the Kazan Aircraft Production Association (KAPO).[24] [25] Both factories are independent from the Tupolev design bureau and have some control over the design of the variant they produce.

The main difference is a full-size main door at the left side of the fuselage just before the wing. The Tu-204 has two main doors and two emergency doors; the Tu-214 has three doors and one emergency door.

The Tu-214 is essentially a higher gross weight variant of the Tu-204, being fitted with extra fuel tanks and structural adjustments to deal with the heavier gross weight. For this reason, the Russian government prefers to use it as the platform upon which all further modifications for the 'Special Mission' variants will be based. Some of the special mission variants are claimed to be capable of a non-stop 10,000-kilometre flight range.[26]

As of July 2018, a total of three Tupolev Tu-214 aircraft were in airline service with Rossiya.

In March 2022, CEO of Rostec Sergey Chemezov declared a possibility to relaunch big production of Tu-214 due to International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.[27] On 6 April 2022, Yuri Slusar announced the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) had already started production of 20 Tu-214s to replace Russia's fleet of Boeing and Airbus passenger aircraft.[28]

On 16 August 2022, United Aircraft Corporation announced plans to increase Tupolev Tu-214 production to at least 10 to 12 aircraft per year, with the aim to produce 70 Tupolev Tu-214 by 2030.[29] The first Tu-214 for commercial flights will appear in 2024.[30]

Tu-214ON

The Tu-214ON is an observation version of the Tu-204-200, equipped for Treaty on Open Skies missions and built by Kazan Aircraft Production Association. Vega Radio Engineering Corporation was contracted for the development of airborne surveillance system, ground-based complex and other mission equipment for the aircraft. It is equipped with one A-84ON panoramic camera, one AK-111 topographic camera and two perspective AK-112 digital aerial cameras to capture high-resolution aerial photography.[31] Two video cameras, a Raduga infrared thermographic camera and Ronsard Side looking airborne radar are also fitted.[32]

The first Tu-214ON (RA-64519) was demonstrated at the MAKS-2011 international air show in Moscow. It performed its first test flight on 1 June 2011, which was followed by a series of 24 flights by December 2011. The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation conducted state tests to verify the air and ground equipment of the Tu-214ON aircraft in April 2013. The jet was delivered to the Russian Defence Ministry on 22 August 2013. The second airliner (RA-64525) made its first flight on 18 December 2013 and was delivered on 4 July 2014.[33] The Tu-214ON is set to replace the Tupolev Tu-154 and Antonov An-30 aircraft in the role.[34]

After Russia withdrew from the Treaty on Open Skies in 2021, the two Tu-214ON used for treaty observation missions have been used for military observation flights in Crimea.[35]

Tu-214PU

Airborne command post version. Six operated for the Russian President.[36] [37] [38]

Tu-214SR

Tu-214SUS

Communications relay version for the Russian President. Two delivered.[36] [41]

Tu-214R

Special-mission versions of the Tu-214 commercial transport aircraft, developed under the codename 'Project 141', to replace the Il-20 ELINT platform. The aircraft are configured to carry the MRC-411 multi-intelligence payload, to include electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensors, side-looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and other Signals Intelligence (SIGINT). In addition, the aircraft will carry multi-spectral electro-optical systems.[42] The aircraft has conducted test flights over the Sea of Japan but the programme experienced problems in January 2013. (Jane's Defence Weekly 16 January 2013)

The Tu-214R made its public debut in August 2013 at Moscow Air Show MAKS and was heralded as a platform for conducting surveillance of the U.S., in accordance with the Treaty on Open Skies, to monitor compliance with the relevant treaties.[43] [44]

As of January 2015, two were conducting test flights with the Russian Air Force.[45]

In February 2016, Russia was reported to have deployed one Tu-214R to its base in Latakia, Syria.[46] [47]

In July 2016, two flights have been reported to have been conducted near the Latvian, Estonian and Finnish borders, with the plane (registry reported as RA-64514) conducting close approaches a few dozen kilometers of the Finnish border on 5 and 7 July.[48]

After Syria operation, the aircraft was declared combat-ready. One plane was reportedly used against Ukraine in 2022.[49]

Tu-214PU-SBUS

Special-purpose aircraft-control point equipped with a special onboard communication unit SBUS-214 intended for the Ministry of Defence of Russia. The aircraft is built with Russian-made components only, meeting the requirements of the state customers, and has a range of at least 7200km (4,500miles). The main purpose of the aircraft is to provide additional communication capabilities to the user.[50] The Russian MoD placed an order for two aircraft in November 2015.[51] The first aircraft was delivered in March 2018,[52] the second in June the same year.[53]

Tu-214LMK

A flying laboratory based on a serial Tu-214 passenger plane (registration number RA-64507) equipped with a multifunctional flight complex LMK-214. The aircraft is intended for in-flight testing of a new radar complex and other on-board aviation equipment for the modernized Tupolev Tu-160M2 and the future Tupolev PAK DA strategic bombers. It began flight testing on 29 December 2018.[54]

Operators

As of July 2018, there are 14 aircraft in commercial service.[55] Total users as of August 2019 include:

AirlineAircraft typeIn serviceOn orderStored
Air KoryoTu-204-100 1 0 0
Tu-204-300 1 0 0
Aviastar-TUTu-204-100C 1 0 1
Aviastar-TU Co. LtdTu-204 4 2 4
Business Aero (for VTB) Tu-204-300A 1[56] 0 0
Tu-204-120CE 0 2 0
Tu-204-100E 3 0 1
Kosmos Airlines[57] Tu-204-100 1 0 0
Red Wings Airlines[58] [59] Tu-204-100 1 0 1
Tu-214 1 0 0
Roscosmos[60] Tu-204-300 2 0 0
RusJet[61] Tu-204-100B 1 0 0
Russair[62] Tu-204-100E 1 0 0
Russian Aerospace Forces[63] Tu-214 2 0 0
Russian PostTu-204-100C 2[64] 0 0
Special Flight Squadron "Rossiya"[65] Tu-204-300 3 0 0
Tu-214 4 0 0
Tu-214SR 5 0 0
Tu-214PU 4 0 0
UVT AeroTu-214 02[66] 0
Total All versions 37 6 7

As is common with post-Soviet Russian aircraft, the Tupolev is a relatively rare aircraft, with only 86 examples being built as of December 2019. However, because of the 2022 sanctions, Russia aims to build at least 10 jets per year to replace its fleets.[67]

Previous operators

AirlineAircraft typeStatusYear retiredNotes
Tu-204-100 Delivered 2005 After the break-down, given to other airlines including Vnukovo Airlines
Tu-204-100/204SM Order Canceled 2010 The airline planned to acquire some from parent airline Red Wings Airlines.
Orders cancelled due to bankruptcy.
CainiaoTu-204-100CDelivered2022Operated by Aviastar-TU, aircraft destroyed by fire at Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport and written off
Cairo AviationTu-204-120/120CDelivered2018Airline went bankrupt in 2018
Tu-214 Delivered 2009 Airline went bankrupt in 2009
Tu-204-100 Delivered 2011 Airline went bankrupt in 2011
Tu-214 Delivered 2008 Airline went bankrupt in 2008
Tu-204-100 Order Canceled 2008 Orders canceled due to bankruptcy
Tu-204-100 Delivered 2014 Aircraft stored inactive
Tu-204-100 Delivered 2005 Acquired after the bankruptcy of Vnukovo Airlines
Tu-214 Delivered 2015 Launch customer of that type.
Ceased operations in 2015 due to financial difficulties.
Tu-204-300 Delivered 2013 Launch customer of type
Tu-204-100 Delivered 2001 Launch customer. Airline went bankrupt in 2001.

Production by year

Year20062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022
Produced 4 2 10 6 4 6 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 0 2 1 0

Sources: russianplanes.net,[68] planespotters.net[69]

Specifications

Tupolev Tu-204 specifications[70] [71] [72] !!204-100 / 204-120!214!204–300!204SM
Cockpit crewThree Two
Seating172–210180–210142–156176–215
Seat pitch32–47 in32–39 in32–46 in32–38 in
Length
Wing span, area
Height
Fuselage width x height
Cabin width x height
MTOW-100:
-120:
Max. payload
Fuel capacity
Engine (x 2)-100: Aviadvigatel PS-90A
-120: Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4B		Aviadvigatel PS-90A or
Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4B		Aviadvigatel PS-90A2
Thrust (x 2)-100: 157 kN (35,274 lbf)
-120: 186 kN (41,888 lbf)		158.2 kN (35,582 lbf)171.6 kN (38,581 lbf)
Speed Cruise, Max
Range (Max PL)-100:
-120: 		[73]
Takeoff (MTOW)
Ceiling

Accidents and incidents

See also

Sources

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: UAC to manufacture 70 Tu-214s by 2030 . Centreforaviation.com . 2022-04-08 . 2022-05-02.
  3. Web site: Почему "Аэрофлот" хочет получать только самолеты МС-21. 2024-07-27.
  4. Web site: Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-214, Tu-224 & Tu-234 . Airliners.net . 30 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110910202432/http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=377 . 10 September 2011 . live .
  5. Web site: Best seats Tupolev Tu 204 100. Seatmaestro.com. 30 September 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111005210539/http://www.seatmaestro.com/airplanes-seat-maps/best_seats/Tupolev-Tu-204-100.html. 5 October 2011.
  6. Web site: Tu-204SM begins airworthiness certification programme . Flightglobal.com . 30 September 2011.
  7. [European Aviation Safety Agency]
  8. Web site: Civil Aviation . 10950.08sc.thinkquest.nl . 2 January 1989 . 30 September 2011.
  9. Web site: In Russian. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235725/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=185. dead. 27 September 2011.
  10. Web site: PSC "Tupolev" – TU-204-100 . Tupolev.ru . 30 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235750/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=181 . 27 September 2011 .
  11. Web site: PSC "Tupolev" – TU-204-120C . Tupolev.ru . 30 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235811/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=183 . 27 September 2011 .
  12. Web site: PSC "Tupolev" – TU-204-300 . Tupolev.ru . 30 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927235823/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=197 . 27 September 2011 .
  13. Web site: Tupolev Tu-204 . Awesome80s.com . 30 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051343/http://www.awesome80s.com/Awesome80s/Tech/Aviation/Aircraft/Tu-204.asp . 28 September 2011 .
  14. Web site: PSC "Tupolev" – Cryogenic aircraft . Tupolev.ru . 13 November 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101126222743/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=82 . 26 November 2010 .
  15. Web site: Tu-204СМ . 11 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170130154856/http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/aircraft/lineup/civil/tu-204sm/ . 30 January 2017 . live .
  16. Web site: Presentation booklet on the aircraft Tu-204SM . Tupolev.ru . 17 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131022205623/http://www.tupolev.ru/tu-204sm . 22 October 2013 . dead .
  17. Web site: Tupolev . aviaport.ru . 23 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929014300/http://www.aviaport.ru/digest/2009/12/23/187669.html . 29 September 2011 . live .
  18. Web site: First flight for PS-90A2 test-bed . uacrussia.ru . 17 October 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111003132142/http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press/news/index.php?q9=irkut&from4=6&id4=404 . 3 October 2011 .
  19. Web site: Ilyushin Finance and Red Wings negotiate on 44 Tu-204SM . ruaviation.com . 20 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120317062449/http://www.ruaviation.com/news/2011/1/20/118/print/ . 17 March 2012 . live .
  20. Web site: Product support is hurdle to Tu-204SM deal: Lebedev. flightglobal.com. 20 January 2012. 21 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309123418/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/product-support-is-hurdle-to-tu-204sm-deal-lebedev-367192/. 9 March 2012. live.
  21. Web site: Red Wings weighs A321 as back-up to Tu-204SM. flightglobal.com. 20 March 2012. 20 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140416195918/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/red-wings-weighs-a321-as-back-up-to-tu-204sm-369703/. 16 April 2014. live.
  22. Web site: Американские санкции приземлили Ту-204СМ: Контракт на поставку самолетов в Иран оказался под вопросом :: РБК daily 15.04.2010 . Rbcdaily.ru . 13 November 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724113457/http://www.rbcdaily.ru/2010/04/15/industry/471843 . 24 July 2011 .
  23. Web site: JSC "Kazan Aviation Production Association named after S.P.Gorbunov" | Our products . Oaokapo.ru . 16 August 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130524143340/http://www.oaokapo.ru/en/product/planes/tu-214.php . 24 May 2013 .
  24. Web site: PSC "Tupolev" – MAKS 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20120205124534/http://www.tupolev.ru/English/Show.asp?SectionID=200. dead. 5 February 2012.
  25. Web site: Kazan Aircraft Production Association (KAPO) n.a. Gorbunov – Russian Defense Industry. John Pike. globalsecurity.org. 3 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150704140159/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/kapo.htm. 4 July 2015. live.
  26. Web site: Rossiya special aircraft division will acquire five Russian-produced aircraft – News – Russian Aviation . Ruaviation.Com . 16 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140502141228/http://www.ruaviation.com/news/2012/11/13/1334/ . 2 May 2014 . live .
  27. Web site: Ростех изучит возможность возобновления серийного производства самолётов Ту-214 и Ил-96. ru. 2022-03-17. Интерфакс.
  28. Web site: UAC starts TU-214 airplane production — CEO. TASS. 6 January 2022.
  29. Web site: Производство Ту-214 планируют нарастить как минимум до 10–12 самолетов в год. ru. 16 August 2022. TASS.
  30. Web site: KAPO Expects First Delivery of Tupolev's Tu-214 in 2024 . Helwing Villamizar . 27 November 2023 . 4 December 2023 . AirwaysMag.com . Airways Publishing, LLC.
  31. Web site: Tu-214ON (Open Skies) Reconnaissance Aircraft, Russia. AirForceTechnology. 9 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160301221434/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tu-214on-open-skies-reconnaissance-aircraft/. 1 March 2016. live.
  32. Web site: Russian Air Force Almanac 2015. Air Force Magazine. 9 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160215232124/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Magazine%20Documents/2015/July%202015/0715russia.pdf. 15 February 2016. live.
  33. Web site: Defence Ministry taking delivery of second Tu-214ON. Take Off. 9 February 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216051202/http://en.take-off.ru/news/108-nov2012/916-defence-ministry-taking-delivery-of-second-tu-214on. 16 February 2016.
  34. Web site: TASS: Military & Defense – US certifies Russian special-purpose jet as part of Open Skies Treaty. 26 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205859/http://tass.com/defense/1022938. 26 September 2018. live.
  35. Web site: Cenciotti . David . 2021-03-19 . With Moscow Leaving Open Skies Treaty, Russia's Tu-214ON Flies New Domestic Observation Mission Around Crimea . 2023-03-16 . The Aviationist . en-US.
  36. Mladenov. Alexander. Tu-214SUS Delivery Expected in 2012. Air International. May 2012. 82. 5. 13. 0306-5634.
  37. Web site: Karnozov. Vladimir. Russian president takes first flight in new Tu-214PU. 30 April 2012. 10 November 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20111217084040/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russian-president-takes-first-flight-in-new-tu-214pu-349498/. 17 December 2011. live.
  38. Web site: ОАК :: ОАК передала заказчику два самолёта Ту-214 . Uacrussia.ru . 2022-05-02.
  39. Web site: PICTURE: Russian special aviation squad adds Tu-214SRs. Flightglobal. 30 April 2012. 4 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20140502132554/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/picture-russian-special-aviation-squad-adds-tu-214srs-327401/. 2 May 2014. live.
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