Tropical cyclones in Southern Africa explained

At least 30 tropical cyclones have affected the Southern African mainland. Three southeastern African countries border the Indian Ocean  - Tanzania, Mozambique, and South Africa. Other inland countries also experience the effects of tropical cyclones, including Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Storms

1800s

• April 1872 - A cyclone affected Zanzibar and Bagamoyo in current-day Tanzania.^[1]

1900s

• February 15, 1950 - After crossing Madagascar, a cyclone struck eastern Mozambique and moved across much of Africa, eventually reaching northern Namibia.^{[2] [3]}
• April 15, 1952 - A cyclone moved ashore southeastern Tanzania near Lindi with maximum sustained winds estimated at 110abbr=onNaNabbr=on; this made the cyclone the strongest on record to strike the country.^[4] The cyclone left 34 fatalities in Tanzania.^{[5] [1]}
• January 28, 1984 - Tropical Storm Domoina struck southeastern Mozambique, and later crossed into Swaziland and eastern South Africa. In Mozambique, Domoina killed 109 people and caused about $75 million in damage. Rainfall in Swaziland reached 906mm at Piggs Peak. Damage in the country totaled $54 million, with 73 deaths. In South Africa, rainfall peaked at 950 mm (37 in, causing 100 year floods along the Umfolozi River. The Pongola River altered its course after the storm. Flooding caused the Pongolapoort Dam to reach 87% of its capacity; when waters were released to maintain the structural integrity, additional flooding occurred in Mozambique, forcing thousands to evacuate. Across South Africa, the storm caused 60 deaths and damaged the properties of 500,000 people, causing R100 million (1984 ZAR, $70 million 1984 USD).^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
• February 19, 1984 - Tropical Storm Imboa looped off the east coast of South Africa, causing flooding and killing four people in the country.^{[11] [8]}

2000s

• January 3, 2000 - A tropical depression, previously Tropical Storm Astride, struck northeastern Mozambique and produced rainfall as far inland as Malawi.
• February 22, 2000 - Cyclone Eline moved ashore near Beira, Mozambique. Exasperating previous floods, the cyclone produced the country's worst natural disaster in a century. Water levels along the Limpopo River reached as high as 11m (36feet) above normal and 15km (09miles) wide.^{[12] [13]} The combined effects of the preceding floods and Eline left about 300,000 people homeless,^[14] about 700 deaths, and damage estimated at $500 million (2000 USD). The cyclone and the floods disrupted much of the economic progress Mozambique had made in the 1990s since the end of its civil war.^[15] Eline also killed 21 people in South Africa, where damage reached at least US$300 million.^[16] In Zimbabwe, Eline washed away transportation infrastructure and killed 12 people.^{[17] [18]} Heavy rainfall occurred as far inland as Namibia.^[19]
• March 8, 2000 - Rains from former Tropical Storm Gloria disrupted aid distribution in Mozambique following Eline's deadly landfall two weeks prior.^[20]
• April 2, 2000 - Cyclone Hudah made landfall in northeastern Mozambique near Antalaha, marking the first time on record that two storms of tropical cyclone intensity struck the country. Hudah killed three people and damaged hundreds of homes.^{[21] [22]}
• April 11, 2000 - A subtropical depression approached the Mozambique coast near Inhambane, dropping 93.8mm of rainfall over 48 hours.^[23]
• March 8, 2001 - A tropical depression brushed the east coast of Mozambique and later intensified into Tropical Cyclone Dera in the Mozambique Channel. Flooding from the storm destroyed a few homes and killed two people.^[24]
• December 30, 2001 - The precursor to Tropical Storm Cyprien developed over eastern Mozambique, bringing rainfall, and later becoming a tropical storm in the Mozambique Channel.^[25]
• November 12, 2002 - Tropical Depression Atang moved ashore near the border of Mozambique and Tanzania, bringing rainfall.^[26]
• December 31, 2002 - Tropical Storm Delfina struck eastern Mozambique, and over the next few days drifted over land until re-emerging into the Mozambique Channel on January 6, 2003. The storm dropped heavy rainfall, reaching 281mm in Nampula. The rains caused flooding that damaged or destroyed more than 20,000 houses. Delfina killed 47 people in Mozambique and eight in neighboring Malawi.^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}
• March 2, 2003 - Cyclone Japhet struck Mozambique near Vilankulo, where wind gusts reached 105km/h. Across the country, Japhet damaged or destroyed 25,000 houses, killing 17 people.^{[31] [32] [33]} There was another eight deaths in neighboring Zambia.^[34]
• January 26, 2004 - Cyclone Elita
• October 29, 2004 - Tropical disturbance
• November 30, 2006 - Tropical Storm Anita
• February 22, 2007 - After passing south of Madagascar, Cyclone Favio struck southern Mozambique
• December 29, 2007 - Tropical Storm Elnus
• March 8, 2008 - Cyclone Jokwe
• October 24, 2008 - The remnants of Tropical Storm Asma
• March 27, 2009 - Tropical Storm Izilda

2010s

• January 17, 2012 - Subtropical Depression Dando struck southern Mozambique, bringing heavy rainfall across the region. The storm killed four people in Mozambique and another six in South Africa. Damage in South Africa was around $65 million.^{[35] [36] [37] [38]}
• January 21, 2012 - Cyclone Funso looped off the east coast of Mozambique. Heavy rains related to the storm killed 21 people in the country. Rains also extended into Malawi.^{[39] [40] [41]}
• March 6, 2012 - Tropical Storm Irina looped off southeastern Africa, causing 12 deaths between Mozambique and South Africa.^[42]
• February 16, 2013 - The precursor to Cyclone Haruna moved across northeastern Mozambique.^[43]
• January 20, 2014 - Former Tropical Storm Deliwe struck eastern Mozambique.^[44]
• January 31, 2014 - A tropical disturbance moved ashore eastern Mozambique.^[45]
• February 17, 2014 - The precursor to Tropical Storm Guito developed over northeastern Mozambique.^[46]
• March 26, 2014 - Heavy rainfall from developing Cyclone Hellen over northeastern Mozambique killed four people. The remnants of the storm later struck south-central Mozambique.^{[47] [48]}
• January 14, 2015 - The precursor to Tropical Storm Chedza produced flooding rains across southeastern Africa.^[49]
• April 27, 2016 - The remnants of Cyclone Fantala produced flooding in Tanzania that killed 13 people and washed away 315 houses.^{[50] [51]} Rainfall from the storm spread northward into Kenya, causing flooding.^[52]
• February 15, 2017 - Cyclone Dineo struck central Mozambique, causing flooding that extended into Zimbabwe and Malawi. It killed 7 people in Mozambique and 251 people in Zimbabwe.^{[53] [54]}
• January 15, 2018 - Tropical Depression 4 struck northeastern Mozambique and meandered over the country. Heavy rainfall killed 11 people.^{[55] [56]}
• January 17, 2019 - A tropical low formed over Mozambique and later intensified into Tropical Storm Desmond in the Mozambique Channel, which struck southern Mozambique a few days later. It dropped heavy rainfall along its path.^{[57] [58]}
• March 4, 2019 - A tropical depression moved ashore Mozambique, and later moved into the Mozambique Channel, strengthening into Cyclone Idai. The intense tropical cyclone made landfall near Beira and weakened as it moved into Zimbabwe. The cyclone killed 1,302 people across Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, making it the second-deadliest tropical cyclone on record in the Southern Hemisphere, only behind the 1973 Flores cyclone in Indonesia. Idai caused widespread and disruptive flooding, with monetary damage estimated at US$2.2 billion. The storm also led to a cholera outbreak across the region.^{[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66]}
• April 25, 2019 - Cyclone Kenneth became the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike Mozambique, when it moved ashore just north of Pemba. The JTWC estimated landfall winds of 220 km/h (140 mph). Kenneth killed 45 people in Mozambique, less than two months after Idai's deadly trek through the region.^{[67] [68] [69]}

2020s

• December 30, 2020 - Tropical Storm Chalane struck Mozambique and moved across southern Africa, emerging into the South Atlantic Ocean on January 3. Heavy rainfall occurred as far west as Namibia.^[70]
• January 22, 2021 - Cyclone Eloise made landfall just north of Beira, Mozambique, and continued southwestward, eventually dissipating over South Africa. The storm killed 11 in Mozambique, 10 in South Africa, 3 in Zimbabwe, and 2 in Eswatini.^{[71] [72] [73] [74]}
• February 12, 2021 - The precursor to Cyclone Guambe moved ashore southern Mozambique, and later moved back through the country and redeveloped in the Mozambique Channel. The storm brought heavy rainfall to the region.^[75]
• April 24, 2021 - Cyclone Jobo dissipated just off the east coast of Tanzania. Its remnants brought rainfall and strong winds that killed 22 people in the country.^[76]
• January 24, 2022 - Tropical Storm Ana struck northern Mozambique, killing 20 people in the country and 37 in Malawi.^{[77] [78]}
• February 18, 2022 - Tropical Storm Dumako dissipated near the east coast of Mozambique, bringing heavy rainfall.^[79]
• March 11, 2022 - Cyclone Gombe struck Nampula Province in Mozambique as an intense tropical cyclone. It killed 63 people in the country, and another 7 in neighboring Malawi.^{[80] [81]}
• April 12, 2022 - Subtropical Depression Issa formed near the southeast coast of South Africa.^[82]
• February 24, 2023 - Cyclone Freddy made landfall in Mozambique causing heavy rains in a number of countries in the region, the hardest hit was Malawi where the rains caused catastrophic flooding. It killed 198 people in the country, and another 1,218 in neighboring Malawi and Zimbabwe.^{[83] [84]}
• March 12, 2024 - Tropical Storm Filipo struck Inhambane Province in Mozambique as an severe tropical storm . It killed 2 people in the country.^[85]
• May 4, 2024 - Cyclone Hidaya

Notes and References

1. Msemo . Hellen E. . Finney . Declan L. . Mbuya . Samwel I. . Forgotten accounts of tropical cyclones making landfall in Tanzania . Weather . April 2022 . 77 . 4 . 127–131 . 10.1002/wea.3921. free . 2022Wthr...77..127M .
2. Kenneth R. Knapp. Michael C. Kruk. David H. Levinson. Howard J. Diamond. Charles J. Neumann. 2010. The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data. 1950 Moderate Tropical Storm NOT_NAMED (1950040S12065). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. May 26, 2019.
3. Book: 200. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere. Charles W. Newton. American Meteorological Society. 1972. 9781935704331.
4. 1984. The Tanzanian hurricane of 14-16 April, 1952. National Weather Digest. 9. 2.
5. Adaptation technologies and legal instruments to address climate change impacts to coastal and marine resources in Tanzania. PDF. R. E. Sallema. G. Y. S. Mtui. 2. 9. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. September 2008.
6. Documentation of the 1984 Domoina Floods. Department of Water Affairs (South Africa). Z.P. Kovács. D.B. Du Plessis. P.R. Bracher. P. Dunn. G.C.L. Mallory. May 1985. 2019-07-20. 2013-09-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054547/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/reports/tr/TR_122_1984_Domoina_floods.pdf. dead.
7. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present. August 1993. 2013-07-19.
8. ReliefWeb. Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance. Annual Report for FY 1984. 2013-07-25.
9. 182–183. Hurricane Alley. Richard M. DeAngelis. Elwyn E. Wilson. Mariners Weather Log. Summer 1984. 28. 3. United States Department of Commerce.
10. Geomorphology and dynamics of the Mfolozi River floodplain, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Rhodes University. S.E. Grenfell. W.N. Ellery. M.C. Grenfell. 2013-07-24. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120229082608/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1467/1/Geomorphology_and_dynamics.pdf. 2012-02-29.
11. La Saison Cyclonique 1983–1984 A Madagascar. September 1984. La Météorlogie, Service de la Réunion. 146. Madagascar: Revue de Géographie. 2013-07-17. fr. 43. Juil-Déc 1983.
12. Web site: Médecins Sans Frontières. 2000-03-01. Mozambique: Chokwe flood victims face dam-burst threat. 2014-09-09. ReliefWeb.
13. Web site: US Fund for UNICEF. 2000-02-29. 2014-09-08. Mozambique floods situation report 29 Feb 2000. ReliefWeb.
14. Web site: Lutheran World Relief. 2000-03-03. One woman ready to name her baby after the floods; 600 Mozambican families ready to build new lives. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-12.
15. Web site: Trócaire. 2000-02-24. Trocaire launches appeal for Mozambique flood victims. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-06.
16. News: Pan African News Agency. 2000-02-28. Pretoria Ready For Rescue Operations In Mozambique. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-06.
17. Web site: Christian Aid. 2000-02-28. Latest update on flood alert in southern Africa. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-06.
18. News: Agence France-Presse. 2000-02-28. South Africa braces for influx of flood-affected refugees. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-06.
19. Weather and Forecasting. October 2004. Tropical Cyclone Eline and Its Unusual Penetration and Impacts over the Southern African Mainland. C. J. C. Reason. A. Keibel. 19. 5. 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0789:TCEAIU>2.0.CO;2. 789–805. 2004WtFor..19..789R. 11427/35031 . 123355539 . free.
20. Web site: ReliefWeb. 2000-03-10. 2014-07-23. WFP Emergency Report No. 10 of 2000. World Food Programme.
21. Cyclone Season 1999–2000. RSMC La Reunion. Météo-France. 2014-07-17.
22. News: Agence France-Presse. April 10, 2000. Cyclone Hudah leaves 300 homeless in Mozambique. ReliefWeb. September 29, 2014.
23. Web site: Government of Mozambique. 2000-04-14. Mozambique: INGC Situation Report 14 Apr 2000. ReliefWeb. 2014-09-30.
24. Web site: Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary March 2001. 2014-07-12.
25. Web site: Cyclone Season 2001–2002. RSMC La Reunion. Meteo-France. April 27, 2013.
26. United States Agency for International Development. FEWS Mozambique Food Security Update: 19 Nov 2002. ReliefWeb. 2002-11-19. 2013-04-29.
27. Web site: Gary Padgett. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary January 203. 2013-04-30.
28. Knapp, K. R. . M. C. Kruk . D. H. Levinson . H. J. Diamond . C. J. Neumann . 2010 . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data . 2003 Delfina (2002364S16045) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 2013-04-30 .
29. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. ReliefWeb. 2003-01-16. Mozambique Floods Information Bulletin No. 2. 2012-12-10.
30. News: Reuters. ReliefWeb. 2003-03-07. Cyclone claims 11 lives in Mozambique. 2012-12-05.
31. Web site: Gary Padgett. 2003. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2003. 2012-08-17.
32. News: Africa News. 2003-04-02. Foot And Mouth Adds to Food Insecurity. AllAfrica, Inc. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on August 16, 2012)
33. News: 2003-04-02. Africa News. Government Reports On Disasters. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on August 16, 2012)
34. News: Africa News. 2003-08-01. Zimbabwe; Elaborate Disaster Preparedness Plan Needed. AllAfrica, Inc. (accessed via Lexis Nexis on August 16, 2012)
35. Web site: Tropical Storm Dando Hits Mozambique | Tropical Storm News, Images & Updates, Tropical Cyclone News, Updates & Images . OurAmazingPlanet.com . January 16, 2012 . January 21, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120119181622/http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/2272-tropical-storm-dando-hits-mozambique.html . January 19, 2012 . dead .
36. Web site: 4 killed, 11 injured from Dando tropical storm in southern Mozambique | Taiwan News | 2012-01-19 00:00:00. 19 January 2012.
37. Web site: Six killed in Mpumalanga floods . Times LIVE . January 23, 2012 . March 28, 2012.
38. Tropical cyclones in the Mozambique Channel: January–March 2012 . 10.1007/s11069-015-1691-0. 2015 . Chikoore . Hector . Vermeulen . Jan H. . Jury . Mark R. . Natural Hazards . 77 . 3 . 2081–2095 . 2015NatHa..77.2081C . 128614341 .
39. News: Death toll 25, thousands homeless in Mozambique floods. https://web.archive.org/web/20120128135750/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE80N07K20120124. dead. 2012-01-28. 2012-01-26. Reuters Africa. 2012-01-24.
40. News: Death toll 25, thousands homeless in Mozambique floods . 2012-01-24 . Reuters . 2012-01-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120704223800/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/death-toll-25-thousands-homeless-in-mozambique-floods . 2012-07-04 .
41. News: Malawi faces Cyclone Funso as floods displace 450 families . https://archive.today/20120906181818/http://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi/2012/01/23/malawi-faces-cyclon-funso-as-floods-displace-450-families/ . dead . 2012-09-06 . 2012-01-23 . Nyasa Times . 2012-01-23 .
42. Web site: Deadly cyclone lashes southeastern Africa.
43. Web site: IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
44. Web site: IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
45. Web site: Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks January 2014.
46. Web site: IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
47. Web site: AllAfrica. March 30, 2014. March 31, 2014. Maputo, Mozambique. Mozambique: Four Dead in Torrential Rains in Pemba.
48. Web site: IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
49. News: Lovasoa Rabary. Reuters. Madagascar seeks international aid after tropical storm kills 68. February 10, 2015. January 28, 2015.
50. News: Philippine News Agency. 26 April 2016. Floods kill seven in N. Tanzania.
51. News: Philippine News Agency. 28 April 2016. Five killed, over 13,000 left homeless by floods in eastern Tanzania.
52. News: Benard Juma. Tropical Cyclone Fantala Triggers Heavy Rainfall and Flooding in Coastal Kenya. Flood List. 21 April 2016. 15 May 2016.
53. Web site: Mozambique: Tropical Cyclone Dineo - Emergency Plan of Action Operation Update n° 1 (MDRMZ013) - Mozambique.
54. Web site: Urgent call for assistance to flood victims . Harare . 7 March 2017 . Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator . reliefweb.int.
55. Web site: Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks January 2018.
56. Web site: Mozambique – Floods in North Leave 11 Dead and Homes Destroyed – FloodList.
57. Web site: IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
58. Web site: Flooding in Mozambique as Tropical Cyclone Desmond makes landfall.
59. News: Floods kill 126 people in SA, Malawi, Mozambique . ZBC News . 14 March 2019. 14 March 2019.
60. News: Cyclone Idai death toll passes 750 with more than 110,000 now in camps. The Guardian. 24 March 2019. 24 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190324184226/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/24/cyclone-idai-death-toll-passes-750-with-more-than-110000-now-in-camps. 24 March 2019. live.
61. News: Eisenhammer . Stephen . Rumney . Emma . 'The water kept rising': How Mozambicans were caught in path of deadly cyclone . 27 March 2019 . Reuters . 27 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190327124345/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-cyclone-warning/the-water-kept-rising-how-mozambicans-were-caught-in-path-of-deadly-cyclone-idUSKCN1R818Z . 27 March 2019 . live .
62. News: Bilan d'IDAI: 1 mort et 2 disparus à Besalampy. NewsMada. 15 March 2019. 20 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190321102810/https://www.newsmada.com/2019/03/15/bilan-didai-1-mort-et-2-disparus-a-besalampy/. 21 March 2019. live.
63. Web site: Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019 . Aon Benfield . 12 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190812000713/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20190723-analytics-if-1h-global-report.pdf . 12 August 2019 . live .
64. Web site: Masters . Jeff . Africa's Hurricane Katrina: Tropical Cyclone Idai Causes an Extreme Catastrophe . Weather Underground . 23 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190322214331/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Africas-Hurricane-Katrina-Tropical-Cyclone-Idai-Causes-Extreme-Catastrophe . 22 March 2019 . live .
65. News: Nhamire. Borges. Hill. Matthew. UN Says Damage From Southern African Cyclone May Top $1 Billion. Bloomberg. 25 March 2019. 26 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327030843/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-03-25/damage-from-southern-african-cyclone-may-top-1-billion-un-says. 27 March 2019. live.
66. News: Brian. Resnick. Julia. Belluz. Vox. 29 March 2019. 1 April 2019. Cholera is spreading in Mozambique in the wake of Cyclone Idai. https://web.archive.org/web/20190331052444/https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/3/29/18287342/mozambique-cyclone-idai-cholera-how-to-help. 31 March 2019. live.
67. Web site: Cyclone Kenneth: Thousands evacuated as Mozambique is hit with the strongest storm in its history. Brandon Miller. Cable News Network. 25 April 2019. 25 April 2019.
68. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Kenneth to Bring Feet of Rain, Damaging Winds to Mozambique Weeks After Idai Brings Humanitarian Crisis. Jonathan Belles. The Weather Company. 24 April 2019. 24 April 2019.
69. Web site: Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Kenneth Flash Update No. 13 (12 May 2019) . Relief Web . UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs . 14 May 2019.
70. Web site: 2021-01-03. Tropical storm brings an abundance of rain. 2021-01-03. Informanté. en-ZA. 2021-01-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108084442/https://informante.web.na/?p=299706. live.
71. Web site: Southern Africa – Tropical Cyclone Eloise Flash Update No.11, As of 28 January 2021 - Mozambique. 2021-01-28. ReliefWeb. 28 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210128225404/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-eloise-flash-update-no11-28-january-2021. live.
72. Web site: Limpopo floods: More than 10 drown, seven missing. 2021-02-15. Big News Network.com. 1 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211201233638/https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/267810713/limpopo-floods-more-than-10-drown-seven-missing. live.
73. Web site: AT LEAST 3 DEAD IN ZIM FLOODS AS STORM ELOISE LASHES REGION. EWN. January 24, 2021. January 24, 2021. 24 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210124193548/https://ewn.co.za/2021/01/24/at-least-3-dead-in-zim-floods-as-storm-eloise-lashes-region. live.
74. Web site: Thirteen dead, thousands homeless in southern Africa after storm Eloise. Kirthana Pillay. Emma Rumney. Reuters. January 25, 2021. January 25, 2021. 25 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125190124/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-eloise/thirteen-dead-thousands-homeless-in-southern-africa-after-storm-eloise-idUSKBN29U1MH?il=0. live.
75. Web site: Mozambique: Thousands Displaced After Heavy Rains Hit. Arnaldo Vieira. AllAfrica. February 16, 2021. February 17, 2021. 17 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210217101854/https://allafrica.com/stories/202102170190.html. live.
76. Web site: Tanzania: Tropical Storm Jobo DREF Operation n° MDRTZ029 - Final Report - United Republic of Tanzania.
77. Web site: Dozens killed in Tropical Storm Ana as southern Africa braces for more wild weather. live. https://archive.today/20220206023708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/28/dozens-killed-in-tropical-storm-ana-as-southern-africa-braces-for-more-wild-weather. 6 February 2022. 28 January 2022. The Guardian. 28 January 2022.
78. Web site: Malawi, Africa Tropical Storm Ana 2022 - Emergency Appeal n° MDRMW015 - Malawi. live. https://archive.today/20220206021146/https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/malawi-africa-tropical-storm-ana-2022-emergency-appeal-n-mdrmw015. 2022-02-06. 2022-02-05. ReliefWeb. en.
79. Web site: Mhango. Tiwonge Kumwenda. 2022-02-18. Malawi: Tropical Storm Dumako to Hit South Malawi. 2022-02-21. allAfrica.com. en.
80. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. 25 March 2022. 27 March 2022. Mozambique: Tropical Cyclone Gombe Flash Update No.6 (As of 25 March 2022).
81. Web site: Masina . Lameck . 14 March 2022 . Cyclone Gombe Kills 7, Damages Houses and Roads in Malawi . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220315004753/https://www.voanews.com/a/cyclone-gombe-kills-7-damages-houses-and-roads-in-malawi/6484818.html . 15 March 2022 . 15 March 2022 . VOA . en.
82. Web site: TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST WARNING (SOUTH-WEST INDIAN OCEAN) . WTIO30 FMEE 121347 . 2022-04-12 . . RSMC / TROPICAL CYCLONE CENTER / LA REUNION.
83. Web site: WFP Mozambique External Situation Report #8 (23 March 2023) – Mozambique . 2023-03-24 . reliefweb.int . 24 March 2023 . en . 24 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230324163617/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/wfp-mozambique-external-situation-report-8-23-march-2023 . live .
84. News: In pics: residential area hit by mudslide during Cyclone Freddy in Blantyre, Malawi. 1 May 2023. 30 April 2023. 1 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230501011617/https://english.news.cn/africa/20230428/35641bb8d36b46b097accd69b7e0fdd9/c.html. live.
85. en . Mozambique - Tropical Storm Filipo - Flash Update No. 2 (15 March 2024) . . 2024-03-15 . reliefweb.int . 2024-03-15.