Tropical cyclones in Indonesia explained

Indonesia is an island country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, located in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The largest island nation in the world, the country is the home of over seventeen thousand islands.

Climatologically, in the Australian basin, most tropical cyclones develop between November and April, or as early as October and as late as May. However, there are some cases, like Typhoon Vamei and Cyclone Viyaru that affected the country, outside the basin. This article includes all tropical cyclone of any intensity that affected the island nation of Indonesia, on all available records and data.

Climatology

The region of Indonesia is not generally traversed by tropical cyclones although a lot of systems have historically formed there.^[1] In an analysis of tropical cyclone data from the Bureau of Meteorology since 1907 to 2017 which was published after the dissipation of Cyclone Cempaka found that only around 0.62% of all cyclones in the Australian region during those years occurred north of the 10th parallel south.^[2]

Statistics

1970s

• Cyclone Beverley
• Cyclone Sally
• Cyclone Vicky
• Cyclone Flores
• Cyclone Beryl
• Cyclone Jessie
• Cyclone Jenny
• Cyclone Norah
• Cyclone Selma
• Cyclone Wilma
• Cyclone Ray
• Cyclone Joan
• Cyclone Sue
• Cyclone Linda
• Cyclone Irene
• Cyclone Verna
• Cyclone Trudy
• Cyclone Brenda
• Cyclone Dean
• Cyclone Doris

1980s

• Cyclone Alice
• Cyclone Carol
• Cyclone Felix
• Cyclone Max
• Cyclone Amelia
• Cyclone Lena
• Cyclone Esther
• Cyclone 06U
• Cyclone Willy
• Cyclone Emma
• Cyclone Kirsty
• Cyclone Lindsay
• Cyclone Nicholas
• Cyclone John
• Cyclone Orson
• Cyclone Vincent

1990s

• Cyclone Errol
• Cyclone Marian
• Cyclone Neville
• Cyclone Sharon
• Cyclone Vivienne
• Cyclone Annette
• Cyclone Chloe
• Cyclone Olivia
• Cyclone Nicholas
• Cyclone Thelma
• Cyclone Gwenda
• Cyclone John
• Cyclone Rosita

2000s

• December 28, 2001 – Tropical Depression Vamei crossed through Sumatra before moving out to the Bay of Bengal.^[3]
• November 17–22, 2001 – On November 17, a tropical depression formed near southern Papua New Guinea.^[4] By the 19th conditions were less favorable, and the JTWC indicated that convection was sheared to the west of the well-defined, yet weak, circulation center. Up to this point, Darwin and JTWC were in agreement regarding the system's strength and its potential for development. However, JTWC issued their first Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on 21 November, placing the system's center about 200  nm east-northeast of Timor. At 0600 UTC they upgraded the low to a weak tropical cyclone and issued their first warning. JTWC forecast slight strengthening which did not materialize. They issued their second and final warning at 1800 UTC.^[4] In their final best track, JTWC held the estimated tropical cyclone-strength intensity through the next day.^[5] Though the system was overland for some time, the damage it caused is unknown.
• April 9–14, 2002 – Bonnie caused heavy rainfall and gusty winds in Timor and Sumba. Flash flooding in Sumba killed 19 people.^[6]
• April 1–5, 2003 – The precursor tropical disturbance of Inigo dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Indonesia;^[7] on the island of Flores, Larantuka recorded 223 mm (8.78 in) in a 24-hour period. The rainfall caused flash flooding and mudslides, primarily in Flores but also on West Timor^[8] and Sumba.^[9] In some locations, the depth of the floodwaters reached 5 meters (16 ft). The Oessao River in West Timor exceeded its banks, which flooded seven villages. In Kupang in West Timor, the system destroyed hundreds of homes and large fields of corn, bean, and rice crop. Heavy damage was reported near Ende, where flooding and mudslides destroyed 20 houses and destroyed the roads connecting to East Flores.^[8] In Ende, a total of 294 animals were killed.^[10] The city's airport was flooded with one meter (3 ft) of water, preventing aerial transportation and leaving the city temporarily isolated. In East Flores Regency in eastern Flores Island, the system left 75 destroyed houses, along with 77 severely damaged and a further 56 receiving light damage.^[8] Damage in Indonesia totalled less than $6 million (2003 USD, $6.8 million 2007 USD),^[9] and 102 injuries were reported. The Indonesian representative to the Tropical Cyclone Committee of the World Meteorological Organization in 2004 reported the death toll related to the disaster in Indonesia as 58 fatalities.^[11]
• December 2–3, 2004 – A tropical low formed near the coast of Java. However, the impacts of this system, are unknown.
• April 18—May 1 – The precursor to Kirrily formed near the Tanimbar Islands.^{[12] [13]} Over the next week, the low remained weak as it moved towards the eastwards, before it turned towards the northwest during 25 April.^{[12] [13]} JTWC reported the system's chances forming into a significant Tropical Cyclone within 24 hours as "poor". Later on 26 April, JTWC upgraded the low's chances of forming from "poor" to "fair" and later in the afternoon the low strengthened with JTWC upgrading the low from "fair" to "good" and issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 27S later on 27 April. In the afternoon, TCWC Darwin upgraded 23U to a Category 1 tropical cyclone and designated it as Tropical Cyclone Kirrily. Later that day, as it made landfall over Aru Islands, the low weakened slightly and JTWC downgraded Kirrily to a tropical depression, and TCWC Darwin downgraded Kirrily to a tropical low. In the afternoon of the 27th, the JTWC again upgraded Kirrily into a tropical storm. On 28 April the JTWC issued their final warning on Kirrily before the BoM downgraded the storm to a tropical low.

2010s

• April 12–15, 2011 – Tropical Low 29U formed in the Savu Sea on April 12, where it subsequently made landfall in West Timor on that day, before moving ashore and strengthening to Cyclone Errol while moving away from the region.^[14]
• April 16–23, 2012 – a weak tropical low formed near East Timor and passed through the western part of the island, where it further weakened and dissipated on April 23. It was unknown if the low had any significant impacts on land.
• May 7–14, 2012 – a tropical depression formed in the Banda Sea, where it slowly organized while passing through some Indonesian islands.^[15] However, it didn't organized further and remained in that intensity until it started to weaken before dissipating on May 14. However, it was unknown if the depression had impacts on land.
• January 4–8, 2013 – On 9 January, the MV Emeline cargo vessel sank off the coast of Selayar Islands due to high seas from Cyclone Narelle. Of the 17 crewmen, 6 were rescued and 11 others remained missing as of 16 January.^[16] Another vessel, the MV Angle, became stranded near West Lombok Regency.^[17] By 10 January, Narelle brought strong winds, heavy rains, and rough seas to the province of Bali in Indonesia. Residents and tourists were warned of waves up to 5m (16feet). Ferry service between Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and Java was suspended, isolating residents in Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan. Winds from the storm downed many trees and caused severe damage to structures across Bali, especially in the capital city of Denpasar. In Selemadeg Village, one person died after a tree fell on her.^[18] Trees and billboards were downed across Jakarta, and three homes were damaged. Flooding in the region closed several roads, leading to traffic delays more than 6km (04miles) long.^[19] In Banten, heavy rains caused four major rivers in the province to overflow their banks, leading to flooding in 33 districts. A total of 10,470 homes across the province were inundated, and four people were killed.^[20] In all, 14 people were killed and 6 others were listed as missing.^[21]
• May 8–11, 2013 – Parts of northwestern Indonesia were impacted early as Viyaru develops.^[22] Parts of northwestern Indonesia were impacted early on in the storm's existence. Five days of heavy rain in Aceh resulted in flash floods, forcing thousands of people to flee.^[23] One individual died after being hit by a falling tree in Simeulue Regency, and another went missing after his motorboat sank offshore.^[23] On May 9, twenty-two fishermen went missing after sailing into a storm; however, ten were quickly rescued.^[24] By May 18, another had been discovered in a nearby area, and the remaining eleven were presumed dead.^[24] Flooding occurred in six districts across Aceh due to torrential rains. Waters reached a depth of 2.5 meters in some areas (8.2 ft) and the floods impacted nearly 30,000 people.^[25] Eight passengers in a bus were killed due to an accident.^[25]
• March 17–21, 2014 – Across Java, Indonesia, Tropical Low Gillian produced moderate to heavy rains. After re-intensifying into a tropical cyclone, swells of 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) from the storm affected the southern shores of the island.^[26] Though well to the north of Cyclone Gillian, the system's circulation drew moisture away from Riau, Western Indonesia, leaving behind fire-prone conditions. Due in part to illegal logging and slash-and-burn land clearing, several new forest fires began by 23 March.^[27]
• April 21— May 1, 2017 – a tropical low formed in the Timor Sea on April 21, becoming Frances in the meantime. It neared the West Timor on April 28, before weakening to a tropical low on the same day. The developing low brought squally rainfall to the Maluku Islands, Tanimbar Islands, and the nearby areas on April 26.^[28]

• November 22 – December 1, 2017 – Despite the fact that Cyclone Cempaka never made landfall, the rain it brought caused significant flooding and landslides in 28 regencies and cities across Java, mostly in the south.^[29] In addition, tornadoes were confirmed in the state.^[29] On November 27, Pacitan received 383 mm (15.1 in) of rain, while Yogyakarta received 286 mm (11.3 in), both of which are considered "extreme" amounts of daily rainfall by BMKG.^[30] Yogyakarta's government declared a state of emergency on November 29. According to the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management, 41 people had died and over 14,000 people had been evacuated in Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta as of November 30.^{[31] [32]} Damages were estimated at US$83.6 million.
• November 26–29, 2017 – Tropical Low 03U formed in the Banda Sea, bringing squally weather near the Maluku Islands.
• November 26—December 4, 2017 – Cyclone Dahlia formed near Java, prompting the TCWC Jakarta to issue an extreme weather warning to the island. Squally rainfall were experienced, but the heaviest rain and winds from the cyclone weren't encountered.^[33] Flash floods and landslides were reported, but the damages and deaths were unknown.
• March 14, 2018 – a developing tropical low passed near the Tanimbar Islands, bringing squally weather. The low would eventually be Marcus before affecting the Northern Territory.^[34]
• March 19–20, 2018 – a tropical low formed near the Aru Islands. Moving to the southeast, the low developed to a tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Carpentaria, naming it Nora.^[35]
• November 14–18, 2018 – a weak tropical low affected the Indonesian island of Java and the nearby Christmas Island.
• March 6–15, 2019 – a weak tropical low formed in the Banda Sea, near the Maluku Islands.^{[36] [37]} The damages and deaths, if any, we're unknown.
• March 8–11, 2019 – Savannah, as a tropical low, dumped a lot of rain on Java. In Surabaya, a five-year-old boy was killed in a car crash.^[38] Landslides in Yogyakarta took the lives of five people and left one missing.^[39] The worst flooding in Madiun in two decades caused damage of 54.1 billion rupiah (US$3.78 million).^{[40] [41]} Four tourists were killed in Magelang when a river was overrun by flash floods.^[42] Flooding caused damage totaling 52.2 billion rupiah (US$3.65 million) in many East Java districts.^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47]} Flood damage totaled 934 million rupiah (US$65,000) in Klaten and Sukoharjo, both in Central Java.^{[48] [49]} Savannah also triggered floods in Bali, causing 150 million rupiah in damage in Sawan, Buleleng.^[50]
• April 6–8, 2019 – Cyclone Wallace brought rainfall, high waves, and gusty winds to parts of Indonesia, with sustained winds of 45 km/h (30 mph) recorded on East Nusa Tenggara.^{[51] [52]}
• April 21–26, 2019 – an undesignated tropical low affected Sumatra and the Cocos Islands.
• May 4–11, 2019 – Lili's precursor tropical low tracked towards the south across the southern Banda Sea and brought the storm close to Maluku Islands before it developed into a tropical cyclone.^{[53] [54]} The rainfall from the cyclone caused widespread flooding across the islands.^[53] Many houses and public utilities sustained damages, causing many residents to be displaced. The strong winds of Lili also generated dangerous seas, allegedly leading to the sinking of a ship.^[53]
• May 18, 2019 – The remnant tropical low of Cyclone Ann entered the Banda Sea and dissipated there shortly. The system brought cloudiness near the Maluku Islands.^[55]
• January 4–5, 2020 – A tropical low formed near the Maluku Islands, which brought squally rainfalls to the area, including the East Nusa Tenggara.^{[56] [57]} As it moved to the southwest, the system would eventually become Claudia as it emerged over the waters near Kalumburu.^[58]
• May 5–6, 2020 – As a tropical depression formed near the country, the TCWC Jakarta issued an extreme weather warning for the southern Sumatra, western portion of Java, the Bangka Belitung Islands and the other nearby islands.^[59] The developing system also brought high surf, heavy downpours and squally winds to the area.^[60]
• May 21–22, 2020 – Eleven days later after the dissipation of the tropical depression that brought squally rainfall to the country, The TCWC Jakarta issued an extreme weather warning for the south-west coast of Sumatra and the westernmost part of Java, owing to the potentials from the tropical low, which would eventually become Mangga to cause moderate-to-heavy precipitation.^{[61] [62]} In the Indian Ocean, wave heights were expected to exceed 6 m (20 ft) near the Mentawai Islands and the southwestern coasts of Sumatra and Java, as well as up to 4 m (13 ft) in the Sunda Strait and other regions.^[63]

2020s

• December 6–7, 2020 – Tropical Low 02U passed to the south of Java, bringing gale-force winds to the island.^[64]
• April 3–8, 2021 – The precursor to Cyclone Seroja caused various landslides and flash floods that killed over 160 in East Nusa Tenggara and the nearby East Timor.^{[65] [66] [67] [68] [69]}

Deadly storms

The following list is the recorded fatalities from the storms that impacted or affected the island country of Indonesia. The total number of deaths recorded is only from the country itself.

Rank	Name	Year	Number of Deaths
1		1973	1,653
2		2021	183
3		2003	58
4		2017	41
5		2002	19
6		2013	15
7		2013	14
8		2019	10

See also

• List of Indonesia tornadoes

External links

• Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia

Notes and References

1. Web site: Musim Siklon di Sekitar Indonesia . Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika . 15 January 2019 . id.
2. News: Cempaka dan Dahlia, anomali siklon tropis Indonesia . Beritagar.id . 3 December 2017 . 15 January 2019 . id . 15 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181947/https://beritagar.id/artikel/berita/cempaka-dan-dahlia-anomali-siklon-tropis-indonesia . dead .
3. Web site: Japan Meteorological Agency. Typhoon Vamei Best Track for the 2001 Pacific typhoon season. 2012-12-06. RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center. ja.
4. Web site: Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary November 2001. 21 July 2007. Gary Padgett. November 2001.
5. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2002. Best Track for Cyclone 03S. 19 July 2008.
6. Web site: Climate of 2002 - April - Global Regional Analysis: Australia and Indonesia. National Climatic Data Center. 11 May 2008.
7. Web site: Gary Padgett. 2003. April 2003 Worldwide Tropical Weather Summary. 5 January 2008.
8. Web site: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 3 April 2003. Indonesia – Landslides OCHA Situation Report No. 1. ReliefWeb. 6 January 2008.
9. Web site: Bureau of Meteorology Special Services Unit. 2003. Tropical Cyclone Inigo (30 March – 8 April). Government of Australia. 5 January 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060827151915/http://ssu1.bom.gov.au/wa/cyf/reports/Inigo/Inigo.htm. 27 August 2006. dmy-all.
10. Web site: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 4 November 2003. Indonesia: OCHA Consolidated Situation Report No. 123. ReliefWeb. 8 January 2008.
11. Web site: RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean. 2004. Final Report for the Tenth Tropical Cyclone Committee Session. World Meteorological Organization. 7. 6 January 2008.
12. Tropical Cyclone Kirrily . Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika . Jakarta Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre . https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092748/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/aer/2009_Kirrily.pdf . 18 May 2015 . id . 6 July 2010 . After Event Report . live . dmy .
13. 2009. April 2009. Darwin Tropical Diagnostic Statement. Bureau of Meteorology. Australian. 28. 4. Darwin Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre. 2. 1321-4233. 11 January 2012.
14. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Western Australian Regional Office. Tropical Cyclone Errol. 3 January 2015.
15. Web site: Significant tropical weather advisory for the Indian Ocean 2012-05-05 06z . https://web.archive.org/web/20120126065950/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abio10.pgtw..txt . United States Navy, United States Airforce . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . 10 May 2012 . 26 January 2012 . dead .
16. Web site: Andi Hajramurni . The Jakarta Post . 16 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . Sunken ship search called off as bad weather continues . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130118065128/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/16/sunken-ship-search-called-bad-weather-continues.html . 18 January 2013 .
17. Web site: Andi Hajramurni and Panca Nugraha . The Jakarta Port . 11 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . Two missing after cargo vessel sinks off Sulawesi . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130112021944/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/11/two-missing-after-cargo-vessel-sinks-sulawesi.html . 12 January 2013 .
18. Web site: Luh De Suriyani . The Jakarta Post . 10 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . Narelle tropical cyclone batters Bali with strong winds . dead . https://archive.today/20240521202122/https://www.webcitation.org/6Dt9V2CAa?url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2013-01-10/narelle-tropical-cyclone-batters-bali-with-strong-winds.html . 21 May 2024 .
19. Web site: Novia D. Rulistia and Multa Fidrus . The Jakarta Post . 12 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . BNPB urges caution amid stormy weather . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130113223258/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/12/bnpb-urges-caution-amid-stormy-weather.html . 13 January 2013 .
20. Web site: Multa Fidrus . The Jakarta Post . 11 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . Flood cuts off toll road, kills 4 in Banten . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130112003448/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/11/flood-cuts-toll-road-kills-4-banten.html . 12 January 2013 .
21. Web site: Bernama . 10 January 2013 . 16 January 2013 . 14 People Killed, 6 Missing in Natural Disasters in Indonesia This Year . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130313044232/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v6/newsgeneral.php?id=920832 . 13 March 2013 .
22. Web site: Jeff Masters. Weather Underground. May 10, 2013. May 15, 2013. Double Trouble: twin tropical cyclones spin up in the Indian Ocean. May 16, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130516023538/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2402. dead.
23. Web site: United Press International. May 11, 2013. May 16, 2013. Thousands homeless from floods in Indonesia's Aceh district. Jakarta, Indonesia.
24. News: Nurdin Hasan . Aris Cahyadi . Jakarta Globe. May 13, 2013. May 19, 2013. A Dozen Fishermen Feared Dead After Aceh Winds .
25. News: Aris Cahyadi. Jakarta Globe. May 13, 2013. May 16, 2013. Aceh Landslide Kills 3 Bus Passengers. https://web.archive.org/web/20130626205656/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/aceh-landslide-kills-8-bus-passengers/. June 26, 2013. dead.
26. Web site: Antara News. 23 March 2014. 24 March 2014. Siklon tropis Gillian sebabkan hujan di Jakarta. id.
27. News: The Jakarta Post . 23 March 2014 . 24 March 2014 . Cyclone may fan fires in Riau . 25 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140325103706/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/23/cyclone-may-fan-fires-riau.html . dead . dmy .
28. Web site: Severe Tropical Cyclone Frances, Northern Territory Regional Office.
29. News: Banjir di Pacitan dan Yogyakarta, dampak 'keserakahan pada alam' dengan kerugian triliunan rupiah . BBC News Indonesia . 30 November 2017 . 14 January 2019 . id.
30. News: Belasan Ribu Orang Mengungsi Akibat Siklon Cempaka . CNN Indonesia . 30 November 2017 . 15 January 2019 . id.
31. Web site: 2.341 Kejadian Bencana, 377 Tewas dan 3,5 Juta Jiwa Mengungsi dan Menderita Akibat Bencana Tahun 2017 . Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana . 29 December 2017 . 15 January 2019 . id . https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234344/https://bnpb.go.id/2341-kejadian-bencana-377-tewas-dan-35-juta-jiwa-mengungsi-dan-menderita-akibat-bencana-tahun-2017 . 15 January 2019 . dead .
32. News: Cyclone Cempaka leaves at least 41 dead . The Jakarta Post . 6 December 2017 . 14 January 2019.
33. Web site: Siklon Tropis "CEMPAKA" Lahir, Siaga Cuaca Ekstrem 3 Hari Ke Depan. Indonesian. March 18, 2021.
34. Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin at 1430 UTC 15/03/2018. https://archive.today/20240522073200/https://www.webcitation.org/6xwK0yMVL?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/AXAU01-ADRM_201803151430.htm. 22 May 2024. live. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 22 March 2018.
35. Web site: Northern Territory Tropical Cyclone Outlook. 19 March 2018. Bureau of Meteorology. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301034949/http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml. 1 March 2018. live. dmy-all.
36. Web site: Weekly Tropical Climate Note. 12 March 2019. Bureau of Meteorology. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210041/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/tropical-note/. 22 May 2019. 21 May 2019. bot: unknown.
37. Web site: South East Asia Gradient Level Wind Analysis (00Z). 8 March 2019. Bureau of Meteorology. https://web.archive.org/web/20190601083121/http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/charts/glw_00z.shtml. 1 June 2019. 21 May 2019. bot: unknown.
38. News: Bagus. Rahadian. Kecelakaan Mobil di Jalan Tol Madiun-Surabaya, Bocah 5 Tahun Tewas. id. Tribunnews. 7 March 2019. 17 March 2019.
39. News: Muryanto. Bambang. Five dead, one missing after flooding, landslides in Yogyakarta. The Jakarta Post. 18 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
40. News: Muhlis. Al Alawi. Kapolres: Kabar 2 Orang Tewas akibat Banjir di Madiun Hoaks. id. Regional Kompas. 10 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
41. News: Mustofa. Ali. Kerugian Akibat Banjir Madiun Capai Rp54 Miliar!. id. Madiunpos. 6 March 2019. 18 March 2019. 27 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123109/https://madiun.solopos.com/read/20190310/516/976911/kerugian-akibat-banjir-madiun-capai-rp54-miliar. dead.
42. News: Empat Wisatawan Tewas Terseret Banjir Bandang. id. Tribun Bali. 13 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
43. News: 38 Desa di Bojonegoro Tergenang Banjir, Kerugian Capai Rp 4 Miliar. id. Kumparan. 8 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
44. News: Banjir di Ngawi, Petani Merugi hingga Rp 33 Miliar. id. Jawa Pos News Network. 11 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
45. News: Pebrianti. Charoline. Banjir 2 Hari Rugikan Ponorogo Rp 9 Miliar. id. detikNews. 15 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
46. News: Banjir timbulkan kerugian Rp5 miliar lebih di Tulungagung. id. Antara Aceh. 11 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
47. News: Iswinarno. Chandra. BPBD Magetan: Kerugian Akibat Banjir Hampir Rp 1 Miliar. id. Suara. 11 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
48. News: Prakoso. Taufik. 32,75 Ha Sawah Puso Karena Banjir, Petani Klaten Rugi Ratusan Juta Rupiah. id. Soloraya. 13 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
49. News: Perdana. Banjir Sukoharjo, Kerugian Capai Rp 300 Juta, Sawah Terendam 379 Ha. id. Radar Solo. 8 March 2019. 18 March 2019. 24 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190524025119/https://radarsolo.jawapos.com/read/2019/03/08/123856/banjir-sukoharjo-kerugian-capai-rp-300-juta-sawah-terendam-379-ha. dead.
50. News: Mustofa. Ali. Disapu Air Bah, Rumah Subsidi Seharga Rp 150 Juta Diterjang Banjir. id. Radar Solo. 11 March 2019. 18 March 2019.
51. Web site: 12 UTC Tropical Cyclone Information Bulletin (Wallace). 5 April 2019. Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190405225126/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/IDJ21030.txt. 5 April 2019. 5 April 2019.
52. Web site: 00 UTC Tropical Cyclone Information Bulletin. 6 April 2019. Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). id. https://web.archive.org/web/20190406032312/http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/IDJ21030.txt. 6 April 2019. 6 April 2019.
53. News: Cyclone Lili causes floods, strong winds in Maluku. Arbi. Ivani Atina. 10 May 2019. The Jakarta Post. 11 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190511034514/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/cyclone-lili-causes-floods-strong-winds-maluku. 11 May 2019.
54. Web site: Indonesia, Timor-Leste - Tropical Cyclone LILI (GDACS, JTWC, BMKG, BNPB, NOAA, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 10 May 2019). 10 May 2019. Relief Web. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510112336/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/indonesia-timor-leste-tropical-cyclone-lili-gdacs-jtwc-bmkg-bnpb-noaa-media-echo. 10 May 2019. 11 May 2019.
55. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Ann Forecast Track Map #12 (03Z). 14 May 2019. Bureau of Meteorology. https://web.archive.org/web/20190514040850/http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDQ65002.shtml. 14 May 2019. 14 May 2019.
56. Web site: Northern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook. 4 January 2020. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200104054928/http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml. 4 January 2020. 4 January 2020.
57. Web site: BMKG warns of tropical cyclone Claudia in East Nusa Tenggara. 2020-01-12. 2021-03-16.
58. Web site: Potential Tropical Cyclone Claudia expected to form on Saturday. ABC News. 2020-01-09. 2021-03-16.
59. Web site: Tropical Depression 96S Forecast Track Map (06Z). 5 May 2020. Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. live. https://archive.today/20200505171315/http://tcwc.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/IDJ22000.html. 5 May 2020. 5 May 2020.
60. Web site: Tropical Depression 96S Information Bulletin (06Z). 5 May 2020. Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. id. live. https://archive.today/20200505175257/http://tcwc.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/IDJ21030.txt. 5 May 2020. 5 May 2020.
61. Web site: Tropical Low 17U Technical Bulletin (00Z). 21 May 2020. Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics. id. live. https://archive.today/20200521064720/http://tcwc.bmkg.go.id/data/tc/IDJ21020.txt. 21 May 2020. 21 May 2020.
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