Tropical cyclones in 1996 explained

During 1996, tropical cyclones formed within seven different tropical cyclone basins, located within various parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. During the year, a total of 139 tropical cyclones (of which 2 are unofficial) formed in bodies of water known as tropical cyclone basins. 90 of them were named by various weather agencies when they attained maximum sustained windS of 35knots. The strongest tropical cyclone of the year was Cyclone Daniella, peaking with a pressure of 915abbr=onNaNabbr=on in the open waters of the Indian Ocean. Hurricane Fran and Typhoon Herb tie for the costliest storm of the year, both with a damage cost of $5 billion. The deadliest tropical cyclone of the year was the 1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone, which was blamed for over 1,000 fatalities as it directly affected the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. Five Category 5 tropical cyclones were formed in 1996. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 1996 (seven basins combined), as calculated by Colorado State University was 960 units.

Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions

The weak La Niña prevailed until the end of the year, which made the waters of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans warmer than usual.^[1] Despite the fact that the 1995–96 La Niña was not a powerful occurrence, it recharged much of the ocean heat released from nearly two decades of El Niño events.

Summary

ImageSize = width:1600 height:383PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20

Legend = columns:3 left:20 top:58 columnwidth:270

AlignBars = earlyDateFormat = dd/mm/yyyyPeriod = from:25/12/1995 till:25/01/1997TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/01/1996

Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:NATL value:blue legend: North_Atlantic_Ocean id:EPAC/CPAC value:green legend: East_and_Central_Pacific_Ocean id:WPAC value:red legend: West_Pacific_Ocean id:NIO value:orange legend: North_Indian_Ocean id:SWIO value:purple legend: Southwest_Indian_Ocean id:SPAC value:yellow legend: South_Pacific_Ocean id:AUSR value:pink legend: Australian_Region id:SATL value:black legend: South_Atlantic_Ocean id:MED value:gray(0.99) legend: Mediterranean_Sea

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month

PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:25/12/1995 till:31/12/1995 color:WPAC text:Dan from:03/01/1996 till:20/01/1996 color:SWIO text:B2 from:03/01/1996 till:20/01/1996 color:SWIO text:Bonita from:04/01/1996 till:07/01/1996 color:AUSR text:Barry from:07/01/1996 till:09/01/1996 color:AUSR text: Hubert-Coryna barset:break barset:skip barset:skip from:09/01/1996 till:12/01/1996 color:SWIO from:12/01/1996 till:19/01/1996 color:SPAC text:Yasi from:12/01/1996 till:12/01/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:26/01/1996 till:29/01/1996 color:AUSR text:Celeste from:27/01/1996 till:01/02/1996 color:AUSR text:Isobel from:27/01/1996 till:08/02/1996 color:AUSR text:Jacob from:05/02/1996 till:10/02/1996 color:AUSR text:Unnamed (12S) barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:10/02/1996 till:10/02/1996 color:SWIO from:08/02/1996 till:11/02/1996 color:AUSR text:TL from:12/02/1996 till:20/02/1996 color:SWIO text:Doloresse from:12/02/1996 till:14/02/1996 color:SPAC text:Unspecified barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:14/02/1996 till:17/02/1996 color:AUSR text:TL from:15/02/1996 till:18/02/1996 color:AUSR text:Dennis from:19/02/1996 till:29/02/1996 color:SWIO text:Edwige from:22/02/1996 till:24/02/1996 color:SPAC text:Unspecified from:25/02/1996 till:03/03/1996 color:SWIO text:Flossy from:28/02/1996 till:01/03/1996 color:WPAC text:Asiang from:07/03/1996 till:14/03/1996 color:AUSR text:Kirsty from:08/03/1996 till:13/03/1996 color:AUSR text:Ethel from:09/03/1996 till:11/03/1996 color:SPAC text:Zaka from:10/03/1996 till:13/03/1996 color:SPAC text:Atu from:17/03/1996 till:25/03/1996 color:SWIO text:Guylianne from:21/03/1996 till:28/03/1996 color:SPAC text:Beti barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:01/04/1996 till:10/04/1996 color:WPAC text:Ann from:02/04/1996 till:10/04/1996 color:SWIO text:Hansella from:03/04/1996 till:12/04/1996 color:AUSR text:Olivia from:06/04/1996 till:19/04/1996 color:SWIO text:Itelle from:12/04/1996 till:19/04/1996 color:AUSR text: TL (27S) from:25/04/1996 till:26/04/1996 color:WPAC text:03W from:30/04/1996 till:04/05/1996 color:AUSR text: Jenna barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:04/05/1996 till:05/05/1996 color:SWIO barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:05/05/1996 till:06/05/1996 color:AUSR from:30/04/1996 till:06/05/1996 color:AUSR text:TL from:07/05/1996 till:08/05/1996 color:NIO text:BOB 01 from:08/05/1996 till:18/05/1996 color:WPAC text:Bart from:13/05/1996 till:16/05/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:One-E from:15/05/1996 till:19/05/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Two-E barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:18/05/1996 till:24/05/1996 color:WPAC text:Cam from:11/06/1996 till:12/06/1996 color:NIO text:02A from:12/06/1996 till:16/06/1996 color:NIO text:BOB 02 from:13/06/1996 till:15/06/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:17/06/1996 till:21/06/1996 color:NATL text:Arthur from:17/06/1996 till:20/06/1996 color:NIO text: ARB 01 from:20/06/1996 till:27/06/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Alma from:27/06/1996 till:01/07/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Boris from:01/07/1996 till:03/07/1996 color: EPAC/CPAC text:Cristina from:04/07/1996 till:06/07/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text: Six-E from:05/07/1996 till:12/07/1996 color: WPAC text:Dan from:05/07/1996 till:18/07/1996 color:NATL text:Bertha barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:09/07/1996 till:13/07/1996 color:AUSR text:Lindsay from:13/07/1996 till:24/07/1996 color:WPAC text:Eve from:20/07/1996 till:25/07/1996 color:WPAC text:Frankie from:21/07/1996 till:28/07/1996 color:WPAC text:Gloria from:21/07/1996 till:03/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Herb from:24/07/1996 till:28/07/1996 color:NATL text: Cesar–Douglas barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:28/07/1996 till:06/08/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC from:26/07/1996 till:28/07/1996 color:NIO text:LAND 01 from:28/07/1996 till:29/07/1996 color:WPAC text:Ian from:29/07/1996 till:06/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Joy from:31/07/1996 till:31/07/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:02/08/1996 till:03/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:03/08/1996 till:15/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Kirk barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:05/08/1996 till:09/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Lisa from:07/08/1996 till:07/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:12/08/1996 till:16/08/1996 color:WPAC text:15W from:12/08/1996 till:12/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:12/08/1996 till:16/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Marty barset:skip from:14/08/1996 till:14/08/1996 color:WPAC text: 17W barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:14/08/1996 till:15/08/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:15/08/1996 till:16/08/1996 color:WPAC from:16/08/1996 till:19/08/1996 color:SWIO text:A1 from:17/08/1996 till:23/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Niki from:17/08/1996 till:17/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:19/08/1996 till:24/08/1996 color:NATL text:Dolly barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:24/08/1996 till:25/08/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:19/08/1996 till:07/09/1996 color:NATL text:Edouard from:20/08/1996 till:03/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Orson barset:skip from:21/08/1996 till:22/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:22/08/1996 till:26/08/1996 color:WPAC text:Piper from:23/08/1996 till:10/09/1996 color:NATL text:Fran from:25/08/1996 till:26/08/1996 color:WPAC text:TD from:26/08/1996 till:02/09/1996 color:NATL text:Gustav barset:skip from:26/08/1996 till:27/08/1996 color:WPAC text:27W barset:skip from:28/08/1996 till:02/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Rick barset:break barset:skip barset:break barset:skip barset:skip from:30/08/1996 till:06/09/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Elida from:02/09/1996 till:09/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Sally from:03/09/1996 till:16/09/1996 color:NATL text:Hortense barset:skip from:06/09/1996 till:09/09/1996 color:SWIO text:A2 from:10/09/1996 till:14/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Ningning from:10/09/1996 till:14/09/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Fausto from:11/09/1996 till:23/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Violet from:11/09/1996 till:13/09/1996 color:MED text:Unnamed from:12/09/1996 till:20/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Tom barset:break barset:skip barset:break barset:skip from:15/09/1996 till:23/09/1996 color:WPAC text:Willie from:15/09/1996 till:20/09/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:One-C from:21/09/1996 till:01/10/1996 color:WPAC text:Yates barset:skip from:23/09/1996 till:03/10/1996 color:WPAC text:Zane from:24/09/1996 till:01/10/1996 color:NATL text:Isidore from:27/09/1996 till:09/10/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Genevieve from:30/09/1996 till:04/10/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Hernan from:01/10/1996 till:03/10/1996 color:NIO text:BOB 03 from:04/10/1996 till:08/10/1996 color:NATL text:Josephine from:04/10/1996 till:06/10/1996 color:MED text:Unnamed barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:06/10/1996 till:11/10/1996 color:MED text:Cornelia from:10/10/1996 till:17/10/1996 color:WPAC text:Abel from:11/10/1996 till:12/10/1996 color:NATL text:Kyle from:11/10/1996 till:22/10/1996 color:WPAC text:Beth from:14/10/1996 till:27/10/1996 color:NATL text:Lili from:15/10/1996 till:16/10/1996 color:WPAC text:31W from:15/10/1996 till:21/10/1996 color:SWIO text:Antoinette barset:skip from:20/10/1996 till:26/10/1996 color:WPAC text:Carlo from:22/10/1996 till:28/10/1996 color:NIO text:ARB 02 from:24/10/1996 till:30/10/1996 color:WPAC text:34W from:27/10/1996 till:29/10/1996 color:NIO text:BOB 04 barset:break barset:skip barset:break from:28/10/1996 till:01/11/1996 color:AUSR text: Melanie–Bellamine barset:break from:01/11/1996 till:11/11/1996 color:SWIO from:01/11/1996 till:03/11/1996 color:WPAC text:35W from:03/11/1996 till:13/11/1996 color:WPAC text:Dale from:04/11/1996 till:07/11/1996 color:NIO text:ARB 02 from:04/11/1996 till:16/11/1996 color:WPAC text:Ernie from:05/11/1996 till:08/11/1996 color:WPAC text:38W from:07/11/1996 till:11/11/1996 color:EPAC/CPAC text:Twelve-E from:07/11/1996 till:08/11/1996 color:WPAC text:39W from:16/11/1996 till:26/11/1996 color:NATL text:Marco from:23/11/1996 till:30/11/1996 color:SWIO text:Chantelle from:23/11/1996 till:26/11/1996 color:SPAC text:Cyril from:24/11/1996 till:26/11/1996 color:WPAC text:40W barset:break barset:skip barset:break barset:skip from:27/11/1996 till:07/12/1996 color:NIO text:BOB 06 from:02/12/1996 till:10/12/1996 color:SWIO text:Daniella from:08/12/1996 till:16/12/1996 color:SWIO text:Elvina from:10/12/1996 till:13/12/1996 color:MED text:Unnamed from:12/12/1996 till:15/12/1996 color:AUSR text:Nicholas from:13/12/1996 till:19/12/1996 color:AUSR text:Ophelia from:14/12/1996 till:20/12/1996 color:WPAC text:41W from:20/12/1996 till:23/12/1996 color:SPAC text: Fergus barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:23/12/1996 till:25/12/1996 color:AUSR barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:25/12/1996 till:30/12/1996 color:SPAC from:21/12/1996 till:30/12/1996 color:WPAC text:Fern from:24/12/1996 till:27/12/1996 color:WPAC text:Greg from:26/12/1996 till:05/01/1997 color:AUSR text: Phil barset:break barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip barset:skip from:05/01/1997 till:16/01/1997 color:SWIO

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:25/12/1995 till:31/12/1995 text:Dec. '95 from:01/01/1996 till:31/01/1996 text:January from:01/02/1996 till:28/02/1996 text:February from:01/03/1996 till:31/03/1996 text:March from:01/04/1996 till:30/04/1996 text:April from:01/05/1996 till:31/05/1996 text:May from:01/06/1996 till:30/06/1996 text:June from:01/07/1996 till:31/07/1996 text:July from:01/08/1996 till:31/08/1996 text:August from:01/09/1996 till:30/09/1996 text:September from:01/10/1996 till:31/10/1996 text:October from:01/11/1996 till:30/11/1996 text:November from:01/12/1996 till:31/12/1996 text:December from:01/01/1997 till:25/01/1997 text:Jan. '97TextData = pos:(690,30) text:"This table is based on the" pos:(810,30) text:"tropical cyclone basins"

North Atlantic Ocean

See main article: 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. An average Atlantic hurricane season features 12 tropical storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, and features an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of 106. In the season, all of them were reached, featuring 13 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 6 major hurricanes, with an ACE total of 166. A rare subtropical storm also formed in mid-September, that affected the Northeastern United States and the nearby Eastern Canada.

The season had the most major hurricanes since 1950 and the season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Arthur, developed on June 17, while the final cyclone, Hurricane Marco dissipated on November 26. The most intense hurricane, Edouard, was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected portions of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. The season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls, including six hurricanes, one of which was a major hurricane.

The four most notable tropical cyclones of the season were hurricanes Bertha, Cesar, Fran, and Hortense. Bertha made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane on the coast of North Carolina, causing a total of 12 deaths and $335 million (1996 USD) in damage. Hurricane Fran made landfall in the same general area a little over a month later as a Category 3 hurricane, causing 37 deaths and $5 billion in damage. Hurricane Cesar developed in the east Caribbean during late-July and crossed Nicaragua into the eastern Pacific as a strong tropical storm several days later, at which time it earned the name Douglas. The system produced strong winds and flooding, leading to 113 deaths and $202.96 million in damage. Finally, Hurricane Hortense formed in the eastern Atlantic during the month of September and crossed Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, causing 39 direct deaths and $158 million in damage. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season caused $6.52 billion in damage and 256 deaths.

Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean

See main article: 1996 Pacific hurricane season. An average Pacific hurricane season features 15 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, and features an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of 132. In the season, the statistics fell below the average list, with 9 tropical storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes.

It was a below-average season; however, it recorded a four Pacific hurricanes striking Mexico. In addition, one Atlantic hurricane, Hurricane Cesar, crossed into this zone from the Atlantic Ocean and was renamed Douglas.^[2] None of the systems in the eastern north Pacific crossed 140°W and entered the central Pacific. The last time that happened was in the 1979 season.^[3]

In the central north Pacific, one tropical depression formed. In addition, a depression crossed the dateline from the western Pacific before dissipating in this basin. None of these two systems reached tropical storm strength.^[4] In addition, data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, on September 1, Tropical Depression Rick crossed the International Date Line, entering into CPHC's area of responsibility;^[5] however, this storm was not included into CPHC database. The storm eventually became extratropical on September 3 over open waters.

In terms of the number of storms, the season was below average. Despite this, there were a large number of landfalls. Of note is the fact that three tropical cyclones approached close to, or made landfall on, Mexico during a ten-day span from June 23 to July 3.^[6] In all, a record-setting four hurricanes (Alma, Boris, Fausto, and Hernan) struck the coastline.

Western Pacific Ocean

See main article: 1996 Pacific typhoon season.

The average typhoon season lasts year-round, with the majority of the storms forming between May and October. An average Pacific typhoon season features 26 tropical storms, 16 typhoons, and 9 super typhoons (unofficial category). It also features an average Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of approximately 294; the basin is typically the most active basin for tropical cyclone formation. The statistics were reached, except the number of super typhoons, which fell below the list. The season featured 30 tropical storms, 16 typhoons, and 6 super typhoons. The first tropical depression formed on January 12 and the last storm dissipated on December 27.

The strongest and the deadliest typhoon of the year was Typhoon Herb, which also became the largest, and the fourth-wettest tropical cyclone to affect Taiwan. It killed over 284 people and left $5 billion worth of damages as it affected the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, and China as a super typhoon. Frankie left 104 deaths as it passed near Vietnam. Marty formed over southern China and resulted in the deaths of 125 people as it affected the same country.

During most of the year, sea surface temperatures were moderately below normal near the equator, and were highest around 160° E from August to October, due to the prevailing La Niña. Overall, there were 30 named storms in the basin in 1996, which was slightly above the norm of 27. A total of 15 of the 30 storms became typhoons.

North Indian Ocean

See main article: 1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The 1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season featured several deadly tropical cyclones, with over 2,000 people killed during the year. It was a slightly average season, featuring nine tropical cyclones, five cyclonic storms, four severe cyclonic storms, two very severe cyclonic storms; however, it has no super cyclonic storm.

The first system originated on May 7 in the Bay of Bengal, which is the body of water east of India; the storm developed in tandem with a storm in the southern hemisphere, and ultimately struck Bangladesh. Three storms formed in June. The first struck Oman and later caused devastating flooding in Yemen, killing 338 people and causing $1.2 billion in damage. The other two storms struck opposite sides of India, collectively resulting in 226 deaths after causing widespread flooding. After a brief land depression in July and a weak depression in early October, the season featured four notable cyclones beginning in late October. A low-pressure area moved across southern India, killing 388 people before taking an unusual track in the Arabian Sea. At the end of October, a deep depression killed 14 people in Bangladesh. The strongest cyclone of the season was also the deadliest, killing 1,077 people when it struck Andhra Pradesh in early November. The final storm of the season executed a rare loop in the Bay of Bengal before weakening and striking southern India in early December, killing seven.

South-West Indian Ocean

January–June

See main article: 1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. The 1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a moderately active season that included Cyclone Bonita, which was the first known tropical cyclone to cross from the southern Indian Ocean into the southern Atlantic Ocean. The tropical activity lasted for about six months from the middle of November 1995 to early May 1996. The first storm, Intense Tropical Cyclone Agnielle, formed in the adjacent Australian basin on November 16 and later reached peak winds in the south-west Indian Ocean. The next named storm after Agnielle was Bonita, which formed in early January and killed 42 people. The basin was most active in February, with two tropical cyclones, or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, as well as a severe tropical storm. The first of these three was Doloresse, which killed 67 people due to a shipwreck in the Comoros. The next storm was Cyclone Edwige, which caused heavy crop damage on Mauritius before looping along the east coast of Madagascar. In March, both Cyclone Flossy and Tropical Storm Guylianne passed near the Mascarene Islands, producing heavy rainfall and gusty winds.

Tropical activity continued through April and May, with two tropical cyclones in the former month. In early April, Tropical Cyclone Hansella moved over the island of Rodrigues, dropping more rainfall in 24 hours than the average monthly total. Later, Itelle became a rare April intense tropical cyclone but weakened before it approached St. Brandon island. The final storm of the season, Jenna, formed in the Australian region, briefly intensified into a minimal tropical storm in the south-west Indian Ocean, and proceeded to exit the basin on May 4 to end the season. In addition to the named storms, several tropical depressions were tracked, one of which in December dropped heavy rainfall on Réunion.

July–December

See main article: 1996–97 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. On August 16, a tropical disturbance started the season, an unusual start. It remained below tropical depression intensity before dissipating on August 19. Not a month later, on September 6, a tropical disturbance formed from a trough near the Chagos Archipelago, with the MFR classifying the system as Tropical Disturbance A2. Located in an unfavourable environment, the storm possessed gale-force winds before dissipating on September 10. Antoinette formed on October 10, passing near the northern Madagascar before weakening. Bellamine and Chantelle developed in the month of November, with the former crossing the basin from the Australian region as Tropical Cyclone Melanie before it was renamed. Daniella and Evrina formed in the month of December, with the latter becoming the strongest tropical cyclone of the year.

Australian region

January–June

See main article: 1995–96 Australian region cyclone season. The 1995–96 Australian region cyclone season was an active Australian cyclone season, with Western Australia experiencing a record number of landfalling intense storms in the Pilbara region. The season produced a total of 19 tropical cyclones, of which 14 developed into named storms and 9 reached severe tropical cyclone status. The strongest of the season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia, which also produced the highest recorded wind gust on record of 408km/h. Though several systems impacted land, the general sparsity of population centres in Australia limits the scale of damage. One person was confirmed to have been killed and cumulative losses were estimated at A$77 million (US$58.5 million).

July–December

See main article: 1996–97 Australian region cyclone season. On July 9, a tropical low formed near the Cocos Islands, starting the season. It soon strengthened to Tropical Cyclone Lindsay before weakening and dissipating on July 13. Three months later, Cyclone Melanie formed near the Cocos (Keeling) Islands before crossing into the nearby South-West Indian Ocean basin, where it was renamed Bellamine. Nicholas, Ophelia, Fergus and Phil all developed on the month of December.

South Pacific Ocean

January–June

See main article: 1995–96 South Pacific cyclone season. The 1995–96 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the least active South Pacific tropical cyclone season's on record, with only four tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific Ocean to the east of 160°E.^{[7] [8]}

The first storm developed on January 12, while the last one dissipated on April 2. During the season the most intense tropical cyclone was Severe Tropical Cyclone Beti, which reached a minimum pressure of 935sigfig=4NaNsigfig=4 as it affected New Caledonia. After the season ended Beti's name was the only name to be retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists and was replaced with Bune, after it inflicted over US$5.6 million worth of damage to Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.^[9]

July–December

See main article: 1996–97 South Pacific cyclone season. Cyril started the season as a tropical low on November 23. It soon strikes New Caledonia, causing unknown damage. Fergus from the adjacent Australian region entered the basin on December 20, with the cyclone rapidly intensifying to a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone before dissipating on December 30.

South Atlantic Ocean

See main article: South Atlantic tropical cyclone. According to the Zambia Meteorological Department, Cyclone Bonita moved off the coast of Angola and entered the South Atlantic Ocean on January 19, 1996. By the next day, the system had succumbed to cold waters and days of land interaction, dissipating completely. It was the first tropical cyclone known to have traversed southern Africa from the South-West Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic.^[10]

Mediterranean Sea

See main article: Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone. Three notable medicanes developed in the month of September. The first, in mid-September 1996, was a typical Mediterranean tropical cyclone that developed in the Balearic Islands region. At the time of the cyclone's formation, a powerful Atlantic cold front and a warm front associated with a large-scale low, producing northeasterly winds over the Iberian peninsula, extended eastward into the Mediterranean, while abundant moisture gathered in the lower troposphere over the Balearic channel. On the morning of 12 September, a disturbance developed off of Valencia, Spain, dropping heavy rainfall on the coast even without coming ashore. An eye developed shortly thereafter as the system rapidly traversed across Majorca and Sardinia in its eastward trek. It made landfall upon the coast of southern Italy on the evening of 13 September with a minimum atmospheric pressure of 990mbar, dissipating shortly after coming ashore, with a diameter of about 150km (90miles).

The second of the three recorded Mediterranean tropical cyclones in 1996 formed between Sicily and Tunisia on 4 October, making landfall on both Sicily and southern Italy. The medicane generated major flooding in Sicily. In Calabria, wind gusts of up to 108km/h were reported in addition to severe inundation.

The third major Mediterranean tropical cyclone of that year formed north of Algeria, and strengthened while sweeping between the Balearic Islands and Sardinia, with an eye-like feature prominent on satellite. The storm was unofficially named Cornelia. The eye of the storm was distorted and disappeared after transiting over southern Sardinia throughout the evening of 8 October, with the system weakening as a whole. On the morning of October 9, a smaller eye emerged as the system passed over the Tyrrhenian Sea, gradually strengthening, with reports 100km (100miles) from the storm's center reporting winds of 90km/h. Extreme damage was reported in the Aeolian Islands after the tropical cyclone passed north of Sicily, though the system dissipated while turning southward over Calabria. Overall, the lowest estimated atmospheric pressure in the third medicane was 998mbar. Both October systems featured distinctive spiral bands, intense convection, high sustained winds, and abundant precipitation.

A medicane was observed from 10 to 13 December.

Systems

January

Tropical cyclones formed in January 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Bonita	January 3–15	185 (115)	920	Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola	Unknown	> 42	^[11]
Barry	January 4–7	185 (115)	950	Northern Territory, Queensland	Unknown	None
Hubert–Coryna	January 7–12	150 (90)	955	None	None	None
Yasi	January 12–19	85 (50)	987	Fiji, Tonga	Minor	None
TD	January 12		1008	Philippines	None	None
Celeste	January 26–29	130 (80)	965	Queensland	None	1	^[12]
Isobel	January 27 – February 1	65 (40)	995	Northern Territory	None	None
Jacob	January 27 – February 8	155 (100)	955	Northern Territory, Western Australia	Unknown	Unknown

February

Tropical cyclones formed in February 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
12S	February 5 – 10	65 (40)	997	None	None	None
TL	February 8 – 11	55 (35)	997	None	None	None
Doloresse	February 12 – 20	95 (60)	977	Comoros, Madagascar, Mozambique	Unknown	> 67
TD	February 12 – 14		1002	None	None	None
TL	February 14 – 17	55 (35)	996	None	None	None
Dennis	February 15 – 18	75 (45)	990	Papua New Guinea, Queensland	Unknown	Unknown
Edwige	February 19 – 29	150 (90)	945	Mascarene Islands, Madagascar	Minor	Unknown
TD	February 22 – 24			Fiji	Minor	None
Flossy	February 25 – March 6	150 (90)	945	Réunion	None	None
01W (Asiang)	February 28 – March 1	65 (40)	998	Philippines	None	None

March

Tropical cyclones formed in March 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Kirsty	March 7–14	185 (115)	935	Western Australia	Unknown	Unknown
Ethel	March 8–13	110 (70)	980	Queensland, Northern Territory	$57 million	Unknown
Zaka	March 9–11	65 (40)	995	New Caledonia	Minor	None
Atu	March 10–13	85 (50)	987	New Caledonia	Minor	None
Guylianne	March 17–25	65 (40)	992	Mauritius	None	None
Beti	March 21–28	165 (105)	935	Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand	$5.3 million	2

April

Tropical cyclones formed in April 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Ann (Biring)	April 1 – 10	65 (40)	1000	Caroline Islands, Philippines	None	None
Hansella	April 2 – 10	120 (75)	962	Mascarene Islands	None	None
Olivia	April 3 – 12	195 (120)	925	Western Australia, Northern Territory	> $47.5 million	None
Itelle	April 6 – 19	175 (110)	925	Mascarene Islands	None	None
27S	April 12 – 19	55 (35)	1000	None	None	None
03W	April 25 – 26	45 (30)	1004	Borneo	None	None
Jenna	April 30 – May 6	95 (60)	984	None	None	None
TL	April 30 – May 5	55 (35)	997	None	None	None

May

Tropical cyclones formed in May 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
BOB 01	May 7 – 8	55 (35)	1000	Bangladesh, Myanmar, India	Unknown	1	^[13]
Bart (Konsing)	May 8 – 18	175 (110)	930	Philippines, Guam, Mariana Islands	None	None
One-E	May 13 – 16	85 (50)	1000	None	None	None
Two-E	May 15 – 19	55 (35)	1006	None	Nonme	None
Cam (Ditang)	May 18 – 24	75 (45)	994	Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands	None	None

June

Tropical cyclones formed in June 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
02A	June 11–12	75 (45)	994	Oman, Yemen, Somalia	$1.2 billion	341	^[14]
BOB 02	June 12–16	85 (50)	992	India	$23.5 million	179	^[15]
TD	June 13–15		1004	South China	None	None
Arthur	June 16–21	75 (45)	1004	North Carolina	$1 million	None
ARB 01	June 17–20	110 (70)	972	India	$5.6 million	47	^[16]
Alma	June 20–27	165 (105)	969	Mexico	Unknown	26	^[17]
Boris	June 27 – July 1	150 (90)	979	Mexico	Unknown	10	^[18]

July

Tropical cyclones formed in July 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Cristina	July 1–3	110 (70)	991	Central America, Mexico	Unknown	13	^[19]
Six-E	July 4–6	55 (35)	1003	None	None	None
Dan	July 5–12	120 (75)	970	Japan, Kamchatka Peninsula	Unknown	None
Bertha	July 5–14	185 (115)	960	Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic States, New England	$335 million	12	^[20]
Lindsay	July 9–13	75 (45)	990	None	None	None
Eve	July 13–24	155 (100)	940	Japan, Ryukyu Islands	Unknown	None
Frankie (Edeng)	July 20–25	95 (60)	975	China, Vietnam	$200 million	104	^[21]
Gloria (Gloring)	July 21–28	120 (75)	965	Philippines, Taiwan, China	$20 million	23
Herb	July 21 – August 3	175 (110)	925	Ryūkyū Islands, Taiwan, People's Republic of China	$5 billion	284	^[22] ^[23]
Cesar	July 24–28	140 (85)	985	Colombia, Central America, Mexico	$203 million	113	^[24]
Douglas	July 28 – August 6	215 (130)	946	Mexico, Baja California Sur	None	None
LAND 01	July 26–28	45 (30)		India	None	None
Ian	July 28–29	75 (45)	1002	Mariana Islands	None	None
Joy	July 29 – August 6	100 (65)	980	None	None	None
TD	July 31		1004	Caroline Islands	None	None

August

Tropical cyclones formed in August 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
TD	August 2–3		998	South China	None	None
Kirk (Isang)	August 3–15	140 (85)	955	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	Unknown	2
Lisa	August 5–9	55 (35)	996	China	None	None
TD	August 7		1002	None	None	None
15W	August 12–16	55 (35)	998	None	None	None
TD	August 12		1002	South China	None	None
Marty	August 12–16	95 (60)	998	South China, Vietnam	$198 million	125
17W	August 14–16	55 (35)	1008	None	None	None
A1	August 16–19	55 (35)		None	None	None
Niki (Lusing)	August 17–23	120 (75)	970	Philippines, Vietnam, South China	$65 million	Unknown
TD	August 17		1008	None	None	None
Dolly	August 19–25	130 (80)	989		Unknown	14
Edouard	August 19 – September 3	230 (145)	933	Mid-Atlantic States, New England, Atlantic Canada	$20 million	2
Orson	August 20 – September 3	140 (85)	955	None	None	None
TD	August 21–22		1008	None	None	None
Piper	August 22–26	75 (45)	996	None	None	None
Fran	August 23 – September 8	195 (120)	946	South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania	$5 billion	22
TD	August 25–26		1008	None	None	None
Gustav	August 26 – September 2	75 (45)	1002	None	None	None
21W	August 26–27	45 (30)	1008	None	None	None
Rick	August 28 – September 2	65 (40)	1004	None	None	None
Elida	August 30 – September 6	65 (40)	994	Baja California Peninsula	Unknown	6

September

Tropical cyclones formed in September 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Sally (Maring)	September 2–9	150 (90)	940	Philippines, China, Vietnam	$1.5 billion	140
Hortense	September 3–15	220 (140)	935	Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands, Atlantic Canada	$158 million	39
A2	September 6–10	65 (40)		None	None	None
24W (Ningning)	September 10–14	85 (50)	996	Philippines, South China, Vietnam	None	None
Fausto	September 10–14	195 (120)	955	Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States	$800 thousand	1
Violet (Osang)	September 11–23	165 (105)	935	Ryukyu Islands, Japan	Unknown	Unknown
Unnamed	September 11–13	Unknown	990	Spain, Balearic Islands, Italy	Unknown	Unknown
Tom	September 12–20	130 (80)	965	None	None	None
Willie	September 15–23	100 (65)	985	South China, Vietnam	Unknown	38
One-C	September 15–20	55 (35)		None	None	None
Yates	September 21 – October 1	165 (105)	935	Mariana Islands	None	None
Zane (Paring)	September 23 – October 3	150 (90)	950	Ryukyu Islands, Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands	None	None
Isidore	September 24 – October 1	185 (115)	960	None	None	None
Genevieve	September 27 – October 9	85 (50)	999	None	None	None
Hernan	September 30 – October 4	140 (85)	980	Mexico, Texas	Unknown	1

October

Tropical cyclones formed in October 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
BOB 03	October 1–3	45 (30)		India	Unknown	22
Josephine	October 4–8	110 (70)	981	Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Atlantic Canada	$130 million	3
Unnamed	October 4–6	> 108 (67)		Italy	Unknown	None
Cornelia	October 6–11	> 90 (56)	998	Algeria, Balearic Islands, Italy, Aeolian Islands	Unknown	Unknown
Abel (Reming)	October 10–17	95 (60)	1002	Philippines, Vietnam	$4.3 million	8
Kyle	October 11–12	85 (50)	1001	Central America, Mexico	Minimal	None
Beth (Seniang)	October 11–22	110 (70)	975	Philippines, Vietnam	Unknown	1
Lili	October 14–27	185 (115)	960	Central America, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda, Ireland, Great Britain	$662 million	22
31W	October 15–16	45 (30)	1006	Mariana Islands	None	None
Antoinette	October 15–21	120 (75)	965	None	None	None
Carlo	October 20–26	130 (80)	965	Mariana Islands	None	None
ARB 02	October 22–28	110 (70)	976	Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat	$128.5 million	388
34W	October 24–30	55 (35)	1000	Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Borneo	None	None
BOB 04	October 27–29	55 (35)	991	India, Bangladesh	Unknown	19	^[25]
Melanie–Bellamine	October 28 – November 11	175 (110)	925	None	None	None

November

Tropical cyclones formed in November 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
35W	November 1–3	75 (45)	998	Philippines, Vietnam, Laos	$138 million	60	^[26]
Dale (Ulpiang)	November 3–13	165 (105)	930	Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands	$3.5 million	None
ARB 02	November 4–7	145 (90)	988	India	$602 million	1077	^[27]
Ernie (Toyang)	November 4–16	75 (45)	992	Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand	$5.1 million	24
38W	November 5–8	65 (40)	1000	None	None	None
Twelve-E	November 7–11	55 (35)	1003	None	None	None
39W	November 7–8	55 (35)	1006	Philippines, Taiwan	None	None
Marco	November 16–26	120 (75)	983	Cuba, Hispaniola, Central America, Jamaica, Florida	$8.2 million	15	^[28]
Chantelle	November 23–30	95 (60)	980	None	None	None
Cyril	November 23–26	85 (50)	987	New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu	Unknown	Unknown
40W	November 24–26	45 (30)	1002	Mariana Islands, Philippines	None	None
BOB 06	November 27 – December 7	120 (75)	967	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India	Unknown	7	^[29]

December

Tropical cyclones formed in December 1996

Storm name	Dates active	Max wind km/h (mph)	Pressure (hPa)	Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
Daniella	December 2–10	185 (115)	915	Mascarene Islands	Unknown	3	^[30]
Elvina	December 8–16	85 (50)	985	None	None	None
Unnamed	December 10–13				None	None
Nicholas	December 12–15	85 (50)	985	Western Australia, Timor	Unknown	Unknown
Ophelia	December 13–19	100 (65)	980	Christmas Islands	None	None
41W	December 14–20	55 (35)	1000	Borneo, Malaysia, Singapore	None	None
Fergus	December 20–30	150 (90)	955	Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, New Zealand	$2 million	None
Fern	December 21–30	110 (70)	975	Yap	$3 million	None
Greg	December 24–27	85 (50)	1002	Philippines, Borneo	$280 million	127
Phil	December 26 – January 16	110 (70)	975	Northern Territory, Western Australia	Unknown	Unknown

Global effects

There are a total of nine tropical cyclone basins, seven are seasonal and two are non-seasonal, thus all eight basins except the Mediterranean are active. In this table, data from all these basins are added.

Season name		Areas affected	Systems formed	Named storms	Hurricane-force tropical cyclones	Damage (1996 USD)	Deaths	Ref
North Atlantic Ocean		Southeastern United States, Leeward Islands, Greater Antilles, Mid-Atlantic states, New England, Curaçao, Central America, South America, East Mexico, Nova Scotia, Midwestern United States, Lucayan Archipelago, Atlantic Canada, Gulf Coast of the United States, Ireland, United Kingdom	13	13	9	$6.52 billion	253 (3)
Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean		Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Western Mexico, Central America, Baja California Peninsula, Northwest Mexico	12	8	4	>$800,000	44 (2)
Western Pacific Ocean		Philippines, Caroline Islands, Taiwan, South China, Vietnam, Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, China, Cambodia, Laos, Wake Island, Malaysia, Bomeo	52	30	21	$8.39 billion	1,047
North Indian Ocean		India, Bangladesh, Oman, Yemen, Somalia, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu	9	5	4	$1.93 billion	2,075
South-West Indian Ocean	January – June	Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola, Comoro, Tanzania, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues	9	7	6		109
	July – December	Seychelles, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi	6	5	2	None	None
Australian region	January – June	Christmas Island, Western Australia, Queensland, Cape York, Northern Territory, South Australia	15	11	6	$104.5 million	None
	July – December	Christmas Island, Northern Australia, Western Australia	5	5	2
South Pacific Ocean	January – June	Fiji, Tonga, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, New Zealand	4	4	1	$5.3 million	2
	July – December	Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand	3	2	1
Worldwide		(See above)				$16.96 billion	3,530 (5)

See also

• Tropical cyclones by year
• List of earthquakes in 1996
• Tornadoes of 1996

Notes

² Only systems that formed either on or after January 1, 1996 are counted in the seasonal totals.
³ Only systems that formed either before or on December 31, 1996 are counted in the seasonal totals.
⁴ The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the IMD Scale which uses 3-minute sustained winds.
⁵ The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the Saffir Simpson Scale which uses 1-minute sustained winds.
⁶The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on Météo-France which uses wind gusts.

External links

Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers

• US National Hurricane Center – North Atlantic, Eastern Pacific
• Central Pacific Hurricane Center – Central Pacific
• Japan Meteorological Agency – NW Pacific
• India Meteorological Department – Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea
• Météo-France – La Reunion – South Indian Ocean from 30°E to 90°E
• Fiji Meteorological Service – South Pacific west of 160°E, north of 25° S

Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers

• Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia – South Indian Ocean from 90°E to 141°E, generally north of 10°S
• Australian Bureau of Meteorology (TCWC's Perth, Darwin & Brisbane) – South Indian Ocean & South Pacific Ocean from 90°E to 160°E, generally south of 10°S
• Papua New Guinea National Weather Service – South Pacific Ocean from 141°E to 160°E, generally north of 10°S
• Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited – South Pacific west of 160°E, south of 25°S

Notes and References

1. Web site: Kim A. Mcdonald. July 3, 1998. Climatologists Are Surprised by Rapid Onset of La Niña. February 27, 2021.
2. Web site: Hurricane Douglas. Lixion Avila. Lixion Avila. 1996-10-24. National Hurricane Center. 2007-02-23.
3. Web site: Previous Tropical Systems of the Central Pacific. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2007-02-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20070223223955/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/. 23 February 2007 . live.
4. The 1996 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2019-06-09.
5. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1996. November 29, 2015. bwp221996. TXT.
6. Web site: Tropical Storm Cristina. Max Mayfield. Max Mayfield. 1996-08-11. National Hurricane Center. 2007-02-08.
7. Web site: live . 1996 . Australian National Tidal Facility . February 19, 2012 . The South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Change Newsletter . March 25, 2012 . South Pacific Regional Environment Program . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325102728/http://www.sprep.org/att/publication/Retro/newsletters/SP%20Sea%20Level%20and%20Climate%20Change%201-3.pdf . mdy .
8. Tropical Cyclone seasonal summary 2000-01. June 10, 2011. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. Fiji Meteorological Service. 2002. https://www.webcitation.org/5qpcpRAvW?url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_00-011188357007.pdf. 2010-06-28.
9. Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean 2010. July 30, 2011. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee. World Meteorological Organization. July 1, 2011.
10. Mudenda, O. S. . Mumba, Z. L. S. . The Unusual Tropical Storm of January 1996 . 10.1.1.601.2986.
11. Web site: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 30, 2013. 06S (Cyclone Bonita) Best Track. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command.
12. Web site: Western Australia Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 1995–96. Bureau of Meteorology . 2012-11-15.
13. News: Agence France-Presse. 1996-05-08. Storm brushes Bangladesh coast.
14. 1996-07-23. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. ReliefWeb. Yemen – Floods DHA-Geneva Situation Report No. 7 23 July 1996. 2015-11-14.
15. News: Reuters. Indian cyclone abates after killing more than 120. 1996-06-17. ReliefWeb. 2015-11-16.
16. News: 1996-06-21. India Cyclones Toll More Than 250. Reuters. ReliefWeb. 2015-11-16.
17. Web site: Lixion A. Avila. Hurricane Alma Tropical Cyclone Report. 1996. National Hurricane Center. 2008-05-08.
18. Web site: Hurricane Boris. Miles Lawrence. 1996-08-15. National Hurricane Center. 2007-08-18.
19. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Cristina. Mayfield. Max. August 11, 1996. National Hurricane Center. 2009-06-27.
20. Web site: Miles B. Lawrence . Hurricane Bertha Tropical Cyclone Report . 1996 . National Hurricane Center . 2008-02-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100825044553/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996bertha.html . 2010-08-25 .
21. Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1996 Pacific Typhoon Tropical Cyclone Report: Chapter 3. Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
22. 2009. 中国台风灾情特征及其灾害客观评估方法. Acta Metallurgica Sinica. 67.
23. Web site: National Institute of Informatics. 2012. October 19, 2012. Weather Disaster Report: (1996-918-01). ja.
24. Web site: Unisys Corporation. 2009. Operational Track Data on Hurricane Cesar. September 27, 2010. DAT. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629111300/http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/atlantic/1996H/CESAR/track.dat. June 29, 2011.
25. News: Associated Press. 1996-10-28. Cyclone Approaches Bangladesh; Government Evacuates 500,000.
26. Web site: Archived copy . 2009-01-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20050316231931/http://www.cidi.org/disaster/96b/6k01.html . 2005-03-16 .
27. News: Reuters. India Cyclone Death Toll May Exceed 2,000. 11 November 1996. 7 November 2015. ReliefWeb.
28. Unisys Corporation. Operational Track Data on Hurricane Marco. March 21, 2013. DAT. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
29. News: Associated Press. 1996-12-04. India: Powerful Cyclone Moves Toward State of Andhra Pradesh. 2015-11-20.
30. News: Agence France-Presse. 1996-12-08. Three Die as Cyclone Daniela Passes Off Coast of Mauritius. 2014-01-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20140114215323/http://www.e-tools.co.za/newsbrief/1996/news1209. 2014-01-14.