A triple divide or triple watershed is a point on Earth's surface where three drainage basins meet. A triple divide results from the intersection of two drainage divides. Triple divides range from prominent mountain peaks to minor side peaks, down to simple slope changes on a ridge which are otherwise unremarkable. The elevation of a triple divide can be thousands of meters to barely above sea level. Triple divides are a common hydrographic feature of any terrain that has rivers, streams and/or lakes.
Topographic triple divides do not necessarily respect the underground path of water. Thus, depending on the infiltration and the different geological layers, the hydrologic triple divide is often offset from the topographic triple divide.
A hydrological apex is a triple divide whose waters flow into three different oceans. Triple Divide Peak in the U.S. state of Montana and, depending on definition, Snow Dome in Canada are the only such places on Earth.[1]
An unnamed hill on the border between the Central African Republic and South Sudan: the exact point is at . Water from this point flows to the Atlantic Ocean via the Congo River, to the Mediterranean Sea via the Nile, or to endorheic Lake Chad. At this point meet the second, third and eighth largest drainage basins in the world, making it one of the most important triple divides on earth.[2]
Antarctica is completely circled by the Southern Ocean, and so it has no triple divides.
Older definitions of the oceans did not include the Southern Ocean, and instead had the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans touch the shores of Antarctica. Based on this outdated definition, Dome Argus is the highest point in the East Antarctic ice sheet and could be considered a triple divide if it is assumed that the ice forms a watershed. [3]
Asia is dominated by endorheic basins. There is a point in southern China where the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and endorheic basins meet and another point in northern China where the Pacific Ocean, endorheic and Arctic Ocean basins meet.[4]
Australia has two continental drainage divide tripoints, both close to each other along Queensland's Great Dividing Range. Both are named after two 1845 exploration party leaders who sought to solve the question of Australia's rivers, Thomas Mitchell and Edmund Kennedy.
| Landmark name | Coordinates | Location | Watersheds | Divides | Refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lunghin Pass | 46.4135°N 9.6635°W | Piz Lunghin, Switzerland | ||||
| Klepáč | 50.1575°N 16.7908°W | Králický Sněžník Mountains, Czech Republic and Poland |
| [5] | ||
| Unnamed point | 47.9414°N 5.5048°W | Langres, France |
| |||
| Witenwasserenstock | 46.5283°N 8.4743°W | Valais and Uri, Switzerland |
| |||
| Roundway Hill | 51.3775°N -1.9856°W | Devizes, Wiltshire, United Kingdom |
| [6] |
North America has 3 triple divides in the United States which are intersections of continental divides, and a fourth one in British Columbia. Waters at these triple divides flow into three different oceans, seas or gulfs. Triple Divide Peak in Montana is considered the triple divide "hydrological apex" of North America, though Snow Dome on the Alberta-British Columbia border also has a claim depending on how the Arctic and Atlantic oceans are defined. North America is the only continent that has a triple point dividing basins draining into three different oceans.[7] Where the Continental Divide splits and joins to form the boundary of the Great Divide Basin, it forms two triple points.
| scope=col | Landmark name | scope=col | Coordinates | scope=col | Location | scope=col | Watersheds | scope=col | Divides | scope=col | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triple Divide Peak | 48.5731°N -113.5167°W | Flathead County, Montana | Continental Divide of the Americas and Laurentian Divide | [8] | |||||||
| Snow Dome | 52.1869°N -117.3169°W | Alberta and British Columbia |
| Continental Divide of the Americas and Arctic Divide | [9] | ||||||
| Unnamed hill | 41.8467°N -77.8372°W | Potter County, Pennsylvania |
| Eastern Continental Divide and Saint Lawrence River Divide | [10] [11] | ||||||
| Hill of Three Waters | 47.4477°N -148.8°W | approximately north of Hibbing, Minnesota |
| Saint Lawrence River Divide and Laurentian Divide | [12] | ||||||
| Eastern divide termination | 30.2524°N -105.578°W) | near Kissimmee, Florida |
| Lake Okeechobee basin and the Eastern Continental Divide | [13] | ||||||
| Great Divide Basin | 42.0003°N -107.9839°W | Wyoming, where the Continental Divide splits and joins to form the boundary of the Great Divide Basin |
| Continental Divide of the Americas, Great Divide Basin | [14] | ||||||
| Guzmán Basin | 33.1427°N -107.8545°W | Reeds Peak, New Mexico[15] |
| Continental Divide of the Americas, Great Divide Basin | [16] | ||||||
| Chihuahua rim, Guzmán Basin | 31.3325°N -108.756°W | Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Continental Divide of the Americas, Great Divide Basin | [17] | ||||||
| Three Waters Mountain | 43.3936°N -109.7858°W[18] | Wyoming |
| Continental Divide of the Americas, Unnamed Divide | |||||||
| Commissary Ridge triple divide | 42.5883°N -110.7358°W[19] | Wyoming |
|
Other points are often considered to be triple divides because they separate basins of continental rivers.
The highest elevation significant triple divide in the lower 48 states of the United States, in Kings Canyon National Park in Fresno/Inyo counties, California, is a sub-peak of Mount Wallace of the central Sierra Nevada:
Numerous other triple divide points result from intersection of river basin divides, including:
There are triple points in South America where the divide splits.