Tripartite symbiosis explained

Tripartite symbiosis is a type of symbiosis involving three species. This can include any combination of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, or archaea, often in interkingdom symbiosis.

Ants

Fungus-growing ants

See main article: Fungus-growing ants.

Ants of Attini cultivate fungi. Microfungi, specialized to be parasites of the fungus gardens, coevolved with them.[1]

Allomerus-Hirtella-Trimmatostroma

See main article: Allomerus decemarticulatus and Hirtella physophora.

Allomerus decemarticulatus ants use Trimmatostroma sp. to create structures within Hirtella physophora.[2] [3] The fungi are connected endophytically and actively transfer nitrogen.[4]

Lichen

See main article: Cyanolichen.

The mycobiont in a lichen can form a relationship with both cyanobacteria and green algae as photobionts concurrently.[5] [6] [7]

Legumes

Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixating bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes. Sometimes, this is aided by the presence of a fungal species.[8] This is most effective in undistributed soil.[9] The presence of mycorrhizae can improve the rhizobial-liquorice nutrient transfer in droughts.[10] Soybeans in particular can improve their ability to withstand soil salinity with the presence of both rhizobium and mycorrhizae.[11]

Notes and References

  1. Currie . Cameron R. . Wong . Bess . Stuart . Alison E. . Schultz . Ted R. . Rehner . Stephen A. . Mueller . Ulrich G. . Sung . Gi-Ho . Spatafora . Joseph W. . Straus . Neil A. . 2003-01-17 . Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis . Science . en . 299 . 5605 . 386–388 . 10.1126/science.1078155 . 12532015 . 2003Sci...299..386C . 15815635 . 0036-8075.
  2. Ruiz-González . Mario X. . Malé . Pierre-Jean G. . Leroy . Céline . Dejean . Alain . Gryta . Hervé . Jargeat . Patricia . Quilichini . Angélique . Orivel . Jérôme . 2011-06-23 . Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants . Biology Letters . 7 . 3 . 475–479 . 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0920 . 1744-9561 . 3097849 . 21084334.
  3. Leroy . Céline . Séjalon-Delmas . Nathalie . Jauneau . Alain . Ruiz-González . Mario-Xavier . Gryta . Hervé . Jargeat . Patricia . Corbara . Bruno . Dejean . Alain . Orivel . Jérôme . December 2010 . Trophic mediation by a fungus in an ant-plant mutualism: Fungal mediation in a tripartite mutualism . Journal of Ecology . en . no . 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01763.x. 83551088 . free .
  4. Web site: Exploring fungus–plant N transfer in a tripartite ant–plant–fungus mutualism . 2022-09-29 .
  5. Henskens . Frieda L. . Green . T. G. Allan . Wilkins . Alistair . August 2012 . Cyanolichens can have both cyanobacteria and green algae in a common layer as major contributors to photosynthesis . Annals of Botany . 110 . 3 . 555–563 . 10.1093/aob/mcs108 . 0305-7364 . 3400443 . 22648879.
  6. Rikkinen . Jouko . 2015-04-01 . Cyanolichens . Biodiversity and Conservation . en . 24 . 4 . 973–993 . 10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8 . 254277998 . 1572-9710.
  7. Ponsero . Alise J. . Hurwitz . Bonnie L. . Magain . Nicolas . Miadlikowska . Jolanta . Lutzoni . François . U’Ren . Jana M. . 2021-10-15 . Cyanolichen microbiome contains novel viruses that encode genes to promote microbial metabolism . ISME Communications . en . 1 . 1 . 1–4 . 10.1038/s43705-021-00060-w . 235465561 . 2730-6151. free . 9723557 .
  8. Takács . Tünde . Cseresnyés . Imre . Kovács . Ramóna . Parádi . István . Kelemen . Bettina . Szili-Kovács . Tibor . Füzy . Anna . 2018 . Symbiotic Effectivity of Dual and Tripartite Associations on Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivars Inoculated With Bradyrhizobium japonicum and AM Fungi . Frontiers in Plant Science . 9 . 1631 . 10.3389/fpls.2018.01631 . 30483288 . 6243127 . 1664-462X. free .
  9. Web site: Varennesa . A. D. . Gossb . M. J. . 2007 . The tripartite symbiosis between legumes, rhizobia and indigenous mycorrhizal fungi is more efficient in undisturbed soil . 52247765 . en.
  10. Hao . Zhipeng . Xie . Wei . Jiang . Xuelian . Wu . Zhaoxiang . Zhang . Xin . Chen . Baodong . October 2019 . Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress . Agronomy . en . 9 . 10 . 572 . 10.3390/agronomy9100572 . 2073-4395. free .
  11. Web site: Increasing plant tolerance grown on saline soil: the role of tripartite symbiosis. . 2022-09-30 . www.cabdirect.org.

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