Trigonalidae Explained

Trigonalidae is a family of parasitic wasps in the suborder Apocrita. They are the only living members of the superfamily Trigonaloidea. Trigonalidae are divided into 2 subfamilies; Orthogonalinae and Trigonalinae. These wasps are extremely rare, but surprisingly diverse, with over 90 species in 16 genera, and are known from all parts of the world.[1] [2] It is possibly the sister group to all Aculeata.

Ecology

What little is known about the biology of these insects indicates a remarkably improbable life history: in nearly all known species, females lay thousands of minute eggs, "clamping" them to the edges of, or injecting them inside leaves. The egg must then be consumed by a caterpillar. Once inside the caterpillar, the trigonalid egg either hatches and attacks any other parasitoid larvae (including its siblings) in the caterpillar, or it waits until the caterpillar is killed and fed to a vespid larva, which it then attacks. If the caterpillar is neither attacked by another parasitoid nor fed to a vespid, the trigonalid larva fails to develop. Therefore, they are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, but in a manner virtually unique among the insects, in that the eggs must be swallowed by a host, and even more unusual in that there may be an intermediate host. A few species are known exceptions, which directly parasitise sawflies.[3]

Nomenclature

The name of this family has also been spelled "Trigonaloidae" and "Trigonalyidae". These are unjustified emendations of the name and incorrect under Article 29.5 of the ICZN.[4] [5] [6] Despite this, some authors have continued to use the latter, "Trigonalyidae" spelling.[7] [8]

Taxonomy

The fossil record of the family is poor, and there are no confirmed members of the family prior to the Cenozoic, with the oldest being from the Ypresian Eocene Okanagan Highlands in western North America.[9] A possible specimen is known from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar, but this differs substantially from modern members of the family, and may belong to the stem-group.[10] Suggested relatives of Trigonalidae within Trigonaloidea include the extinct family Maimetshidae, known from the Cretaceous period.[11]

Genera

Notes and References

  1. https://www.sfu.ca/~carmean/trig/name.html Trigonalidae Website
  2. Carmean. David. Kimsey. Lynn. 1998-01-01. Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology. en. 23. 1. 35–76. 10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00042.x. 1998SysEn..23...35C . 84982520 . 1365-3113.
  3. Book: A., Triplehorn, Charles. Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects. 2005. Thompson Brooks/Cole. Johnson, Norman F., Borror, Donald J. (Donald Joyce), 1907-1988.. 9780030968358. 7th. Belmont, CA. 55793895.
  4. Engel . M.S. . Arkady . L.S. . 2020-01-31 . On the spelling of family-group names based on the genus Trigonalys Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae versus Trigonalyidae) . Entomologist's Monthly Magazine . en . 156 . 1 . 58–60 . 10.31184/M00138908.1561.3989 . 213942121 . 0013-8908. subscription .
  5. Aguiar . Alexandre P. . Deans . Andrew R. . Engel . Michael S.. Forshage . Mattias . Huber. John T.. etal . Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013) . Zootaxa . 30 August 2013 . 3703 . 1 . 51 . 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 . 26146682. free .
  6. https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/ ICZN Code
  7. Chen . Hua-Yan . Hong . Chun-Dan . van Achterberg . Cornelis . Pang . Hong . New species and new records of Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) from Tibet, China . ZooKeys . 12 March 2020 . 918 . 83–84 . 10.3897/zookeys.918.49729 . 32210666 . 7082393 . 2020ZooK..918...83C . free .
  8. Zhang . Bing-Lan . Yan . Cheng-Jin . van Achterberg . Cornelis . Peng . Yan-Qiong . Chen . Hua-Yan . Integrated taxonomy unveils new species of Trigonalyidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from Yunnan, China . Journal of Hymenoptera Research . 29 April 2022 . 90 . 10.3897/jhr.90.80150 . 11 February 2023. free .
  9. Archibald . S. B. . Rasnitsyn . A. P. . Brothers . D. J. . Mathewes . R. W. . 2018 . Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America . The Canadian Entomologist . 150 . 2 . 205–257 . 10.4039/tce.2017.59 . 0008-347X . 90017208.
  10. Zhang . Qi . Rasnitsyn . Alexandr P. . Wang . Bo . Zhang . Haichun . 2018-12-01 . Hymenoptera (wasps, bees and ants) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: A review of the fauna . Proceedings of the Geologists' Association . en . 129 . 6 . 736–747 . 10.1016/j.pgeola.2018.06.004 . 2018PrGA..129..736Z . 134358795 . 0016-7878. subscription .
  11. Web site: Trigonaloidea . 17 June 2021 . Encyclopedia of Life.

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