Lysimachia borealis explained

Lysimachia borealis (synonym Trientalis borealis), the starflower, is a North American woodland perennial that blooms between May and June.^[1]

Description

Starflowers have creeping rhizomes with vertical stalks. Each stalk has a whorl of 5–10 lanceolate leaves (up to 8cm (03inches) long) at its tip, with one to four (most often one or two) white flowers on smaller stalks extending from the center of the whorl. The flowers are about across and consist of five to nine petals that form a star-like shape. Its fruit is tiny, globe-shaped, pale blue, and matte.^{[2] [3]}

Biology

Lysimachia borealis has three, fairly discrete phases of the life cycle each year: shoot development, rhizome growth, and tuber formation.^[4] The species reproduces both sexually, by seed, and asexually, via tubers. Flowers are pollinated primarily by halictid and andrenid bees.^[5] In response to warming, L. borealis appears to shift reproductive effort away from sexual reproduction toward asexual vegetative spread.

The species may show evidence for local adaptation, as northern and southern populations display differences in the timing of initiation of shoot growth and in the response of seeds to cold stratification.

Starflower is a larval host for the weevil Pelenomus sulcicollis.^[6]

Distribution and habitat

Lysimachia borealis is found from Canada to north-central and eastern United States, primarily in boreal forest in Canada and in northern conifer-hardwood forests in the United States. It is found in temperate climates.^[7] The species is one of the ten most common herbaceous-layer native plants in eastern deciduous U.S. National Park forests. The Lysimachia Latifolia, (Pacific Starflower) which is a pinkish, purple variety, is native to the west coast of the United States and parts of western Canada. ^[8]

Taxonomy

Two subspecies are recognized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture:

• Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis^[9]
• Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Hultén – broadleaf starflower^[10]

Conservation status

Lysimachia borealis is considered to be of "least concern" overall according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. As of 2017, L. borealis is listed as endangered by Georgia and Kentucky and as threatened by Illinois and Tennessee.^[11]

References

• Northern Starflower, borealforest.org
• Wildflowers of Minnesota's Northwoods pamphlet, 1999, Minnesota DNR

Notes and References

1. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/28275 VASCAN
2. http://www.borealforest.org/herbs/herb37.htm Trientalis borealis Northern Starflower
3. Book: Leboeuf, Michel . Arbres et plantes forestières du Québec et des Maritimes . Éditions Michel Quintin . 2016 . 978-2-89762-097-4 . Revised and augmented . Canada . 279 . fr.
4. Anderson . Roger C. . Loucks . Orie L. . July 1973 . Aspects of the Biology of Trientalis Borealis Raf . Ecology . en . 54 . 4 . 798–808 . 10.2307/1935674 . 0012-9658.
5. Anderson . Roger C. . Beare . Michael H. . March 1983 . Breeding System and Pollination ecology of Trientalis borealis (Primulaceae) . American Journal of Botany . en . 70 . 3 . 408–415 . 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1983.tb06408.x . 0002-9122.
6. Eiseman . Charles S. . April 2022 . New Rearing Records and Observations of Weevils with Folivorous Larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) . Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington . 123 . 4 . 727–740 . 10.4289/0013-8797.123.4.727 . 0013-8797.
7. 77100389-1. Lysimachia borealis. 26 June 2023.
8. Warren . Robert J . Candeias . Matt . Labatore . Adam . Olejniczak . Michael . Yang . Lin . 2018-02-24 . Multiple mechanisms in woodland plant species invasion . Journal of Plant Ecology . 12 . 2 . 201–209 . 10.1093/jpe/rty010 . 1752-993X.
9. Web site: Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis. Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 19 December 2023. USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team.
10. Web site: Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. latifolia (Hook.) Hultén. Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 19 December 2023. USDA NRCS National Plant Data Team.
11. Web site: Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. dead. 18 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170618185231/https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TRBOB.