Tridentine Mass Explained

The Tridentine Mass,[1] also known as the Traditional Latin Mass,[2] [3] the Traditional Rite,[4] or the Extraordinary Form, is the liturgy in the Roman Missal of the Catholic Church codified in 1570 and published thereafter with amendments up to 1962. Celebrated almost exclusively in Ecclesiastical Latin, it was the most widely used Eucharistic liturgy in the world from its issuance in 1570 until the introduction of the Mass of Paul VI (promulgated in 1969, with the revised Roman Missal appearing in 1970).[5]

The edition promulgated by Pope John XXIII in 1962 (the last to bear the indication ex decreto Sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum) and Mass celebrated in accordance with it are described in the 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum as an authorized form of the Church's liturgy, and sometimes spoken of as the Extraordinary Form, or the usus antiquior ("more ancient usage" in Latin).

"Tridentine" is derived from the Latin Tridentinus, "related to the city of Tridentum" (modern-day Trent, Italy), where the Council of Trent was held at the height of the Counter-Reformation. In response to a decision of that council,[6] Pope Pius V promulgated the 1570 Roman Missal, making it mandatory throughout the Latin Church, except in places and religious orders with missals from before 1370. Although the Tridentine Mass is often described as the Latin Mass,[7] the post-Vatican II Mass published by Pope Paul VI and republished by Pope John Paul II,[8] which replaced it as the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, has its official text in Latin and is sometimes celebrated in that language.[9] [10]

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI issued the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum, accompanied by a letter to the world's bishops, authorizing use of the 1962 Tridentine Mass by all Latin Church Catholic priests in Masses celebrated without the people. These Masses "may—observing all the norms of law—also be attended by faithful who, of their own free will, ask to be admitted".[11] Permission for competent priests to use the Tridentine Mass as parish liturgies was to be given by the pastor or rector.[12]

Permissions for celebrating the 1962 form of the Tridentine Mass were replaced and abrogated by Pope Francis's motu proprio Traditionis Custodes in 2021, introducing additional restrictions.[13]

Terminology

The term "Tridentine Mass" applies to celebrations in accordance with the successive editions of the Roman Missal whose title attribute them to the Council of Trent (Missale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum) and to the pope or popes who made the revision represented in the edition in question. The first of these editions is that of 1570, in which the mention of the Council of Trent is followed by a reference to Pope Pius V (Pii V Pont. Max. iussu editum).[14] The last, that of 1962, mentions the popes only generically (Missale Romanum ex decreto SS. Concilii Tridentini restitutum Summorum Pontificum cura recognitum). Editions later than that of 1962 mention the Second Vatican Council instead of the Council of Trent, as in the 2002 edition: Missale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum auctoritati Pauli Pp. VI promulgatum Ioannis Pauli Pp. II cura recognitum.[15]

Sometimes the term "Tridentine Mass" is applied restrictively to Masses in which the final 1962 edition of the Tridentine Roman Missal is used, the only edition still authorized, under certain conditions, as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite Mass.[16]

Some speak of this form of Mass as "the Latin Mass". This too is a restrictive use of a term whose proper sense is much wider. The Second Vatican Council Mass also has its normative text, from which vernacular translations are made, in Latin, and, except at Masses scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people, it can everywhere be celebrated in Latin.[17]

A few speak of the Tridentine Mass in general or of its 1962 form as the "Gregorian Rite".[18] The term "Tridentine Rite" is also sometimes met with,[19] but Pope Benedict XVI declared it inappropriate to speak of the 1962 version and that published by later Popes as if they were two "rites". Rather, he said, it is a matter of a twofold "use" of one and the same Roman "rite". Hugh Somerville-Knapman, O.S.B., says that they should be separate rites, as the Mass promulgated at the Council of Trent was already the pre-existing liturgy of the Diocese of Rome and has direct continuity with the Mass practiced by the apostles, whereas the changes made in implementing the Mass of Paul VI are so great that it no longer resembles any Catholic liturgy practiced prior to the 20th century.[20]

Other names for the edition promulgated by Pope John XXIII in 1962 (the last to bear the indication ex decreto Sacrosancti Concilii Tridentini restitutum) are the Extraordinary Form, or the usus antiquior ("more ancient usage" in Latin).[21]

Traditionalist Catholics, whose best-known characteristic is an attachment to the Tridentine Mass, frequently refer to it as the "Traditional Mass" or the "Traditional Latin Mass". They describe as a "codifying" of the form of the Mass the preparation of Pius V's edition of the Roman Missal, of which he said that the experts to whom he had entrusted the work collated the existing text with ancient manuscripts and writings, restored it to "the original form and rite of the holy Fathers" and further emended it.[22] To distinguish this form of Mass from the Vatican II Mass, traditionalist Catholics sometimes call it the "Mass of the Ages",[23] [24] [25] [26] and say that it comes down to us "from the Church of the Apostles, and ultimately, indeed, from Him Who is its principal Priest and its spotless Victim".[27]

Language

In most countries, the language used for celebrating the Tridentine Mass was and is Latin, which became the language of the Roman liturgy in the late 4th century. However, there have been exceptions.[28] In Dalmatia and parts of Istria in Croatia, the liturgy was celebrated in Old Church Slavonic from the time of Cyril and Methodius, and authorization for use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.[29] [30]

In the 14th century, Dominican missionaries converted a monastery near Qrna, Armenia to Catholicism, and translated the liturgical books of the Dominican Rite, a variant of the Roman Rite, into Armenian for the community's use. The monks were deterred from becoming members of the Dominican Order itself by the severe fasting requirements of the Dominican Constitutions, as well as the prohibition on owning any land other than that on which the monastery stood, and therefore became the Order of the United Friars of St. Gregory the Illuminator, a new order confirmed by Pope Innocent VI in 1356 whose Constitutions were similar to the Dominicans' except for these two laws. This order established monasteries over a vast amount of territory in Greater and Lesser Armenia, Persia, and Georgia, using the Dominican Rite in Armenian until the end of the order's existence in 1794.[31] [28] On February 25, 1398, Pope Boniface IX also authorized Maximus Chrysoberges to found a monastery in Greece where Mass would be celebrated in Greek according to the Dominican Rite, and Manuel Chrysoloras translated the Dominican missal into Greek in pursuance of the plan, but nothing further is known of this undertaking.[31] [28]

Missionaries in Canada were authorized to use Mohawk and Algonquin translations of the ordinary and the proper of the Tridentine Mass at least through the middle 1800s.[32] In the late 1500s, permission was granted for missionaries working in India to use Syriac for the mass.[33]

On June 27, 1615, Pope Paul V granted permission for Mass and the Divine Office to be celebrated, and the sacraments administered, in the Chinese language according to the Roman Rite, and Lodovico Buglio, S.J., carried out the translation of the Missal, the Ritual, and a large part of the Breviary into Chinese.[28] [34] [35] This faculty was never used.[35] [36]

Similarly, on April 17, 1624, permission was granted for the Discalced Carmelites to use Arabic at the mission in Persia, and on April 30, 1631, the Theatines were granted permission to use Georgian or Armenian at their mission in Georgia.[28] Permission to use Arabic was also extended to the Franciscans in the Holy Land in the nineteenth century. In 1958, permission was given for Hindi to be used at masses in India.[37]

After the publication of the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, the 1964 Instruction on implementing the Constitution on Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council laid down that "normally the epistle and gospel from the Mass of the day shall be read in the vernacular". Episcopal conferences were to decide, with the consent of the Holy See, what other parts, if any, of the Mass were to be celebrated in the vernacular.[38]

Outside the Roman Catholic Church, the vernacular language was introduced into the celebration of the Tridentine Mass by some Old Catholics and Anglo-Catholics with the introduction of the English Missal.

Some Western Rite Orthodox Christians, particularly in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America's Western Rite Vicariate, use the Tridentine Mass in the vernacular with minor alterations under the title of the "Divine Liturgy of St. Gregory". Latin Masses on days of the week other than Sunday are becoming common.

Most Old Catholics use the Tridentine Mass, either in the vernacular or in Latin.

Pope Pius V's revision of the liturgy

At the time of the Council of Trent, the traditions preserved in printed and manuscript missals varied considerably, and standardization was sought both within individual dioceses and throughout the Latin West. Standardization was required also in order to prevent the introduction into the liturgy of Protestant ideas in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

Pope Pius V accordingly imposed uniformity by law in 1570 with the papal bull "Quo primum", ordering use of the Roman Missal as revised by him.[22] He allowed only those rites that were at least 200 years old to survive the promulgation of his 1570 Missal. Several of the rites that remained in existence were progressively abandoned, though the Ambrosian rite survives in Milan, Italy and neighbouring areas, stretching even into Switzerland, and the Mozarabic rite remains in use to a limited extent in Toledo and Madrid, Spain. The Carmelite, Carthusian and Dominican religious orders kept their rites, but in the second half of the 20th century two of these three chose to adopt the Roman Rite. The rite of Braga, in northern Portugal, seems to have been practically abandoned: since 18 November 1971 that archdiocese authorizes its use only on an optional basis.[39]

Beginning in the late 17th century, France and neighbouring areas, such as Münster, Cologne and Trier in Germany, saw a flurry of independent missals published by bishops influenced by Jansenism and Gallicanism. This ended when Abbot Guéranger and others initiated in the 19th century a campaign to return to the Roman Missal.

Pius V's revision of the liturgy had as one of its declared aims the restoration of the Roman Missal "to the original form and rite of the holy Fathers". Due to the relatively limited resources available to his scholars, this aim was in fact not realised.[40]

Three different printings of Pius V's Roman Missal, with minor variations, appeared in 1570, a folio and a quarto edition in Rome and a folio edition in Venice. A reproduction of what is considered to be the earliest, referred to therefore as the editio princeps, was produced in 1998.[41] In the course of the printing of the editio princeps, some corrections were made by pasting revised texts over parts of the already printed pages.[42] There were several printings again in the following year 1571, with various corrections of the text.[43]

Historical variations

In the Apostolic Constitution (papal bull) Quo primum, with which he prescribed use of his 1570 edition of the Roman Missal, Pius V decreed: "We order and enjoin that nothing must be added to Our recently published Missal, nothing omitted from it, nor anything whatsoever be changed within it." This of course did not exclude changes by a Pope, and Pope Pius V himself added to the Missal the feast of Our Lady of Victory, to celebrate the victory of Lepanto of 7 October 1571. His immediate successor, Pope Gregory XIII, changed the name of this feast to "The Most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary" and Pope John XXIII changed it to "Our Lady of the Rosary".

Pius V's work in severely reducing the number of feasts in the Roman calendar (see this comparison) was very soon further undone by his successors. Feasts that he had abolished, such as those of the Presentation of Mary, Saint Anne and Saint Anthony of Padua, were restored even before Clement VIII's 1604 typical edition of the Missal was issued.

In the course of the following centuries new feasts were repeatedly added and the ranks of certain feasts were raised or lowered. A comparison between Pope Pius V's Tridentine calendar and the General Roman Calendar of 1954 shows the changes made from 1570 to 1954. Pope Pius XII made a general revision in 1955, and Pope John XXIII made further general revisions in 1960 simplifying the terminology concerning the ranking of liturgical celebrations.

While keeping on 8 December what he called the feast of "the Conception of Blessed Mary" (omitting the word "Immaculate"), Pius V suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary (with the word "Nativity" replaced by "Conception") be used instead. Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast.

Typical editions of the Roman Missal

In addition to such occasional changes, the Roman Missal was subjected to general revisions whenever a new "typical edition" (an official edition whose text was to be reproduced in printings by all publishers) was issued.

After Pius V's original Tridentine Roman Missal, the first new typical edition was promulgated in 1604 by Pope Clement VIII, who in 1592 had issued a revised edition of the Vulgate. The Bible texts in the Missal of Pope Pius V did not correspond exactly to the new Vulgate, and so Clement edited and revised Pope Pius V's Missal, making alterations both in the scriptural texts and in other matters. He abolished some prayers that the 1570 Missal obliged the priest to say on entering the church; shortened the two prayers to be said after the Confiteor; directed that the words "Latin: Haec quotiescumque feceritis, in meam memoriam facietis" ("Do this in memory of me") should not be said while displaying the chalice to the people after the consecration, but before doing so; inserted directions at several points of the Canon that the priest was to pronounce the words inaudibly; suppressed the rule that, at High Mass, the priest, even if not a bishop, was to give the final blessing with three signs of the cross; and rewrote the rubrics, introducing, for instance, the ringing of a small bell.[44]

The next typical edition was issued in 1634, when Pope Urban VIII made another general revision of the Roman Missal.[45]

There was no further typical edition until that of Pope Leo XIII in 1884.[46] It introduced only minor changes, not profound enough to merit having the papal bull of its promulgation included in the Missal, as the bulls of 1604 and 1634 were.

In 1911, with the bull Divino Afflatu, Pope Pius X made significant changes in the rubrics.[47]

Pope Pius XII radically revised the Palm Sunday and Easter Triduum liturgy, suppressed many vigils and octaves and made other alterations in the calendar (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII). John XXIII's 1960 Code of Rubrics were incorporated in the final 1962 typical edition of the Tridentine Missal, replacing both Pius X's "Additions and Changes in the Rubrics of the Missal" and the earlier "General Rubrics of the Missal".

The General Roman Calendar was revised partially in 1955 and 1960 and completely in 1969 in Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, again reducing the number of feasts.[48]

1962 Missal

The Roman Missal issued by Pope John XXIII in 1962 differed from earlier editions in a number of ways.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI authorized, under certain conditions, continued use of this 1962 edition of the Roman Missal as an "extraordinary form",[16] alongside the later form, introduced in 1970, which he called the normal or ordinary form.[51]

Pre-1962 forms of the Roman Rite, which some individuals and groups employ,[52] are generally not authorized for liturgical use, but in early 2018 the Ecclesia Dei Commission granted communities served by the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter an indult to use, at the discretion of the Fraternity's superior, the pre-1955 Holy Week liturgy for three years (2018, 2019, 2020).[53]

Liturgical structure

The Mass is divided into two parts, the Mass of the Catechumens and the Mass of the Faithful. Catechumens, those being instructed in the faith,[54] were once dismissed after the first half, not having yet professed the faith. Profession of faith was considered essential for participation in the Eucharistic sacrifice.[55]

This rule of the Didache is still in effect. It is only one of the three conditions (baptism, right faith and right living) for admission to receiving Holy Communion that the Catholic Church has always applied and that were already mentioned in the early 2nd century by Saint Justin Martyr: "And this food is called among us the Eucharist, of which no one is allowed to partake but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so living as Christ has enjoined" (First Apology, Chapter LXVI).

Before Mass

Asperges (Sprinkling with holy water, Psalm 51:9, 3) is an optional penitential rite that ordinarily precedes only the principal Mass on Sunday. In the sacristy, a priest wearing an alb, if he is to celebrate the Mass, or surplice, if he is not the celebrant of the Mass, and vested with a stole, which is the color of the day if the priest is the celebrant of the Mass or purple if he is not the celebrant of the Mass, exorcises and blesses salt and water, then puts the blessed salt into the water by thrice sprinkling it in the form of a cross while saying once, "Commixtio salis et aquæ pariter fiat in nomine Patris, et Filii et Spiritus Sancti" (May a mixture of salt and water now be made in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit). After that, the priest, vested in a cope of the color of the day, while the choir sings an antiphon and a verse of Psalm 50/51 or 117/118, sprinkles with the holy water the altar three times, and then the clergy and the congregation. This rite, if used, precedes the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar. During the Easter season, the "Asperges me..." verse is replaced by the "Vidi aquam..." verse, and "Alleluia" is added to the "Ostende nobis..." verse and to its response.

Following the Asperges, Mass begins.

Mass of the Catechumens

The first part is the Mass of the Catechumens.[56]

Prayers at the foot of the altar

The sequence of Prayers at the foot of the altar is:

The priest, after processing in—at solemn Mass with deacon, and subdeacon, master of ceremonies and servers, and at other Masses with one or more servers—and at Low Mass placing the veiled chalice on the centre of the altar, makes the sign of the cross at the foot of the altar. At Solemn Mass, the chalice is placed beforehand on the credence table.

(Translation: I confess to almighty God, to blessed Mary ever Virgin, to blessed Michael the archangel, to blessed John the Baptist, to the holy apostles Peter and Paul, to all the saints, and to you, brethren, that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault. Therefore, I beseech blessed Mary ever Virgin, blessed Michael the archangel, blessed John the Baptist, the holy apostles Peter and Paul, all the saints and you, brethren, to pray for me to the Lord our God.)

The servers pray for the priest: "May Almighty God have mercy on thee, forgive thee thy sins, and bring thee to life everlasting." Then it is the ministers' or servers' turn to confess sinfulness and to ask for prayers. They use the same words as those used by the priest, except that they say "you, Father", in place of "you, brethren", and the priest responds with the same prayer that the servers have used for him (but using the plural number) plus an extra prayer.

::℣. Deus, tu conversus vivificábis nos.

℟. Et plebs tua lætábitur in te.

℣. Óstende nobis, Dómine, misericórdiam tuam.

℟. Et salutáre tuum da nobis.

℣. Dómine, exáudi orátionem meam.

℟. Et clamor meus ad te véniat.

℣. Dóminus vobíscum.

℟. Et cum spíritu tuo.Thou wilt turn, O God, and bring us to life: (Ps. 84:7–8)[58] And thy people shall rejoice in thee.Shew us, O Lord, thy mercy.And grant us thy salvation.O Lord, hear my prayer.And let my cry come unto thee.The Lord be with you.And with thy spirit.

The priest then says, Latin: Oremus (Let us pray). After this he ascends to the altar, praying silently "Take away from us our iniquities, we beseech thee O Lord, that with pure minds we may worthily enter into the holy of holies", a reference to Exodus 26:33–34, 1 Kings 6:16, 1 Kings 8:6, 2 Chronicles 3:8, Ezekiel 41:4, and others. He places his joined hands on the edge of the altar, so that only the tips of the small fingers touch the front of it, and silently prays that, by the merits of the Saints whose relics are in the altar, and of all the Saints, God may pardon all his sins. At the words Latin: quorum relíquiæ hic sunt (whose relics are here), he spreads his hands and kisses the altar.

Priest at the altar

Instruction

Mass of the Faithful

The second part is the Mass of the Faithful.[63]

Offertory

Consecration

Elevation candle

Until 1960, the Tridentine form of the Roman Missal laid down that a candle should be placed at the Epistle side of the altar and that it should be lit at the showing of the consecrated sacrament to the people.[68] In practice, except in monasteries and on special occasions, this had fallen out of use long before Pope John XXIII replaced the section on the general rubrics of the Roman Missal with his Code of Rubrics, which no longer mentioned this custom. On this, see Elevation candle.

Communion

Conclusion

Prayers of the priest before and after Mass

The Tridentine Missal includes prayers for the priest to say before and after Mass.

In later editions of the Roman Missal, including that of 1962, the introductory heading of these prayers indicates that they are to be recited pro opportunitate (as circumstances allow),[72] which in practice means that they are merely optional and may be omitted. The original Tridentine Missal presents most of the prayers as obligatory, indicating as optional only a very long prayer attributed to Saint Ambrose (which later editions divide into seven sections, each to be recited on only one day of the week) and two other prayers attributed to Saint Ambrose and Saint Thomas Aquinas respectively.[73]

In addition to these three prayers, the original Tridentine Missal proposes for the priest to recite before he celebrates Mass the whole of Psalms 83–85, 115, 129 (the numbering is that of the Septuagint and Vulgate), and a series of collect-style prayers. Later editions add, after the three that in the original Missal are only optional, prayers to the Blessed Virgin, Saint Joseph, all the angels and saints, and the saint whose Mass is to be celebrated, but, as has been said, treats as optional all the prayers before Mass, even those originally given as obligatory.[74]

The original Tridentine Missal proposes for recitation by the priest after Mass three prayers, including the Adoro te devote. Later editions place before these three the Canticle of the Three Youths (Dan)[75] with three collects, and follow them with the Anima Christi and seven more prayers, treating as optional even the three prescribed in the original Tridentine Missal.[76]

Leonine Prayers

From 1884 to 1965, the Holy See prescribed the recitation after Low Mass of certain prayers, originally for the solution of the Roman Question and, after this problem was solved by the Lateran Treaty, "to permit tranquillity and freedom to profess the faith to be restored to the afflicted people of Russia".[77]

These prayers are known as the Leonine Prayers because it was Pope Leo XIII who on 6 January 1884 ordered their recitation throughout the world.

In 1964, with effect from 7 March 1965, the Holy See ended the obligation to recite the Leonine Prayers after Low Mass.[78]

Participation of the faithful

The participation of the congregation at the Tridentine Mass is interior, involving eye and heart, and exterior by mouth.[79]

Except in the Dialogue Mass form, which arose about 1910 and led to a more active exterior participation of the congregation, the people present at the Tridentine Mass do not recite out loud the prayers of the Mass. Only the server or servers join with the priest in reciting the prayers at the foot of the altar (which include the Confiteor) and in speaking the other responses. Most of the prayers that the priest says are spoken inaudibly, including almost all the Mass of the Faithful: the offertory prayers, the Canon of the Mass (except for the preface and the final doxology), and (apart from the Agnus Dei) those between the Lord's Prayer and the postcommunion.

At a Solemn Mass or Missa Cantata, a choir sings the servers' responses, except for the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar. The choir sings the Introit, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Gradual, the Tract or Alleluia, the Credo, the Offertory and Communion antiphons, the Sanctus, and the Agnus Dei. Of these, only the five that form part of the Ordinary of the Mass are usually sung at a Missa Cantata. In addition to the Gregorian Chant music for these, polyphonic compositions exist, some quite elaborate. The priest largely says quietly the words of the chants and then recites other prayers while the choir continues the chant.

Different levels of solemnity of celebration

There are various forms of solemnity of celebration of the Tridentine Mass:

In its article "The Liturgy of the Mass", the 1917 Catholic Encyclopedia describes how, when concelebration ceased to be practised in Western Europe, Low Mass became distinguished from High Mass:

The separate celebrations then involved the building of many altars in one church and the reduction of the ritual to the simplest possible form. The deacon and subdeacon were in this case dispensed with; the celebrant took their part as well as his own. One server took the part of the choir and of all the other ministers, everything was said instead of being sung, the incense and kiss of peace were omitted. So we have the well-known rite of low Mass (missa privata). This then reacted on high Mass (missa solemnis), so that at high Mass too the celebrant himself recites everything, even though it be sung by the deacon, subdeacon, or choir.

On the origin of the "Missa Cantata", the same source gives the following information:

high Mass is the norm; it is only in the complete rite with deacon and subdeacon that the ceremonies can be understood. Thus, the rubrics of the Ordinary of the Mass always suppose that the Mass is high. Low Mass, said by a priest alone with one server, is a shortened and simplified form of the same thing. Its ritual can be explained only by a reference to high Mass. For instance, the celebrant goes over to the north side of the altar to read the Gospel, because that is the side to which the deacon goes in procession at high Mass; he turns round always by the right, because at high Mass he should not turn his back to the deacon and so on. A sung Mass (missa Cantata) is a modern compromise. It is really a low Mass, since the essence of high Mass is not the music but the deacon and subdeacon. Only in churches which have no ordained person except one priest, and in which high Mass is thus impossible, is it allowed to celebrate the Mass (on Sundays and feasts) with most of the adornment borrowed from high Mass, with singing and (generally) with incense.

Revision of the Roman Missal

Pius XII began in earnest the work of revising the Roman Missal with a revision of the rites of Holy Week, which, after an experimental period beginning in 1951, was made obligatory in 1955.

On 4 December 1963, the Second Vatican Council decreed in Chapter II of its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy Sacrosanctum Concilium:[81]

[T]he rite of the Mass is to be revised ... the rites are to be simplified, due care being taken to preserve their substance. Parts which with the passage of time came to be duplicated, or were added with little advantage, are to be omitted. Other parts which suffered loss through accidents of history are to be restored to the vigor they had in the days of the holy Fathers, as may seem useful or necessary. The treasures of the Bible are to be opened up more lavishly so that a richer fare may be provided for the faithful at the table of God's word ... A suitable place may be allotted to the vernacular in Masses which are celebrated with the people ... communion under both kinds may be granted when the bishops think fit...as, for instance, to the newly ordained in the Mass of their sacred ordination, to the newly professed in the Mass of their religious profession, and to the newly baptized in the Mass which follows their baptism...

The instruction Inter Oecumenici of 26 September 1964 initiated the application to the Mass of the decisions that the Council had taken less than a year before. Permission was given for use, only in Mass celebrated with the people, of the vernacular language, especially in the Biblical readings and the reintroduced Prayers of the Faithful, but, "until the whole of the Ordinary of the Mass has been revised", in the chants (Kyrie, Gloria, Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and the entrance, offertory and communion antiphons) and in the parts that involved dialogue with the people, and in the Our Father, which the people could now recite entirely together with the priest. Most Episcopal Conferences quickly approved interim vernacular translations, generally different from country to country, and, after having them confirmed by the Holy See, published them in 1965. Other changes included the omission of Psalm 43 (42) at the start of Mass and the Last Gospel at the end, both of which Pope Pius V had first inserted into the Missal (having previously been private prayers said by the priest in the sacristy), and the Leonine Prayers of Pope Leo XIII. The Canon of the Mass, which continued to be recited silently, was kept in Latin.

Three years later, the instruction Tres abhinc annos[82] of 4 May 1967 gave permission for use of the vernacular even in the Canon of the Mass, and allowed it to be said audibly and even, in part, to be chanted; the vernacular could be used even at Mass celebrated without the people being present. Use of the maniple was made optional, and at three ceremonies at which the cope was previously the obligatory vestment the chasuble could be used instead.

Pope Paul VI continued implementation of the Council's directives, ordering with Apostolic Constitution Missale Romanum[83] of Holy Thursday, 3 April 1969, publication of a new official edition of the Roman Missal, which appeared (in Latin) in 1970.

Opposition to the latest revisions of the liturgy

Some Traditionalist Catholics reject to a greater or lesser extent the changes made since 1950. None advocate returning to the original (1570) form of the liturgy, though some may perhaps wish a re-establishment of its form before Pius X's revision of the rubrics in 1911. Some are critical of the 1955 changes in the liturgy of Palm Sunday and the Easter Triduum and in the liturgical calendar (see General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII), and instead use the General Roman Calendar as in 1954. Others accept the 1955 changes by Pius XII, but not those of Pope John XXIII. Others again, in accordance with the authorization granted by Pope Benedict XVI in Summorum Pontificum, use the Missal and calendar as it was in 1962. They argue that many of the changes made to the liturgy in 1955 and onward were largely the work of liturgist Annibale Bugnini, whom traditionalists say was more interested in innovation than the preservation of the apostolic traditions of the Church.[84] [85]

Some of them argue that, unlike earlier reforms, the revision of 1969–1970 which replaced the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Pope Paul VI represented a major break with the past. They consider that the content of the revised liturgy is, in Catholic terms, seriously deficient and defective; some hold that it is displeasing to God, and that no Catholic should attend it.

When a preliminary text of two of the sections of the revised Missal was published in 1969, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre (who later established Society of Saint Pius X) gathered a group of twelve theologians, who, under his direction,[86] wrote a study of the text. They stated that it "represents, both as a whole and in its details, a striking departure from the Catholic theology of the Mass as it was formulated in Session 22 of the Council of Trent".[87] Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, a former Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, supported this study with a letter of 25 September 1969 to Pope Paul VI. Cardinal Antonio Bacci signed the same letter. The critical study became known as "the Ottaviani Intervention".[88] Cardinal Ottaviani subsequently stated in writing that he had not intended his letter to be made public, and that Pope Paul VI's doctrinal exposition, on 19 November[89] and 26 November 1969,[90] of the revised liturgy in its definitive form meant that "no one can be genuinely scandalized any more".[91] Jean Madiran, a critic of Vatican II[92] and founder-editor of the French journal Itinéraires, claimed that this letter was fraudulently presented to the elderly and already blind cardinal for his signature by his secretary, Monsignor (and future Cardinal) Gilberto Agustoni, and that Agustoni resigned shortly afterwards. This allegation remains unproven, and Madiran himself was not an eyewitness of the alleged deception.[93]

From the 1960s onwards, Western countries have experienced a drop in Mass attendance. For example, in the United States, 75% of Catholics attended church weekly in 1958, declining to 25% attending by 2002; another study suggests a peak weekly attendance of 72% in 1959–60.[94] Western countries also saw a decline in seminary enrollments and in the number of priests (in the United States, from 1,575 ordinations in 1954 to 450 in 2002), and a general erosion of belief in the doctrines of the Catholic faith. Opponents of the revision of the Mass liturgy argue, citing opinion poll evidence in their support, that the revision contributed to this decline.[95] Others, pointing, among other considerations, to the fact that, globally, there are more priests and seminarians now than in previous years (in 1970, there were 72,991 major seminarians worldwide, in 2002, there were 113,199, an increase of 55%, at a time, however, when there was an increase of global population of 64%),[96] suggests that the apparent decline of Catholic practice in the West is due to the general influence of secularism and liberalism on Western societies rather than to developments within the Church. In the United States however, Traditional Catholic parishes have been growing since 2007 even as overall Catholic attendance continues to decline.[97] [98] In 2021, it was estimated that 150,000 Catholics regularly attend the Tridentine Mass in the US, representing less than 1% of the 21 million Catholics regularly attending Mass throughout the US.[99]

Attitudes of Popes since the Second Vatican Council

Pope Paul VI

Following the introduction of the Mass of Paul VI in 1969–1970, the Holy See granted a significant number of permissions for the use of the former liturgy. For example, elderly priests were not required to switch to celebrating the new form. In England and Wales, occasional celebrations of the Tridentine Mass were allowed in virtue of what became known as the "Agatha Christie indult". However, there was no general worldwide legal framework allowing for the celebration of the rite. Following the rise of the Traditionalist Catholic movement in the 1970s, Pope Paul VI reportedly declined to liberalise its use further on the grounds that it had become a politically charged symbol associated with opposition to his policies.[100]

Pope John Paul II

In 1984, the Holy See sent a letter known as Quattuor abhinc annos to the presidents of the world's Episcopal Conferences. This document empowered diocesan bishops to authorise, on certain conditions, celebrations of the Tridentine Mass for priests and laypeople who requested them.[101] In 1988, following the excommunication of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre and the four bishops consecrated by him, the Pope issued the motu proprio Ecclesia Dei, which stated that "respect must everywhere be shown for the feelings of all those who are attached to the Latin liturgical tradition". The Pope urged bishops to give "a wide and generous application" to the provisions of Quattuor abhinc annos, and established the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei to oversee relations between Rome and Traditionalist Catholics.[102]

Pope Benedict XVI

As a cardinal, Joseph Ratzinger was regarded as having a particular interest in the liturgy, and as being favourable towards the pre-Vatican II Mass.[103] Before his election he celebrated it on number of occasions.[104] He criticized the erratic way in which, contrary to official policy, many priests celebrated the post-Vatican II form.[105]

In September 2006, the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei established the Institute of the Good Shepherd, made up of former members of the Society of St. Pius X, in Bordeaux, France, with permission to use the Tridentine liturgy.[106] This step was met with some discontent from French clergy, and thirty priests wrote an open letter to the Pope.[107] In line with its previous stance, the Society of St Pius X rejected the move.[108]

Following repeated rumours that the use of the Tridentine Mass would be liberalised, the Pope issued a motu proprio called Summorum Pontificum on 7 July 2007,[109] together with an accompanying letter to the world's bishops.[110] The declaring that "the Roman Missal promulgated by Paul VI is the ordinary expression of the lex orandi (law of prayer) of the Catholic Church of the Latin rite. Nevertheless, the Roman Missal promulgated by St. Pius V and reissued by St. John XXIII is to be considered as an extraordinary expression of that same 'Lex orandi.[111] He further stated that "the 1962 Missal ... was never juridically abrogated". He replaced with new rules those of Quattuor Abhinc Annos on use of the older form: essentially, authorization for using the 1962 form for parish Masses and those celebrated on public occasions such as a wedding is devolved from the local bishop to the priest in charge of a church, and "any priest of the Latin rite" may use the 1962 Roman Missal in "Masses celebrated without the people", a term that does not exclude attendance by other worshippers, lay or clergy.[112] While requests by groups of Catholics wishing to use the Tridentine liturgy in parish Masses are to be dealt with by the parish priest (or the rector of the church) rather than, as before, by the local bishop, the Pope and Cardinal Darío Castrillón stated that the bishops' authority is not thereby undermined.

Pope Francis

Pope Francis on the 16th of July 2021 released an Apostolic Letter Motu Proprio, Traditionis custodes, on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970. In Traditionis custodes, the Pope says "the liturgical books promulgated by Saint Paul VI and Saint John Paul II, in conformity with the decrees of Vatican Council II, are the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Roman Rite". He also greatly restricted the use of the Tridentine Mass.[113]

Pope Francis added that it is the exclusive competence of the local bishop to authorize the use of the 1962 Roman Missal in his diocese, according to the guidelines of the Apostolic See.

Pope Francis expressed to the Bishops of the world in his letter accompanying the motu proprio that there is a need in "due time" for those who are attached to the 1962 Mass to return to the celebration of the Mass of Paul VI.[114]

In June 2022, Pope Francis issued the Apostolic Letter Desiderio Desideravi, where he stated that he did not believe the 1962 Missal was the path forward for the Church, insisting that the Church could not "go back to the ritual form which the Council Fathers sought the need to reform".[115]

In February 2023, Pope Francis issued a rescript, clarifying that bishops must obtain authorization from the Holy See before granting permission for parish churches to be used for Eucharistic celebrations with the preconciliar rite and before allowing priests ordained after 16 July 2021 to use the 1962 Roman Missal.[116]

Present regulations and practice

The regulations set out in Traditionis custodes provide that:

The motu proprio Traditionis custodes abrogates all previous norms, instructions, permissions and customs that do not conform to it.[117]

In December 2021, additional restrictions and guidelines were issued by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in the form of a Responsa ad dubia:[118] [119]

In December 2021, in an interview with the National Catholic Register, Arthur Roche, the Prefect for the Congregation in charge of the implementation of Traditionis custodes, reiterated Pope Francis' statement that the Mass according to the Missal promulgated by Paul VI and John Paul II, is "the unique expression of the lex orandi of the Roman Rite". Roche also emphasized that "the liturgy is never simply a matter of personal tastes or preference" and that the lex orandi is "determined by the Church and not individual members". Roche also stated that continuing to allow the celebration of Mass according to the Tridentine form was a concession and that the promotion of the Tridentine Mass has "been curtailed".[120]

In February 2022, the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter, a society of apostolic life dedicated to the celebration of the Traditional Liturgy, was granted full permission to celebrate the Traditional Mass, Breviary, Sacraments and the Pontifical Missal. The permission is restricted to the Fraternity's churches and oratories, unless the local ordinary grants permission for priests of the fraternity to celebrate elsewhere in the Diocese, with the exception of private masses.[121]

See also

Further reading

External links

Full texts of Tridentine Roman Missals

Texts of parts of the Tridentine Missal (post-1604)

History

Comparison with non-Roman Western rites and uses

Notes and References

  1. Web site: BBC – Religions – Christianity: Tridentine Mass. www.bbc.co.uk.
  2. Web site: About the Traditional Latin Mass . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923145223/https://sites.google.com/site/latinmassphila/about-tlm . 2015-09-23 . 2023-12-22 . Traditional Latin Mass Community of Philadelphia.
  3. Web site: 9 July 2021. What's a TLM, anyway? A Latin liturgy lexicon. 21 July 2021. The Pillar.
  4. Web site: Singh Boparai. Jaspreet. 2021-08-26. Suppression of the Traditional Rite. 2021-08-26. Catholic Herald.
  5. Web site: Library : Liturgical Languages. www.catholicculture.org.
  6. Web site: CT25. history.hanover.edu.
  7. Book: Moorman, George J.. The Latin Mass Explained. November 19, 2007. TAN Books. 9781618909008. Google Books.
  8. Web site: Letter to the Bishops that accompanies the Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio data" Summorum Pontificum on the Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970 (July 7, 2007) | BENEDICT XVI. www.vatican.va.
  9. Web site: Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT. www.intratext.com.
  10. Web site: Instruction Redemptionis Sacramentum. www.vatican.va.
  11. http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html Summorum Pontificum
  12. http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html Summorum Pontificum
  13. Web site: . 16 July 2021 . Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 . 16 July 2021 . vatican.va . Rome.
  14. Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca, Missale Romanum, Editio Princeps (1570) (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1998)
  15. Web site: Sumario. www.clerus.org.
  16. Web site: Motu Proprio Summorum Pontificum on the "Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970" (July 7, 2007) | BENEDICT XVI. www.vatican.va.
  17. Web site: Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacrament . Redemptionis Sacramentum . 2004-04-23 . Mass is celebrated either in Latin or in another language, provided that liturgical texts are used which have been approved according to the norm of law. Except in the case of celebrations of the Mass that are scheduled by the ecclesiastical authorities to take place in the language of the people, Priests are always and everywhere permitted to celebrate Mass in Latin . 2008-03-25.
  18. News: Latin mass to return to England and Wales . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2129070/Latin-mass-to-return-to-England-and-Wales.html . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live . . 2008-06-14 . 2008-06-17 . Thompson . Damian.
  19. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/latinmass2.html Medieval Sourcebook
  20. Web site: 2019-04-04. The strange birth of the Novus Ordo. 2021-06-19. Catholic Herald.
  21. Web site: Hodge . Brendan . 19 July 2021 . How extraordinary is the Extraordinary Form? The frequency of the 'usus antiquior' . 2022-03-30 . The Pillar.
  22. Web site: Quo primum . 14 July 1570 . 2008-03-25 . We decided to entrust this work to learned men of our selection. They very carefully collated all their work with the ancient codices in Our Vatican Library and with reliable, preserved or emended codices from elsewhere. Besides this, these men consulted the works of ancient and approved authors concerning the same sacred rites; and thus they have restored the Missal itself to the original form and rite of the holy Fathers. When this work has been gone over numerous times and further emended, after serious study and reflection, We commanded that the finished product be printed and published..
  23. http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0540.html The Mass of Vatican II
  24. Web site: DAILY PROPER (holymass.htm). www.dailycatholic.org.
  25. Web site: Unavocela.org. www.unavocela.org. 2008-08-15. 2008-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20080724234449/http://unavocela.org/noindult.htm. dead.
  26. Web site: Priories of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem . 2008-08-15 . 2013-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122857/http://www.osjknights.com/priories.htm . dead .
  27. Web site: The Mass of the Apostles. dead. https://archive.today/20120915074642/http://www.syonabbey.org/Publications/massapostles.html. 15 September 2012. syonabbey.org. 15 August 2008.
  28. Gratsch . Edward J. . The Language of the Roman Rite . American Ecclesiastical Review . 139 . 4 . October 1958 . 255–260 .
  29. Web site: Krmpotic . M.D. . Dalmatia . 1908 . March 25, 2008 . . The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..
  30. Web site: Japundžić . Marko . The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage . 1997 . March 25, 2008 . Croatian Academy of America . In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..
  31. Book: Bonniwell . William R. . A History of the Dominican Liturgy, 1215–1945 . 2nd . New York . Joseph F. Wagner, Inc. . 1945 . 207–208 .
  32. Web site: Salvucci . Claudio . American Indian Requiem Masses from the Book of the Seven Nations . 2011 . August 2, 2022 . New Liturgical Movement . These Masses come from the Tsiatak Nihonon8entsiake, or Book of Seven Nations, published in Montreal in 1865 for the American Indian mission of Lake of Two Mountains, which contained both Mohawk-speaking and Algonquin-speaking Catholics. This mission, like others in the area, was permitted to use the vernacular for the sung propers and ordinaries of the Roman Mass..
  33. Web site: De Marco . Angelus . Liturgical Languages . 1963 . August 2, 2022 . Catholic University of America Press . At the end of the sixteenth century missionaries of India of the Latin rite were allowed to celebrate Mass in Syriac..
  34. Book: Collectanea S. Congregationis de Propaganda Fide . I . Rome . Typographia Polyglotta Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide . 1907 . 70n .
  35. Encyclopedia: Woods . Joseph M. . Buglio, Louis . The Catholic Encyclopedia . III . 1908 . New York . Robert Appleton Company . 40 .
  36. Dunne . George H. . What Happened to the Chinese Liturgy? . The Catholic Historical Review . 1961 . 47 . 1 . 1–14 . 25016792 . 19 October 2023 . 0008-8080.
  37. Web site: De Marco . Angelus . Liturgical Languages . 1963 . August 2, 2022 . Catholic University of America Press .
  38. Web site: Inter Oecumenici, Sacred Congregation of Rites . 2007 . March 25, 2008 . July 7, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140707082639/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/CDWINOEC.HTM . dead .
  39. Web site: Braga – Capital de Distrito . 2006-12-27 . 2006-09-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060916182317/http://apostolicos.en.telepolis.com/9-BRAGA_%28Portugal%29.html . dead .
  40. "Just after the Council of Trent, the study 'of ancient manuscripts in the Vatican library and elsewhere', as Saint Pius V attests in the Apostolic Constitution Quo primum, helped greatly in the correction of the Roman Missal. Since then, however, other ancient sources have been discovered and published and liturgical formularies of the Eastern Church have been studied. Accordingly, many have had the desire for these doctrinal and spiritual riches not to be stored away in the dark, but to be put into use for the enlightenment of the mind of Christians and for the nurture of their spirit" (Apostolic Constitution Missale Romanum).
  41. publisher: Libreria Editrice Vaticana; introduction and appendix by Manlio Sodi and Achille Maria Triacca
  42. Introduction to the reproduction of the editio princeps, pages XXVI-XXX
  43. Introduction to the reproduction of the editio princeps, pages XXI
  44. http://perso.orange.fr/civitas.dei/PapalMass.htm Solemn Papal Mass
  45. Web site: Apostolic Constitution Si quid est . 2004-08-14 . 2013-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164401/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/DocumentContents/Index/2/SubIndex/41/DocumentIndex/403 . dead .
  46. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10354c.htm Missal
  47. News: Divino Afflatu. Papal Encyclicals. November 1, 1911.
  48. https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690214_mysterii-paschalis_en.html Mysterii Paschalis
  49. Web site: Richard Breyer, "St. Joseph & the Mass" in Catholic Digest . 2014-06-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150226061339/http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/saints/2013/06-24/st-joseph--the-mass . 2015-02-26 . dead .
  50. [Walter Homolka]
  51. "The Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II, obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy" (Pope Benedict XVI's letter to the bishops on the occasion of the publication of Summorum Pontificum).
  52. Their dislike of the 1962 Missal is expressed for instance in a list of differences prepared by Daniel Dolan.
  53. Web site: Tridentine Community News, 11 March 2018.
  54. Web site: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 . 1913 . 2008-03-25 .
  55. Web site: Chapman . John . Didache . 1908 . 2008-03-25 . Let no one eat or drink of the Eucharist with you except those who have been baptized in the name of the Lord. .
  56. Web site: Text of Mass of the Catechumens . 2004-05-16 . 2014-02-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140226115813/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/Text/Index/4/SubIndex/66/ContentIndex/18/Start/17 . dead .
  57. Web site: Douay-Rheims Bible, Psalms Chapter 42. www.drbo.org.
  58. Web site: Douay-Rheims Bible, Psalms Chapter 84. www.drbo.org.
  59. Web site: Text in Latin and English . 2004-05-16 . 2012-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120314114752/http://home.earthlink.net/~thesaurus/thesaurus/Trinitas/Gloria.html . dead .
  60. Web site: Summorum Pontificum, article 6 . 2007-09-21 . 2012-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043928/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html . dead .
  61. Web site: The Rubrics of the Missale Romanum 1962: VI. The Epistle, the Gradual, and everything else up to the Offertory . 2009-03-23 . 2008-04-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080412042637/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/rubrics/ . dead .
  62. Web site: General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 66.
  63. Web site: Text of Mass of the Faithful . 2004-05-16 . 2014-02-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140226121459/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/Text/Index/4/SubIndex/66/ContentIndex/19/Start/17 . dead .
  64. Web site: Santus . 2004-05-16 . 2012-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120314112918/http://home.earthlink.net/~thesaurus/thesaurus/Trinitas/Sanctus.html . dead .
  65. http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/Text/Index/4/SubIndex/66/ContentIndex/20/Start/17 Mass of the Faithful – The Canon
  66. Web site: dict.org- Diptych. dict.org.
  67. Web site: dict.org- oblation. dict.org.
  68. "Ab eadem parte Epistolae paretur cereus ad elevationem Sacramenti accendendus" (Rubricae generales Missalis, XX)
  69. Web site: Mass of the Faithful – Closing Prayers . 2004-05-16 . 2012-11-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121101014531/http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/Text/Index/4/SubIndex/66/ContentIndex/21/Start/17 . dead .
  70. In pre-1962 editions of the Roman Missal, only the first four words, "Domine, non sum dignus", were to be said in the slightly audible voice.
  71. Ritus servandus, X, 6 of the 1962 Missal
  72. Web site: Latin Dictionary . 2014-12-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150609074403/http://www.latin-dictionary.org/Latin-English-Dictionary/Pro_opportunitate . 2015-06-09 . dead .
  73. Manlio Sodi, Achille Maria Triacca (editors), Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570) (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1988), pp. 27–36
  74. Web site: Orationes Ante Missam. www.preces-latinae.org.
  75. Web site: Douay-Rheims Bible, Daniel Chapter 3. drbo.org.
  76. Web site: Orationes Post Missam. www.preces-latinae.org.
  77. Allocution Indictam ante of 30 June 1930, in Acta Apostolicae Sedis 22 (1930), page 301
  78. Web site: Instruction Inter Oecumenici, 48 j . 2006-10-09 . 2007-06-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070614002539/http://www.adoremus.org/Interoecumenici.html#anchor36482722 . dead .
  79. [Pope Pius X]
  80. Rubricae Generales Missalis Romani De Anno MCMLXII point 269
  81. Web site: Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy. 2004-08-07. 2004-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20040803231514/http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V2LITUR.HTM. dead.
  82. Web site: Tres abhinc annos . 2006-09-01 . 2013-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927115159/http://www.adoremus.org/TresAbhinc.html . dead .
  83. Web site: Missale Romanum. April 3, 1969.
  84. Book: László, Dobszay . 2003 . Catholic Church Music Associates . 909770654.
  85. Book: Davies, Michael . 2013 . 978-1-61890-433-1 . Charlotte, North Carolina . 956997771.
  86. Web site: A Short History of the SSPX. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20091015194912/http://www.sspx.org/SSPX_FAQs/appendix_iii_history_1.htm. October 15, 2009.
  87. Web site: Internet History Sourcebooks. dead. sourcebooks.fordham.edu. https://web.archive.org/web/20090116083713/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1969ottoviani.html. January 16, 2009.
  88. Web site: Ottaviani. Alfredo. Bacci. Antonio. Group of Roman Theologians. The Ottaviani Intervention: A Critical Study of the New Mass. Catholic Tradition. 21 November 2016.
  89. Web site: Udienza generale, 19 novembre 1969 | Paolo VI. www.vatican.va.
  90. Web site: Udienza generale, 26 novembre 1969 | Paolo VI. www.vatican.va.
  91. http://matt1618.freeyellow.com/novusordo.html#III.%20What%20about%20Cardinal%20Ottaviani’s%20Letter? Quotation from Documentation Catholique, 1970
  92. http://certitudes.free.fr/nrc11/nrc11002.htm Je suis un témoin à charge contre mon temps
  93. http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=757 The Ottaviani Intervention – Part I
  94. The Center Doesn't Hold: Church Attendance in the United States, 1940-1984. Michael. Hout. Andrew M.. Greeley. American Sociological Review. June 1987. 2095353. 10.2307/2095353. 52. 3. 326.
  95. Jones, Kenneth C. (January 2003). Index of Leading Catholic Indicators: The Church since Vatican II. Oriens Publishing.
  96. Cf. World population
  97. Web site: 2019-11-02. Traditional Catholic parishes grow even as US Catholicism declines. 2021-05-08. Washington Examiner.
  98. Web site: Pope: troubled by 'rigid' religious orders that attract vocations News Headlines. 2021-05-08. www.catholicculture.org.
  99. Web site: 2021-12-18 . Traditional Latin Mass restrictions: Here's what you need to know . 2021-12-18 . Catholic News Agency . en.
  100. Book: Collins. Roger . Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy . registration. Basic Books . 2009 . 488–489. 978-0-465-01195-7.
  101. Web site: English translation of Quattuor abhinc annos . 2004-09-01 . 2004-08-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040825175334/http://www.adoremus.org/Quattuorabhincannos.html . dead .
  102. Web site: Ecclesia Dei (July 2, 1988) | John Paul II. www.vatican.va.
  103. Book: Legacy of Vatican II, The. Massimo. Faggioli. Andrea Vicini. SJ. May 5, 2015. Paulist Press. 9780809149223. Google Books.
  104. Web site: Benedict XVI and Tradition: An Analysis of His Approach to the Traditional Liturgy . 9 January 2023 .
  105. http://www.barroux.org/docum/RATZINGER_REF.pdf Preface to the French edition of Die Reform der Römischen Liturgie by Klaus Gamber
  106. Brian Mershon, "New French traditionalist priestly society founded", The Wanderer, September 18, 2006.
  107. "French clerics rebel on Latin Mass", The Conservative Voice, October 29, 2006
  108. Web site: Communiqué de la Fraternité Sacerdotale Saint Pie X . 2007-03-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071027124243/http://www.laportelatine.org/accueil/communic/2006/institutbonpasteur/institut.php . 2007-10-27 . dead .
  109. Web site: Text of the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum in Latin and English . 2008-12-19 . 2012-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043928/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/resources/summorum-pontificum.html . dead .
  110. Benedict XVI . Pope Benedict XVI . Letter of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Bishops on the occasion of the publication of the Apostolic Letter "motu proprio data" Summorum Pontificum on the use of the Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970 . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . 2007-07-07 . 2008-03-24 .
  111. Article 1 of the motu proprio. In his letter to the Bishops he said: "It is not appropriate to speak of these two versions of the Roman Missal as if they were 'two Rites'. Rather, it is a matter of a twofold use of one and the same rite."
  112. Indeed, "Mass should not be celebrated without a minister or at least one of the faithful, except for a just and reasonable cause" (General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 254). Masses celebrated without the people were once called "private Masses", a term that fell out of favour in the mid-twentieth century: the 1960 Code of Rubrics, which preceded the Second Vatican Council, declared: "The most sacred Sacrifice of the Mass celebrated according to the rites and regulations is an act of public worship offered to God in the name of Christ and the Church. Therefore, the term 'private Mass' should be avoided" (Rubricae Generales Missalis Romani, 269). Cf. Review of Mass without a Congregation: A Sign of Unity or Division?, by Fr Marian Szablewski CR.
  113. Web site: Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 Francis. 2021-07-17. www.vatican.va.
  114. Web site: Letter of the Holy Father to the Bishops of the whole world, that accompanies the Apostolic Letter Motu Proprio data "Traditionis custodes" (16 July 2021) Francis. 2022-01-05. www.vatican.va.
  115. Web site: 'Desiderio Desideravi': Initial Impressions of Pope Francis' New Document on the Mass . 2022-07-20 . NCR . 29 June 2022 .
  116. Web site: 2023-02-21 . Pope Francis clarifies two points of 'Traditionis custodes' . .
  117. Article 8 of Traditionis custodes
  118. Web site: Responsa ad dubia on certain provisions of the Apostolic Letter Traditionis custodes issued "Motu Proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis (4 December 2021). 2022-01-04. www.vatican.va.
  119. Web site: Lewis. Mike. 2021-12-19. The Traditionis Custodes responsum: Summary, notes, and Easter eggs. 2022-01-04. Where Peter Is.
  120. Web site: Archbishop Roche on 'Traditionis Custodes' and Its Guidelines: 'The Liturgical Possibilities Are in Place'. 2022-01-05. NCR. 23 December 2021 .
  121. Web site: CNA . FSSP says Pope Francis has issued decree confirming its use of 1962 liturgical books . 2022-02-26 . Catholic News Agency .

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