Schoenoplectus triqueter, commonly known as the triangular club-rush, is a species of sedge which lives in temperate Eurasian wetlands, on muddy shores and river margins. It is found across Eurasia, as well as in South Africa, and has been introduced to North America on the west coast. Because of its tolerance of salty habitats, it is considered a halophyte, but plants subjected to a high salinity level (10 parts per thousand) experienced noticeable stunting of growth.
Schoenoplectus triqueter is a medium-sized sedge, growing NaNcm (-2,147,483,648inches) tall, with long, thick (2–10 mm in diameter) rhizomes and thin stems (2–4 mm in diameter).[1] The sedge flowers and fruits in summer; the fruit are small, brown, and bristly. The flowers are wind-pollinated.
S. triqueter spreads both asexually through rhizomes—underground stems which send up new shoots—and sexually through seeds; it spreads by seed far more in cultivation than in the wild. In fact, no seeds were found during surveys of the wild population around the Shannon River.
A 2005 study looked at the effects of varying levels of salinity on S. triqueter
S. triqueter inhabits wetlands, shores, and muddy river banks.[3] [4] The species was classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN in 2013. In some regions, it is classified as endangered, and the species has been extirpated from the Czech Republic.[5] S. triqueter is also known to be in decline in north-central Europe and in the British Isles. However, it grows prolifically enough in China that it is considered a pest in rice paddies.[6]
In the British Isles, although many populations have been lost due to construction projects and land reclamation, populations in Ireland around the River Shannon persist in some numbers. The species is classified as critically endangered by the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. It has been suggested that its distribution is restricted due to the plants' low tolerance of salinity. The main factors driving the species' decline are habitat loss, soil erosion, hybridisation with other related species, and the spread of Phragmites plants.[7] The last known English population, on the River Tamar, died in 2012, but the species has been successfully re-introduced at ten sites.[8]
In Portugal, the species is classified as vulnerable.[9]
In North America, S. triqueter has been introduced in and around the lower Columbia River tidal region, where it is known to produce fertile hybrids with S. tabernaemontani.[10] It is found in southwestern Washington state and adjacent parts of Oregon.[11]