Transylvanian Saxon culture explained

The Transylvanian Saxon culture refers to the regional culture of the Transylvanian Saxons (German: Die Siebenbürger Sachsen, Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Sași transilvăneni or sași transilvani, Hungarian: erdélyi szászok), an ethnic German group (part of the Germans of Romania and one of the most significant constituent groups therein; also significantly related in particular to the Luxembourgers) which has been living in Transylvania (German: Siebenbürgen, Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Transilvania), present-day central Romania since the mid and mid-late 12th century onwards, thus being one of the oldest groups of the German diaspora still residing in Eastern and Central Europe, alongside the Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten) and the Zipser Germans (German: Zipser Sachsen).[1] [2] [3]

The regional culture of the Transylvanian Saxons includes their dialect, namely Transylvanian Saxon (German: Siebenbürgisch-Sächsisch, Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: Dialectul săsesc) which is one of the oldest German dialects (spoken since the High Middle Ages onwards), their cuisine, their literature, their folk dances, their traditional costumes (German: Sächsische Trachten), their celebrations and cultural festivals, their traditional music, their regional anthem (i.e. Siebenbürgenlied), their history, former regional governance as the Transylvanian Saxon University (Latin: Universitas Saxonum, German: Sächsische Nationsuniversität), local architecture represented by the many villages with fortified churches (German: Kirchenburgen or Wehrkirchen), and heraldic (including their coat-of-arms).[4] [5] [6]

Background

The Transylvanian Saxons, a group of the German diaspora which started to settle in Transylvania, present-day Romania, since the high medieval Ostsiedlung, have a regional culture which can be regarded as being both part of the broader German culture as well as the Romanian culture.[7]

Having continuously lived for centuries in a diverse cultural region, their regional culture also influenced those of the Romanians and Hungarians in Transylvania and vice-versa. The Transylvanian Saxon heritage in Romania is present in the local architecture of many Transylvanian villages, towns, and cities as well as in the Romanian cuisine, as dishes of German origin are shared between the cultures of the two peoples. The eclectic origins of the Transylvanian Saxons as a Germanic people (with roots also from Luxembourg) make their regional culture to be distinguished as Central European and Western European (given their origins from the Rhine river valley).[8]

Folk dances

Examples of Transylvanian Saxon folk dances include Königinnentanz (i.e. the queens' dance) or der Webertanz (i.e. the tailors' dance).[9] [10]

Cultural festivals and celebrations

Haferland is the name of the Transylvanian Saxon cultural festival which unfolds over a period of time of one week.[11] The festival has been attended by both Romanians and foreign tourists as well.[12] Another noteworthy historical Transylvanian Saxon festival is the Crown Festival (German: Kronenfest).[13] There is also the annual gathering (or Pentecost; German: Heimattag) of the Transylvanian Saxons held in the small Bavarian town of Dinkelsbühl in southern Germany.[14] The respective festival is held annually in May.[15]

Visual arts

In terms of visual arts, the Transylvanian Saxons have excelled at painting through the works of the following artistic representatives: Friedrich Miess, Fritz Schullerus, Trude Schullerus, Arthur Coulin, or Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim, the latter whom also emigrated to England.[16]

Religion

Religion has been a very important part of the Transylvanian Saxon culture throughout the passing of time. In the distant past, more specifically during the High Middle Ages until the Reformation, the Transylvanian Saxons were Roman Catholic. After the Reformation, the vast majority of the Transylvanian Saxons became Evangelical Lutherans through a peaceful collective conversion. Nowadays, the small Transylvanian Saxon community still left in Romania is religiously represented by the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania (German: Evangelische Kirche A.B. [Augsburgischen Bekenntnisses] in Rumänien).[17]

Contributions to Romanian culture

The Transylvanian Saxons also contributed significantly to the Romanian culture through their historical heritage and the century-long cohabitation with the Romanians in southern, south-eastern, and north-eastern Transylvania. Their heritage in these areas of Transylvania is best represented by the rural fortified settlements which are UNESCO-recognized World Heritage Sites.[18] It is estimated that there have been 300 (or even more than 300 according to a particular estimate)[19] such fortified settlements known as kirchenburgen (or fortress church) in German. Nevertheless, nowadays the number of those which haven't yet fallen into ruin is significantly lower, estimated at 150–200.

The contributions of the Transylvanian Saxons to the Romanian culture also include a significant number of loanwords from German to Romanian, most notably denoting professional titles or tools (see also Romanian terms derived from German on Wiktionary).[20] In the Romanian lexis, there is also a significant influence stemming from Austrian High German (German: Österreichisches Hochdeutsch).[21]

Contributions to humanity

The Transylvanian Saxons also made noteworthy contributions to humanity in the field of science and technology by pioneering spacecraft propulsion through the works of engineers Conrad Haas and Hermann Oberth.[22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Transylvanian Saxons. Encyclopedia Britannica. 9 April 2023.
  2. Web site: The History of the Transylvanian Saxons. Victor Rouă. The Dockyards. 3 October 2015. 17 March 2023.
  3. Web site: Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons. Siebenbürgisches Kulturzentrum Schloss Horneck E.V.. Schloss Horneck. 9 April 2023.
  4. Transylvanian Saxon culture as heritage: Insights from Viscri, Romania. Andrea Corsale . Monica Iorio . Academic Article. 2014 . 52 . 22–31 . 10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.12.008 . 11 March 2023.
  5. Web site: Saxon Heritage in Romania. Romania Tourism. 11 March 2023.
  6. Current Manifestations of the Ethnic Identity of Transylvanian Saxons. Tomáš Drs at the Institute of Ethnology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. Ethnologia Actualis, Vol. 15, No. 2/2015. 2015. 15. 2. 46–65. 10.1515/eas-2015-0016 . 53395586. free.
  7. Encyclopedia: Transylvanian Saxons. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 March 2023.
  8. Web site: National Geographic looks at how Saxons revive their traditions in Transylvania. Romania-Insider.com. Ro Insider. 25 February 2019. 13 March 2023.
  9. Web site: ro. De când reginele dansau polca în sat. Mihaela Kloos-Ilea. Povești săsești. 23 May 2013. 11 March 2023.
  10. Web site: ro. Dansul țesătorilor/Der Webertanz. Mihaela Kloos-Ilea. Povești săsești. 3 February 2016. 11 March 2023.
  11. Web site: ro. Haferland, festivalul culturii sașilor. Tradițiile locale săsești au fost celebrate prin muzică, dansuri tradiționale, teatru, ateliere de pictură și meșteșuguri. TVR.ro. Știrile TVR. 31 July 2022. 11 March 2023.
  12. Web site: ro. Delicii culinare săsești, concerte, dansuri și cântece tradiționale la Săptămâna Haferland 2019. Monica Anghelovici. Povești de călătorie. 5 July 2019. 11 March 2023.
  13. Web site: How Transylvanian Saxons manage to keep their customs and culture. HotNews.ro. Editorial Staff at HotNews.ro. 21 July 2017. 13 March 2023.
  14. Web site: ro. Romanian Prime Minister Dacian Cioloș visits Germany. Berlin Global. Paola Pluchino. 30 May 2016. 14 September 2023.
  15. Web site: de. 73. Heimattag des Verbandes der Siebenbürger Sachsen. Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. 29 May 2023. 14 September 2023.
  16. Web site: Soterius von Sachsenheim Family History. 13 March 2023.
  17. Web site: Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania. World Council of Churches. January 1948 . 13 March 2023.
  18. Web site: Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. 13 March 2023.
  19. Web site: The Fortified Churches of Transylvania. Rolandia, your local expert for Romania. 13 March 2023.
  20. Web site: List of Romanian words of German origin. EZGlot. 13 March 2023.
  21. Hans Dama, "Lexikale Einflüsse im Rumänischen aus dem österreichischen Deutsch" ("Lexical influences of 'Austrian'-German on the Romanian Language")
  22. Web site: Pioneering Spacecraft Propulsion In Late Medieval Transylvania. Victor Rouă. The Dockyards. 25 May 2017. 13 March 2023.
  23. Web site: ro. Conrad Haas – inventatorul rachetei. Reka. Bună Dimineața.ro. 5 May 2014 . 9 April 2023.
  24. Web site: ro. "Sulițele zburătoare" ale lui Conrad Haas, rachetele medievale descrise în Manuscrisul de la Sibiu. Redacția Incredibilia.ro. Incredibilia.ro. 21 November 2021. 9 April 2023.
  25. Web site: ro. Conrad Haas: The 16th Century Rocket Pioneer. Amusing Planet. Kaushik Patowary. 9 March 2021. 9 April 2023.
  26. Web site: de. Conrad Haas - Raketenpionier in Siebenbürgen. SibiWeb.de. 9 April 2023.