Nepal is a landlocked mountainous country where transportation is difficult due to the difficult terrain. The modern transportation in Nepal just started in 20th century.
Railway was the first transport introduced in Nepal by Nepal Railway Company Limited. The first railway was begun in 1927 with the length of between Amlekhganj and Raxaul (India).[1] The Government of Nepal established many organisations and offices in 1950 to construct and maintain the road inside and outside Kathmandu valley.[2]
| Office | Work | |
|---|---|---|
| Batokaj Goswara | Construction and maintenance of road inside Kathmandu | |
| Banaune Adda | Construction and maintenance of road outside Kathmandu | |
| Samajung Company | Repairs of roads inside Kathmandu valley | |
| Naya Batokaj Adda | Construction of New road outside Kathmandu |
The first road Tribhuvan Highway was started to construct in November 1952 between Kathmandu to Amlekhganj. The first car (jeep) was run on this road by Queen Kanti Rajyalaxmi in December 1953. Although Trucks only could pass through this road after 1955.[3]
See main article: List of roads in Nepal. Statistics of National Highway SNH-2020/21 and Provincial Transport Master Plan (PTMP) guidelines clears that the authority of the National Highway of Nepal resides with central government and the other roads has been handed over to provincial governments and local governments.[4] [5]
| Government | Administrative body | Coordination with | Type | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Federal government | Department of Roads (under MoPIT) | National Highway | ||
| 2 | Provincial government | TID or IDD or IDO (under MoPID) | |||
| 3 | Local government | Municipal government | Urban/rural road |
Road is the country's primary transport mode. The Economic Survey 2022-23 released by the Ministry of Finance (Nepal), shows that the country had total road network of national road length 34,100 km that only included roads constructed and maintained by the Department of Roads (DoR). This included only the national highway[6]
| NH | National highways are the major roads connecting Eastern Nepal with Western Nepal, and Southern Nepal with Northern. They are designated by letter 'NH' followed by a two-digit number. | 80 kmph | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PH | Provincial Highway are the Highways under provincial governments that runs inside the respected provinces. They are designated by letter 'PH' followed by two letter of Province and then three-digit number. | 60 kmph | |
| U/R | Urban/Rural roads are the roads resides with municipality or rural municipality intended to serve within a specific metro, sub-metro, municipality or rural-municipality. | 40 kmph |
See also: Nepal Railways.
Nepal Government Railway operated a short narrow gauge railway from 1927 to 1965. Presently in 2022, there are two operational railway lines in the country, both of which connect Nepal with India: the Raxaul–Sirsiya and the Jainagar–Janakpur. The former is a 6km (04miles) line from Raxaul, India to Sirsiya Inland Container Depot (or dry port) near Birgunj, Nepal, and is primarily used for freight transport.[7] It allows container traffic to be imported to Nepal through the Sirsiya dry port container depot.[8] The latter is a 51km (32miles) line from Jaynagar, India to Janakpur, Nepal, and is used primarily for passenger transport.[9]
Nepal and India had agreed to construct 8 different India–Nepal cross-border rail lines, this includes linking Raxaul with Kathmandu, during Prime Minister KP Oli's visit to India.[10] A team of technical officers visited Kathmandu to study the proposed railway from Raxaul to Kathmandu and have stated that a feasibility study of the project would begin. They have already identified Chobhar as the terminus of the 113 km-long line. [11]
China–Nepal railway is a planned line through Kathmandu, linking India with Lhasa in Tibet. It has been proposed by the KP Oli government. In November 2017, Chinese media reported the arrival of a delegation of Chinese railway experts in Nepal. They discussed the possibility of a rail connection between China and Nepal.[12] In August 2018, the two sides reached an agreement on construction details of the railway.[13] [14]
See also: List of airports in Nepal. There are 53 airports in Nepal as of 2020 out of which 34 are in operation. There are three international airports that serve as the aviation hubs: Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Gautam Buddha International Airport in Lumbini, and Pokhara International Airport in Pokhara.
| Type | Paved runways | Unpaved runways | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under 914 m | (3000 feet) | 31 | 1 | |
| 914–1,523 m | (3000–5000 feet) | 7 | 1 | |
| 1,524–2,437 m | (5000–8000 feet) | 1 | 0 | |
| 2,437–3,047 m | (8000–10,000 feet) | 0 | 0 | |
| Over 3,047 m | (over 10,000 feet) | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 40 | 2 | ||
See main article: Ropeways in Nepal.
See also: Rafting in Nepal. Nepal is a landlocked country that does not have any territory connected to an ocean.[15]
Nepal's three dry ports are Birgunj, Biratnagar, and Bhairahawa.